CHASE, J.
The Special Term found that the defendant used the plaintiff's name and picture for the purposes of trade and advertising. It is asserted that the defendant by the way it used the plaintiff's name and picture held him up to public ridicule and contempt. In determining whether this action can be maintained it is immaterial whether the defendant's use of the plaintiff's name and picture held him up to public ridicule and contempt because the action is not brought for a libel. If the use made of the plaintiff's name and picture constituted a libel it would be punishable as provided by the Penal Law (sections 1340-1352) and damages could be recovered therefor at common law. This action is brought pursuant to the Civil Rights Law, Cons. Laws, ch. 6 (sections 50 and 51), and it cannot be maintained unless it is authorized by its provisions.
Section 50 of said law provides: "A person, firm or corporation that uses for advertising purposes, or for the purposes of trade, the name, portrait or picture of any living person without having first obtained the written consent of such person, or if a minor of his or her parent or guardian, is guilty of a misdemeanor."
Section 51 of said law provides that any person whose name, portrait or picture is used within this state for advertising purposes or for the purposes of trade, without the written consent of such person first obtained, may maintain an equitable action to prevent and restrain the use thereof and to recover damages by reason of such unlawful use.
Prior to the passage of chapter 132 of the Laws of 1903, the exact provisions of which are now contained in said sections of the Civil Rights Law, it was definitely determined in this state that the right of privacy as a legal doctrine enforceable in equity did not exist to prevent the use of a portrait for advertising purposes. ( Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Company, 171 N.Y. 538.) The statute now recognizes and enforces the right of a person to control the use of his name or portrait by others so far as advertising or trade purposes are concerned. This right of control in the person whose name or picture is sought to be used for such purposes is not limited by statute. ( Rhodes v. Sperry Hutchinson Company, 193 N.Y. 223.) Was the plaintiff's name and picture used by the defendant for advertising purposes, or for the purposes of trade?
The statute is very general in its terms, but when a living person's name, portrait or picture is used, it is not necessarily and at all times so used either for advertising purposes, or for the purposes of trade. The statute is in part at least penal, and should be construed accordingly. So construed, and also construed in connection with the history of chapter 132, Laws of 1903, which was enacted at the first session of the legislature after the decision in the Roberson case, it does not prohibit every use of the name, portrait or picture of a living person. It would not be within the evil sought to be remedied by that act to construe it so as to prohibit the use of the name, portrait or picture of a living person in truthfully recounting or portraying an actual current event as is commonly done in a single issue of a regular newspaper. It is not necessary now to attempt to define what is, or is not within its prohibitive provisions. In the case before us the series of pictures were not true pictures of a current event but mainly a product of the imagination, based, however, largely upon such information relating to an actual occurrence as could readily be obtained. The method used in designing and preparing the pictures is described by one of the officers of the defendant as follows: "Our method of reproducing current events which I have described as news matters, is by getting all the data, all the matter in hand, from every reliable source and weave it into what we call a picture story. That story is produced by first being written just as a playright writes a play or an author writes a story."
The same witness, referring to the series of pictures relating to the wreck of the Republic, testified: "It was under my own supervision. I was in collaboration with one of our stage directors, the author of the text that accompanied the picture. We purchased all the newspapers we could find, everything that had any bearing on the story, and we sat down and wrote out what we called a scenario. * * * We produced in our studio the interiors of the captain's cabin; the wireless operator's room on the Republic; the wireless operator's room on the Baltic and the operator's room at Siasconset. * * * We assigned various actors and actresses in our employ to take the various parts. * * * The part of Mr. Binns was assigned to one of our actors. * * * We have to use our imagination largely in those cases."
After the negative films for the pictures under consideration so made were completed, a large number of picture films were manufactured. The defendant filed one set, which he defined as a "photograph," with the librarian of Congress, and a copyright was issued to it for the title to the picture story. The picture films ready for use in moving picture shows, and of course including the plaintiff's name and picture, were with others described at length in circulars and pamphlets, and such circulars and pamphlets were sent throughout this and other states to those engaged in the business of exhibiting pictures to the public.
About February 20, following the collision, the picture films were placed upon the market and were thereafter used in moving picture shows pursuant to leases from and other agreements with the defendant. The plaintiff's name was prominent in the advertisements put out by the defendant describing its manufactured product, and the purpose of the advertisements was to extend the defendant's business and add to its profits by increasing the demand for such pictures, and thus multiplying the number of leases or other agreements by which the pictures and films were put upon the market. The use of the name and picture of the plaintiff by the defendant in the picture films, and pursuant to leases and agreements with the defendant in the moving picture shows was commercial. Such use was in the language of the opinion in the Roberson case: "For his (its) own selfish purposes."
A picture within the meaning of the statute is not necessarily a photograph of the living person, but includes any representation of such person. The picture represented by the defendant to be a true picture of the plaintiff and exhibited to the public as such, was intended to be, and it was, a representation of the plaintiff. The defendant is in no position to say that the picture does not represent the plaintiff or that it was an actual picture of a person made up to look like and impersonate the plaintiff.
It is not necessary in this opinion to discuss the question whether a person, firm or corporation would be liable under the statute for making and using a picture of a living person when it is included in a picture of an actual event in which such person was an actor, and such picture is a mere incident to the actual event portrayed. The use of the plaintiff's name and picture as shown by the testimony in this case was not a mere incident to a general picture representative of the author's understanding of what occurred at the wreck of the Republic. The first picture of the series was essentially a picture of the plaintiff, although included therewith was a place having relation to the other parts of the pictures exhibited — but the last picture of the series had no connection whatever with any other place or person or with any event. His alleged personal movements as exhibited in the now well-known form of moving pictures had no relation to the other pictures, and it was not designed to instruct or educate those who saw it. The defendant used the plaintiff's alleged picture to amuse those who paid to be entertained. If the use of the plaintiff's name and picture as shown in this case is not within the terms of the statute, then the picture of any individual can be similarly made and exhibited for the purpose of showing his peculiarities as of dress and walk, and his personal fads, eccentricities, amusements and even his private life. By such pictures an audience would be amused and the maker of the films and the exhibitors would be enriched. The greater the exaggeration in such a series of pictures, so long as they were not libelous, the greater would be the profit of the picture-maker and exhibitor.
We hold that the name and picture of the plaintiff were used by the defendant as a matter of business and profit and contrary to the prohibition of the statute. It is urged that there is danger of serious trouble in the practical enforcement of any rule which may be adopted in construing and enforcing the statute so far as it relates to purposes of trade. If there is any basis for the suggestion of danger in enforcing a part of the statute under consideration it is the duty of the legislature to repeal such part thereof, or so modify it as to define with greater particularity what it intends should be prohibited, or perhaps permit the use of a person's name, portrait or picture for purposes of trade, if the oral assent of such person, or, if a minor, of his or her parent or guardian, is obtained therefor.
This court cannot consider the question whether the amount of damages given by the jury in its verdict is excessive. We agree with the opinion of the Appellate Division in which it is said: "We are of opinion that the plaintiff can have only one recovery in the premises and that it must be in this action. The terms of the statute are very broad and they include all of the damages sustained by the plaintiff. It would be difficult to avoid a double recovery if the jury were to be permitted in one action to give damages under the statute for a violation of rights protected thereby, and in another action for the libel based on the same acts."
The judgment should be affirmed, with costs.
CULLEN, Ch. J., HISCOCK, COLLIN, CUDDEBACK and HOGAN, JJ., concur; MILLER, J., not sitting.
Judgment affirmed.
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