1. The retention of jurisdiction of a suit in admiralty between foreigners is within the discretion of the District Court, and the exercise of that discretion may not be disturbed unless abused. P. 517. 2. Liability in general average arises not from contract but from participation in the common venture, and its extent in the absence of limiting clauses in the bill of lading is, under the admiralty rule, fixed by the law of the port of destination. Id. 3. In a suit in admiralty between British corporations for the recovery of a general average deposit made in London to release cargo shipped from ports in the United States, the litigation apparently involving the application of the law of England to a fund there located, but it being claimed that limiting clauses in the bills of lading modified the liability in general average so as to put in issue the seaworthiness of the vessel at the beginning of the voyage, on which question there were American witnesses, held: (1) It was for the District Court, upon consideration of all the circumstances, to say whether it should decline jurisdiction. P. 518. (2) In declining jurisdiction, the District Court can not be said to have improvidently exercised its discretion. Id. (3) The question of convenience of witnesses was for the District Judge to consider and determine. Id. 33 F.2d 280, reversed.
MR. JUSTICE STONE delivered the opinion of the Court.
Respondent, a British corporation, filed in the District Court for Southern New York a libel in personam against petitioner, also a British corporation, to recover a general average deposit made in London. The libel alleged that the petitioner received on its vessel, the "Charterhague," at various Gulf and Atlantic ports in the United States. shipments of rosin and turpentine for transportation to London, bills of lading for which were endorsed to the respondent. As grounds for recovery it was set up that the general average act was due to unseaworthiness of the vessel at the beginning of the voyage, unknown to respondent when it made the deposit in order to release the cargo from the general average lien.
On the libel, the general appearance and exceptions of the libelee, the petitioner here, and an answering affidavit setting up that after the libel in the present suit was filed respondent commenced suit in England involving the same subject matter, the District Court dismissed the libel, saying that contribution for general average is to be determined by law of the port of discharge and that "under all the circumstances" jurisdiction should be declined. The Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the jurisdiction should have been retained. 33 F.2d 280. It pointed out that the suit did not involve a restatement of a general average adjustment and said that if the bills of lading contained a "Jason clause" or incorporated the provisions of the Harter Act, the question of due diligence to make the vessel seaworthy would be an issue in the case, citing The Jason, 225 U.S. 32; The Edwin I. Morrison, 153 U.S. 199; Hurlbut v. Turnure (D.C.) 76 F. 587, aff'd 81 F. 208; Trinidad Shipping Co. v. Frame, Alston Co., 88 F. 528; that the rule that general average is controlled by the law at the port of destination was consequently an insufficient reason for declining jurisdiction, and, in view of the statement of the affidavit that there were American witnesses as to seaworthiness, concluded that it was expedient under all the circumstances for the court to retain jurisdiction. This Court granted certiorari, 280 U.S. 545.
The retention of jurisdiction of a suit in admiralty between foreigners is within the discretion of the District Court. The exercise of its discretion may not be disturbed unless abused. The Belgenland, 114 U.S. 355, 368; The Maggie Hammond, 9 Wall. 435, 457.
The affidavit states that the bills of lading contain a clause providing for general average, but the bills of lading are not in the record and it does not appear that they embraced Jason or other clauses modifying the liability in general average. As that liability arises not from contract but from participation in the common venture, see Hobson v. Lord, 92 U.S. 397; Barnard v. Adams, 10 How. 270, 303; The Roanoke, 59 F. 161, 163; Milburn v. Jamaica Fruit, c. Co., (1900) 2 Q.B. 540, 550, its extent in the absence of such limiting clauses is, under the admiralty rule, fixed by the law of the port of destination. Hobson v. Lord, supra, 411; Mousen v. Amsinck, 166 F. 817, 820; Compagnie Francaise de Navigation a vapeur v. Bonnase, 15 F.2d 202, 203; Congdon, General Average (2d Ed.) 148. Even if so limited, the extent and effect of the limitation cannot be determined apart from consideration of the rule limited.
Both the parties being British subjects and the present litigation, as well as the suit pending abroad, apparently involving the application of English law to the fund located there, it was for the District Court to say, as it did, upon a consideration of all the circumstances, whether it should decline "to take cognizance of the case if justice would be done as well by remitting the parties to the home forum." See The Maggie Hammond, supra, p. 457.
Even if we assume, as did the court below, that the bills of lading may have modified the liability in general average so as to put in issue the care taken to make the vessel seaworthy before sailing, we cannot say that the District Court improvidently exercised its discretion. While some witnesses as to seaworthiness were "American repairmen," it does not appear that any were in or near the southern district of New York. The libel alleges that the Charterhague plied as a common carrier between American ports and London where, so far as appears, her officers and crew would be available as witnesses as to the alleged unseaworthy condition of engines and boilers. It was for the District Judge to consider the facts appearing and the inferences which he might draw from them and reach his own conclusion as to the convenience of witnesses as well as the other factors upon which he decided that justice would be best served by leaving the parties to their suit in England.
Reversed.
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