AMICUS AI
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Docket Number
Attorney(S)
Are you a practicing lawyer?
Enhance your digital presence and reach by creating a Casemine profile.
Upload pleading to use the new AI search
Cites
Cited by
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Docket Number
Attorney(S)
Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

This appeal arises from a divorce action involving Bruce S. Klutchko (appellant) and Marcy R. Baron (respondent). The plaintiff husband sought a downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance payments. The Supreme Court, Westchester County, issued multiple orders and judgments addressing issues including child support arrears, equitable distribution of professional licenses, visitation and custody of the parties’ infant child, discovery and evidentiary limitations, contempt for nonpayment, and appointment of forensic evaluators and law guardians. The husband appeals various rulings including denial of his downward modification application, enforcement of arrears, restrictions on evidence and discovery, suspension of visitation, and the valuation and distribution of the wife’s law license.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the husband’s application for downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance was properly dismissed on summary judgment.
  2. Whether the judgment awarding the wife $391,000 in arrears for maintenance and child support was properly entered.
  3. Whether the interlocutory judgment barring the husband from seeking equitable distribution of the wife’s law license and declaring it valueless was appropriate.
  4. Whether the husband was properly precluded from presenting evidence and discovery related to his downward modification application.
  5. Whether the suspension of the husband’s visitation and contact with the infant child based on nonpayment of forensic evaluator fees was proper.
  6. Whether the husband’s motions related to contempt, discovery supervision, and enforcement of income executions were properly denied or dismissed.

Arguments of the Parties

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the parties' legal arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Matter of Brouwer v. Pacicca, 291 A.D.2d 448 No appeal lies from an order entered on consent of the parties. Dismissed appeal from order entered on consent.
Vancott v. Great Atl. Pac. Tea Co., 271 A.D.2d 438 Sanctions for discovery violations require wilful, deliberate, contumacious, or bad faith conduct. Held that sanctions barring evidence were improvident absent such a showing.
Gorokhova v. Belulovich, 267 A.D.2d 202 Same as above regarding discovery sanctions. Supported reversal of penalties against husband for discovery failures.
Matter of Lincoln v. Lincoln, 24 N.Y.2d 270 Child welfare and interests are paramount in visitation decisions. Court emphasized visitation suspension must be based on substantial evidence of detriment.
Matter of Eric L. v. Dorothy L., 130 A.D.2d 660 Noncustodial parent should have reasonable visitation rights; denial is drastic and requires substantial evidence. Applied to reverse suspension of visitation absent sufficient proof.
Matter of Hughes v. Wiegman, 150 A.D.2d 449 Supports principles regarding visitation rights and child welfare. Referenced in visitation analysis.
Janousek v. Janousek, 108 A.D.2d 782 Reasonable visitation rights and evidentiary standards for suspension. Referenced in visitation analysis.
Matter of Bradley v. Wright, 260 A.D.2d 477 Visitation suspension requires a hearing and evaluation. Supported requirement for forensic evaluation and hearing before visitation suspension.
Pica v. Pica, 96 A.D.2d 836 Same as above regarding visitation suspension procedures. Referenced in visitation analysis.
Kresnicka v. Kresnicka, 48 A.D.2d 929 Same as above regarding visitation suspension procedures. Referenced in visitation analysis.
Stern v. Stern, 225 A.D.2d 540 Forensic evaluation necessary in custody and visitation disputes. Supported appointment of forensic evaluator.
Domestic Relations Law § 237(d)(4) Court must consider financial status before requiring payment of forensic evaluator fees. Court held requiring husband to pay half the fees without consideration of bankruptcy was error.
Domestic Relations Law § 236(B)(1)(c), (5) Professional licenses are subject to equitable distribution. Court held wife’s law license must be considered for equitable distribution.
O'Brien v. O'Brien, 66 N.Y.2d 576 Professional licenses have distributable value in divorce. Supported inclusion of wife’s law license in equitable distribution.
Finocchio v. Finocchio, 162 A.D.2d 1044 Same as above regarding valuation of professional licenses. Referenced in valuation analysis of law license.
CPLR 3101(d) Expert notice required to introduce expert testimony. Husband’s failure to serve expert notice precluded proof of law license value.
CPLR 5511 Standing to appeal requires being aggrieved by the order. Dismissed appeals where husband was not aggrieved.
22 NYCRR 670.8(a) Failure to prosecute or abandonment of appeal grounds for dismissal. Dismissed several appeals as abandoned.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court carefully reviewed the multiple orders and judgments appealed by the husband. It found that the Supreme Court improvidently restricted the husband’s ability to pursue a downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance, including barring him from presenting evidence and limiting discovery. The court emphasized that sanctions for discovery violations require a showing of willful or bad faith conduct, which was absent here. Accordingly, the husband’s application for modification was reinstated and referred back to the trial judge for a merits determination.

