A salesperson worked for an office furniture supplier for about five years and then signed an employment agreement that contained a one year non-competition clause. Within one year after leaving that position, the salesperson accepted a job with a competitor of her former employer. The former employer notified the salesperson and her new employer by letter that her employment violated the non-competition clause and that legal action would be instituted unless she terminated her new position. The salesperson filed a declaratory judgment suit seeking a declaration that the non-compete provisions of her employment contract were unenforceable because they were over-broad and contrary to public policy. The former employer demurred and filed a cross-bill seeking an injunction against the salesperson's further employment in violation of the noncompete clause. The trial court found the restrictive covenants in the employment agreement over-broad and unenforceable as a matter of law. The former employer appeals.
1. Covenants in restraint of trade are not favored, will be strictly construed, and, in the event of an ambiguity, will be construed in favor of the employee.
2. The employer bears the burden to show that the restraint is no greater than necessary to protect a legitimate business interest, is not unduly harsh or oppressive in curtailing an employee's ability to earn a livelihood, and is reasonable in light of sound public policy.
3. Each case must be determined on its own facts.
4. Prior case law was not limited to review considering whether the restrictive covenants were facially reasonable. Also examined were the legitimate, protectable interests of the employer, the nature of the former and subsequent employment of the employee, whether the actions of the employee actually violated the terms of the non-compete agreements, and the nature of the restraint in light of all the circumstances of the case. The language of the non-competition agreement was considered in the context of the facts of the specific case. In no case was it held that language contained in the restrictive covenant at issue was valid and enforceable as a matter of law under all circumstances.
5. In only one prior case was the reasonableness of a restrictive covenant challenged on the basis that it precluded a former employee from any type of employment with a competitor. There the restrictive covenant was found reasonable because another provision in the agreement specifically allowed the employee to work in the employer's industry in a non-competing "role". The restrictive covenant in the present case does not include a similar provision.
6. The assertion that prior case law requires the conclusion that as a matter of law the language at issue is reasonable and not over-broad is rejected. A conclusion that the restrictive covenant is a reasonable restraint must rest on other grounds. However, no other grounds were advanced by former employer in this case.
7. The former employer's sole contention is that it met its burden of showing that the restrictive covenant is reasonable because the time and geographic limitations are reasonable, and because the salesperson is only prohibited from working for the former employer's competitors. Apart from a bald statement, the former employer offers neither argument nor evidence of any legitimate business interest that is served by prohibiting the salesperson from being employed in any capacity by a competing company. In the absence of any justification for imposing the present form of restraint on an employee's ability to earn a livelihood, the former employer has not carried its burden of showing that the restrictive covenant at issue is reasonable and no greater than necessary to protect a legitimate business interest.
JUSTICE LACY delivered the opinion of the Court.
In this appeal, an employer contends that the trial court erred in holding that a covenant not to compete prohibiting a former employee from being employed in any capacity by a competitor is over-broad and unenforceable.
Johnetta R. Stinnett worked as a salesperson for Modern Environments, Inc. (Modern) from 1995 until the fall of 2000. Modern is in the business of selling and installing office furniture. In April 2000, Stinnett signed an employment agreement with Modern that contained a one year non-compete clause. Within one year after leaving Modern's employ, Stinnett accepted employment with a company that was a competitor of Modern. Modern notified Stinnett and her new employer by letter that Stinnett's employment with the competitor violated the non-compete clause and that legal action would be instituted unless Stinnett terminated her new employment.
Stinnett filed a declaratory judgment action seeking a declaration that the non-compete provisions of her employment contract were unenforceable because they were over-broad and contrary to public policy. Modern responded by filing a demurrer and cross-bill seeking an injunction against Stinnett's further employment in violation of the non-compete clause. Following briefing and argument of counsel, the trial court entered an order reciting that "for reasons stated on the record," the restrictive covenants in the employment agreement are "over-broad and unenforceable as a matter of law." We awarded Modern an appeal.
The question whether the invocation of the declaratory judgment statute was proper in this case has not been raised and we express no opinion in that regard.
[1-3] This Court evaluates the validity and enforceability of restrictive covenants in employment agreements using well settled principles. First , covenants in restraint of trade are not favored, will be strictly construed, and, in the event of an ambiguity, will be construed in favor of the employee. Richardson v. Paxton Co., 203 Va. 790, 795, 127 S.E.2d 113, 117 (1962). Second, the employer bears the burden to show that the restraint is no greater than necessary to protect a legitimate business interest, is not unduly harsh or oppressive in curtailing an employee's ability to earn a livelihood, and is reasonable in light of sound public policy. Roanoke Engineering Sales Co., Inc. v. Rosenbaum, 223 Va. 548, 552, 290 S.E.2d 882, 884 (1982). Finally , each case must be determined on its own facts. Id.; Meissel v. Finley, 198 Va. 577, 579, 95 S.E.2d 186, 188 (1956).
