Justice RICE delivered the Opinion of the Court.
In this interlocutory appeal taken pursuant to C.A.R. 4.1, we review an order from the Adams County District Court suppressing statements the defendant made while in police custody. We find that the trial court erred in suppressing statements the defendant made before receiving a Miranda warning, because those statements were not the product of interrogation. We also find that the trial court erred in suppressing statements the defendant made after receiving a Miranda warning and waiving his rights, because the evidence does not support the conclusion that the defendant's Miranda waiver was coerced. We therefore reverse the trial court's suppression order and remand for further proceedings.
I. Facts and Procedural History
On October 29, 2006, Defendant Lee Anthony Madrid was arrested in connection with the investigation of a fatal shooting that morning. Madrid was brought to the Thornton police department and placed in an interview room equipped with audio- and video-recording equipment. Detective George Poynter initially answered some of Madrid's questions about Madrid's wife, who was also involved in the incident; after that exchange, the conversation proceeded as follows:
[Madrid]: I have a family and kids (unintelligible).
[Det. Poynter]: Oh and that's, that's who you need to be thinkin' of right now is your family and your kids. Cause you know I know what happened tonight was probably not planned, probably was a mistake even. Um but nevertheless it did happen and so now what we need to try to do is we need to try, we know what happened now we need to try and figure out why and what the reasons behind it were, ok. And to tell you how severe this is is we have a, a man that's dead.
[Madrid]: I understand that I, I didn't even realize how bad it turned out to be.
[Det. Poynter]: Right. Well and, and that's how you know that's the unfortunate part of this is that —
[Madrid]: I feel sorry for that young man but what, whoever he is, I don't wish that upon anybody sir.
[Det. Poynter]: Well and I, I don't think anybody does. You know but unfortunately what happened tonight went from bad to worse and here we are ok. Um before we start talkin' to[o] much like I was tellin' you on the way up here um obviously you are in custody. Um for playing a role in what happened up earlier this morning so before we do talk I do have to read you Miranda just like I said ok. Have you ever been arrested before Lee?
[Madrid]: Yes I have sir.
[Det. Poynter]: For what?
[Madrid]: Just domestic.
[Det. Poynter]: Ok.
[Madrid]: (unintelligible) serious charges.
In all of the foregoing colloquy, Detective Poynter spoke softly, slowly, calmly, and without any agitation. When the victim's death was mentioned, Madrid began crying, but did not appear to lose control of himself.
Detective Poynter then proceeded to provide Madrid with the department's standard Miranda advisement form. At this point Madrid stopped crying and appeared to collect himself. Detective Poynter read the Miranda advisement to Madrid and asked him to initial by each advisement, and sign underneath if he understood the advisements. Madrid initialed each blank, and then signed at the bottom. Detective Poynter then read to Madrid the form's question asking if he was willing to discuss the case without a lawyer present. Madrid read that question on the form, following it with his pen, and wrote "yes" next to that question, adding his signature. Detective Poynter then proceeded to question Madrid about the shooting. By all indications, the entirety of Madrid's interview was audio- and video-recorded. That DVD recording is part of the record on appeal.
Madrid was charged with first degree murder, second degree burglary, and illegal discharge of a firearm. Madrid moved to suppress all of his statements to the police, arguing that his statements preceding the Miranda warning were inadmissible results of custodial interrogation, and that his Miranda waiver was coerced such that all subsequent statements were likewise inadmissible. The hearing on Madrid's motion was conducted based upon the DVD of Madrid's interview; Thornton police officers testified on other issues but that testimony added nothing to what is found in the DVD.
In an order from the bench, the trial court suppressed all of Madrid's statements to the police. As explanation, the trial court simply stated that Madrid's Miranda warning came too late; the court made no other findings of fact. Seeking clarification, the prosecutor asked if the Miranda warning was appropriate, and the trial court answered, "The Miranda warning complied with the standards for the Miranda warning, and the statement was voluntary." When the prosecutor asked if the court was ruling that Madrid was coerced into waiving his Miranda rights, the trial court answered "yes." The trial court then issued a written minute order stating that "Miranda warning was too late in time it should have been given much earlier, motion to suppress is granted"; no other written order was issued.