Regarding arrears, the court vacated the portion of the judgment awarding $391,000 in arrears for the period after October 5, 1995, referring the issue for further trial court determination. The court also modified the interlocutory judgment to remove the bar on equitable distribution of the wife’s law license, recognizing that professional licenses have distributable value under Domestic Relations Law and relevant precedents. The preclusion of evidence on the license's value was improper due to inconsistent treatment and failure to consider the statutory framework.

On visitation, the court held that suspending the husband’s visitation and contact with the infant child solely because of his failure to pay half of the forensic evaluator’s fees was erroneous. The court stressed that the child’s welfare and interests must be paramount and that visitation restrictions require substantial evidence of detriment, supported by a forensic evaluation and a hearing. Because the husband was in bankruptcy, the court found it improper to require him to pay the fees without considering his financial status under Domestic Relations Law. The court ordered the parties to arrange a forensic evaluation through the Westchester County Department of Probation/Family Unit and reinstated limited visitation pending evaluation and hearing.

The court dismissed or affirmed other orders where the husband was not aggrieved or had abandoned the appeals. It also awarded costs to the husband.

Holding and Implications

The court reversed and modified several orders and judgments:

  • The wife’s cross motion dismissing the husband’s application for downward modification of child support and maintenance was denied; the application was reinstated and referred for determination on the merits.
  • The judgment awarding $391,000 in arrears was vacated in part and referred for further determination.
  • The interlocutory judgment barring equitable distribution of the wife’s law license was modified to allow consideration of its value as part of equitable distribution.
  • Orders precluding the husband from offering evidence and limiting discovery were reversed and discovery was reopened.
  • The suspension of visitation based on nonpayment of forensic evaluator fees was modified to require a hearing after a forensic evaluation, with visitation reinstated pending that process.

These rulings restore the husband’s procedural and substantive rights to pursue modification of support, equitable distribution, and visitation consistent with statutory mandates and case law emphasizing child welfare and fairness in discovery sanctions. No new legal precedent was established; the court applied established principles to correct errors and ensure proper process on remand.

BRUCE S. KLUTCHKO, appellant, v. MARCY R. BARON, respondent.

ORDERED that the appeal from the order dated January 17, 2002, is dismissed, as no appeal lies from an order entered on the consent of the parties (see Matter of Brouwer v. Pacicca, 291 A.D.2d 448); and it is further,

ORDERED that the appeal from the order entered February 8, 2001, which, inter alia, granted that branch of the wife's motion which was to hold the husband in contempt for his failure to pay pendente lite child support and other expenses and obligations to the extent of deferring the application to the time of trial is dismissed as abandoned (see 22 NYCRR 670.8[a]); and it is further,

ORDERED that the appeal from the order entered February 8, 2001, which denied as academic the wife's motion to appoint a special referee to oversee the remaining depositions and related evidentiary matters is dismissed, as the husband is not aggrieved by this order (see CPLR 5511); and it is further,

ORDERED that the appeal from the order entered February 8, 2001, which denied the husband's motion for a stay of enforcement of two income executions is dismissed as abandoned (see 22 NYCRR 670.8 [a]); and it is further,