The provision of the employment agreement at issue states:
Employee agrees that for as long as Employee remains employed by the company, and for a period of one (1) years [sic] after Employee's employment with the Company ceases, Employee will not (i) directly or indirectly, own, manage, operate, control, be employed by, participate in or be associated in any manner with the ownership, management, operation, or control of any business similar to the type of business conducted by the company or any of its affiliates (a "competing business"), which competing business is within a fifty (50) mile radius of the home office or any business location or locations of the Company or any of its affiliates at which Employee worked.
(emphasis added).
Modern asserts that the trial court erred by declaring that the covenant not to compete was facially over-broad because it prevented the former employee from working in any capacity for a competitor of her former employer. This assertion is based on Modern's position that this Court has previously enforced identical or similar language in other employment agreements and has not held such language to be over-broad. Modern cites the following cases in support of its position: Rash v. Hilb, Rogal Hamilton Co., 251 Va. 281, 285, 467 S.E.2d 791, 794 (1996) (employee "shall not directly or indirectly as an . . . employee . . . or other participant . . . engage in any manner in any" competing business); New River Media Group, Inc. v. Knighton, 245 Va. 367, 368, 429 S.E.2d 25, 26 (1993) (employee "would not engage in a business that competed"); Blue Ridge Anesthesia Critical Care, Inc. v. Gidick, 239 Va. 369, 370, 389 S.E.2d 467, 468 (1990) (employee will not "be employed by" any competitor); Paramount Termite Control Co., Inc. v. Rector, 238 Va. 171, 172, 380 S.E.2d 922, 924 (1989) (employee "will not engage . . . in the carrying on or conducting the business of" former employer); Roanoke Engineering, 223 Va. at 551, 290 S.E.2d at 883 (employee will not "directly or indirectly . . . be employed by" any competing business); and Meissel, 198 Va. at 579, 95 S.E.2d at 187 (employee will not "enter into the insurance business . . . or associate himself or herself with any" insurance agency). In light of the holdings in these cases, Modern concludes that the restrictive language at issue here is reasonable and not over-broad as a matter of law.
The trial court's rationale is not expressed in the final order; however, Modern's characterization of the basis for the holding is consistent with the record and is not contested by Stinnett.
In the cases relied upon by Modern, however, this Court did not limit its review to considering whether the restrictive covenants were facially reasonable. The Court examined the legitimate, protectable interests of the employer, the nature of the former and subsequent employment of the employee, whether the actions of the employee actually violated the terms of the non-compete agreements, and the nature of the restraint in light of all the circumstances of the case. The language of the non-compete agreement was considered in the context of the facts of the specific case. In no case did the Court hold that the language contained in the restrictive covenant at issue was valid and enforceable as a matter of law under all circumstances.
Furthermore, in only one case cited by Modern was the reasonableness of a restrictive covenant challenged on the basis that it precluded a former employee from any type of employment with a competitor. In that case, the restrictive covenant was determined to be reasonable because another provision in the non-compete agreement specifically allowed the employee to work in the employer's industry in a non-competing "role." Blue Ridge, 230 Va. at 370-71, 389 S.E.2d at 468. The restrictive covenant in this case does not include a similar provision. Thus, although the issue before us was also raised in Blue Ridge, the determination that the non-compete provisions were enforceable provides no support for Modern's position in this case.
Based on this review, we reject Modern's assertion that our holdings in these prior cases require the conclusion that as a matter of law the language at issue is reasonable and not over-broad. A conclusion that the restrictive covenant is a reasonable restraint must rest on other grounds. However, no other grounds were advanced by Modern in this case.
Modern's sole contention is that it met its burden of showing that the restrictive covenant is reasonable because the time and geographic limitations are reasonable and because Stinnett is only prohibited from working for Modern's competitors. Other than the bald statement in its brief that the non-compete agreement "is reasonable and no greater than necessary to protect Modern's legitimate business interests," Modern offers neither argument nor evidence of any legitimate business interest that is served by prohibiting Stinnett from being employed in any capacity by a competing company. Compare Paramount Termite andRoanoke Engineering. In the absence of any justification for imposing the instant restraint on an employee's ability to earn a livelihood, Modern has not carried its burden of showing that the restrictive covenant at issue is reasonable and no greater than necessary to protect a legitimate business interest.
The record establishes that Stinnett was a salesperson while employed by Modern and that she was subsequently employed by a competitor of Modern, but is silent as to the nature of Stinnett's employment with her new employer.
Although the case originated as a declaratory judgment proceeding, Modern, as the employer, had the burden to produce evidence of reasonableness because the contract is in restraint of trade, Roanoke Engineering, and the success of its cross-bill depended on its ability to demonstrate the reasonableness of the clause.
Accordingly, we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Affirmed.
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