ORDERED that the appeal from the order entered February 8, 2001, which denied the husband's motion to hold the wife's counsel in contempt and for summary judgment to vacate the judgment dated October 17, 1995, arising from pendente lite arrears is dismissed as abandoned (see 22 NYCRR 670.8[a]); and it is further,

ORDERED that the appeal from so much of the order entered February 8, 2001, as denied the wife's cross motion for the imposition of sanctions against the husband is dismissed on the ground that the husband is not aggrieved by that portion of the order (see CPLR 5511), and the appeal from the remaining portion of the order is dismissed as abandoned (see 22 NYCRR 670.8[a]); and it is further,

ORDERED that the order entered January 24, 2002, is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law, the wife's cross motion for partial summary judgment dismissing the husband's application for a downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance is denied, the husband's application is reinstated and is referred to the Trial Judge for determination on the merits; and it is further,

ORDERED that the judgment dated January 22, 2002, is reversed insofar as appealed from, on the law, so much of the judgment as is in favor of the wife and against the husband in the sum of $391,000 is vacated, and the issue of the sum of the husband's arrears in maintenance and child support is referred to the Trial Judge for determination; and it is further,

ORDERED that the interlocutory judgment dated January 22, 2002, is modified, by deleting the provision thereof barring the husband from seeking equitable distribution of the wife's law license and declaring that it had no value, and the issue of the value of the wife's law license is referred to the Trial Judge as part of the determination of equitable distribution; as so modified, the interlocutory judgment is affirmed insofar as appealed from; and it is further,

ORDERED that the order entered February 8, 2001, which, inter alia, precluded the husband from offering evidence at trial relating to his application for downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance is reversed insofar as appealed from, that branch of the wife's motion which was to bar further depositions of her is denied, the provisions of the order precluding the husband from offering evidence at trial relating to his application for downward modification and deeming discovery complete are vacated, and the matter is remitted to the Supreme Court, Westchester County, for the entry of an order scheduling the completion of disclosure; and it is further,

ORDERED that the order entered March 11, 2002, is modified, (1) by deleting the provision thereof granting that branch of the wife's motion for suspension of the husband's visitation and contact with the parties' infant child, and substituting therefor a provision referring that branch of the wife's motion for a hearing as hereinafter directed, and (2) by deleting the provisions thereof directing each party to pay the sum of $5,000 to the forensic evaluator and ordering that if the husband fails to pay, sole custody of the parties' infant child shall remain with the wife; as so modified, the order is affirmed insofar as appealed from; and it is further,

ORDERED that within seven days after service by the husband upon the wife of a copy of this decision and order, the parties shall arrange for a forensic evaluation of the parties and the infant child with the Westchester County Department of Probation/Family Unit; and it is further,

ORDERED that within 10 days after receipt of the report of the forensic evaluator, the Supreme Court, Westchester County, shall hold a hearing to determine (1) the truth of the allegations contained in the wife's application to suspend visitation and contact between the husband and the parties' infant child, and (2) the child's best interests, and the custody and visitation provisions which will best serve those interests; and it is further,

ORDERED that pending the forensic evaluation, hearing, and determination, visitation is reinstated forthwith between the husband and the parties' infant child as follows: alternate weekends, Saturday and Sunday, 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. each day, the husband to pick up and return the child to the wife's residence, and every Wednesday evening, from 5:00 P.M. to 8:00 P.M.; and it is further,

ORDERED that one bill of costs is awarded to the husband.

The Supreme Court erred in deeming disclosure completed, precluding the husband from offering evidence at trial relevant to his motion for a downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance, previously referred to the Trial Judge by a justice of coordinate jurisdiction, and preventing the husband from obtaining any further disclosure. The imposition of such penalties was improvident as there is no showing that the husband's failure to supply a stenographer at the wife's continued deposition was wilful, deliberate, contumacious, or due to bad faith (see Vancott v. Great Atl. Pac. Tea Co., 271 A.D.2d 438; Gorokhova v. Belulovich, 267 A.D.2d 202, 203). The husband's failure to appear before the special referee with the nonparty witnesses was excusable, since it is undisputed that the special referee was appointed for the limited purpose of supervising disclosure only from the parties. The monetary sanctions imposed were sufficient penalties for the husband's disclosure derelictions.

Accordingly, we are vacating all provisions of the various orders appealed from that interfere with the application, previously referred to the trial court, for downward modification of pendente lite child support and maintenance, as well as so much of the judgment dated January 22, 2002, as fixed arrears under the original pendente lite order for a period subsequent to the order of Justice Nicolai dated October 5, 1995, referring the application for downward modification to the trial court. We do not disturb the October 17, 1995, judgment for arrears predating the husband's application for downward modification. Furthermore, we are reviving the rights of the parties to complete disclosure. Therefore, we remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Westchester County, to fashion a scheduling order.

The Supreme Court erred in suspending all visitation and telephone contact between the husband and the parties' infant child based upon the husband's failure to pay his share of the fees of the forensic evaluator and law guardian. The Supreme Court disregarded what should have been its first concern, "the welfare and the interests of the [child]" (Matter of Lincoln v. Lincoln, 24 N.Y.2d 270, 272). "[A] noncustodial parent should have reasonable rights of visitation, and * * * the denial of those rights is so drastic it must be based upon substantial evidence that visitation would be detrimental to the welfare of the child" (Matter of Eric L. v. Dorothy L., 130 A.D.2d 660, 660-661; see Matter of Hughes v. Wiegman, 150 A.D.2d 449; Janousek v. Janousek, 108 A.D.2d 782, 784). The wife's allegations here should not have resulted in the suspension of the husband's visitation without a forensic evaluation followed by a hearing addressing, inter alia, the child's best interests (see Matter of Bradley v. Wright, 260 A.D.2d 477; Pica v. Pica, 96 A.D.2d 836, 837; Kresnicka v. Kresnicka, 48 A.D.2d 929).

In aid of such a hearing, as the Supreme Court recognized in appointing Dr. Herman, a forensic evaluation of the parties and their child is necessary (see Stern v. Stern, 225 A.D.2d 540, 541). However, it was error for the Supreme Court to require the husband, who is in bankruptcy, to pay one-half of the fees and expenses of the forensic evaluator without first considering his "financial status" (Domestic Relations Law § 237[d][4]). Because the husband proclaims an inability to pay his share of the fees of this forensic evaluator, there has been a protracted impasse in obtaining an evaluation in aid of a custody and visitation determination. This impasse is contrary to the best interests of the child. Therefore, within seven days after service by the husband upon the wife of a copy of this decision and order, the parties shall arrange for a forensic evaluation of the parties and the infant child with the Westchester County Department of Probation/Family Unit. Such an evaluation by the Westchester County Department of Probation/Family Unit was directed years ago by order of Justice Scarpino dated June 14, 1995. While the forensic evaluation and hearing are progressing, we are directing the restoration of limited visitation between the husband and the infant child on alternate weekends, Saturday and Sunday from 10:00 A.M. to 6:00 P.M. each day, and from 5:00 P.M. to 8:00 P.M. every Wednesday evening.

Moreover, the Supreme Court improvidently precluded the husband from proving the value of the wife's law license because he failed to serve expert notice (see CPLR 3101[d]), and erred in opining that the license had no value because the wife had not practiced law in a number of years. This treatment was inconsistent with the way in which the Supreme Court treated the wife's expert and the inclusion of the husband's now-suspended medical license for equitable distribution. It also conflicted with the statute, which would include the wife's law license for purposes of equitable distribution (see Domestic Relations Law § 236[B][1][c],[5]; O'Brien v. O'Brien, 66 N.Y.2d 576, 584; Finocchio v. Finocchio, 162 A.D.2d 1044, 1045).

Accordingly, we remit the matter to the Supreme Court, Westchester County, for further proceedings consistent herewith.

The husband's remaining contentions do not require further relief.

SANTUCCI, J.P., KRAUSMAN, ADAMS and CRANE, JJ., concur.

Use AI to get other relevant cases.

Comments

KLUTCHKO v. BARON
(May 13, 2003)