II. Analysis
In their interlocutory appeal, the People request that we reverse the trial court's suppression of Madrid's statements. They argue that Madrid's statements before receiving the Miranda warning are admissible because they were not the product of custodial interrogation, and therefore no warning was required. They also argue that Madrid's statements after receiving a Miranda warning are admissible because Madrid's waiver of his Miranda rights was voluntary, knowing, and intelligent. Madrid does not dispute that all of his statements were voluntary, but argues that his pre- Miranda-warning statements were the product of custodial interrogation, and his Miranda waiver was coerced. We agree with the People's analysis, and therefore reverse the trial court's suppression order.
A. Standard of Review
Ordinarily, we defer to the trial court's factual determinations in suppression cases, provided they are supported by competent evidence in the record. People v. Gennings, 808 P.2d 839, 844 (Colo. 1991). However, "[w]hen the controlling facts are undisputed, the legal effect of those facts constitutes a question of law which is subject to de novo review." People v. Valdez, 969 P.2d 208, 211 (Colo. 1998). Thus, where the statements sought to be suppressed are audio- and video-recorded, and there are no disputed facts outside the recording controlling the issue of suppression, we are in a similar position as the trial court to determine whether the statements should be suppressed. See People v. Platt, 81 P.3d 1060, 1067 (Colo. 2004); People v. Al-Yousif, 49 P.3d 1165, 1171 (Colo. 2002); People v. Dracon, 884 P.2d 712, 719 (Colo. 1994).
Because Madrid's statements were audio- and video-recorded, because there are no disputed facts outside that record bearing on the issue of suppression, and because the trial court did not make detailed factual findings, we undertake an independent review of the facts of this case to determine whether Madrid's statements were properly suppressed in light of the controlling law.
B. Madrid's Pre- Miranda - Warning Statements
We first analyze the admissibility of the statements Madrid made before his Miranda warning and waiver. Under Miranda, a suspect's statements resulting from custodial police interrogation are inadmissible in the prosecutor's case-in-chief unless the defendant is advised of and waives his right to remain silent, such that any statement he makes may be used against him, and his right to the presence of an attorney, either retained or appointed. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966); People v. Howard, 92 P.3d 445, 449 (Colo. 2004). The parties do not dispute that Madrid was in police custody at the time he made all of the suppressed statements, but rather whether Madrid's pre- Miranda-warning statements were the product of interrogation.
As noted above, Madrid does not claim that his pre- Miranda--warning statements were involuntary, so we need not conduct that analysis. See Valdez, 969 P.2d at 211-13 (analyzing whether a defendant's statements were voluntary, regardless of whether a Miranda waiver was first obtained).
A suspect is interrogated, for purposes of determining whether Miranda warnings are required, whenever the suspect "is subjected to either express questioning or its functional equivalent." Rhode Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 300-01, 100 S.Ct. 1682, 64 L.Ed.2d 297 (1980). Thus, interrogation includes "any words or actions on the part of the police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the suspect." Innis, 446 U.S. at 301, 100 S.Ct. 1682; see People v. Gonzales, 987 P.2d 239, 241 (Colo. 1999). In considering whether an officer should have known that his or her actions were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response, "we consider the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of the statement." Gonzales, 987 P.2d at 241. We focus our inquiry on whether the officer reasonably should have known that his or her words or actions would cause the suspect to perceive that he or she was being interrogated, and whether those words or actions, like express questioning, could compel the defendant to overcome his or her desire to remain silent. Id. at 241-42.
We have had several occasions to analyze what constitutes "express questioning or its functional equivalent," though in general our cases have turned upon the trial court's particularized findings of fact, which are lacking here. On the one hand, we have held that where a suspect initiated a discussion asking about the charges filed against him and the officer truthfully answered, there was no interrogation for purposes of Miranda. People v. Rivas, 13 P.3d 315, 320 (Colo. 2000). Likewise, where a suspect asked a police officer, "Can I be up front with you?" and the officer answered, "Sure," there was no interrogation. Gonzales, 987 P.2d at 242-43. In addition, we have held that allowing a suspect's wife to speak with him in the presence of the police, after the wife had learned her husband confessed to injuring their child, was not the functional equivalent of interrogation given the circumstances. People v. Minjarez, 81 P.3d 348, 357 (Colo. 2003); cf. Innis, 446 U.S. at 303, 100 S.Ct. 1682 (holding that officers' conversation amongst themselves, with the suspect in the car, about concerns of disabled children finding the weapon used in the crime was not the functional equivalent of interrogation because there was no evidence the conversation was specifically designed to prey on the suspect's sympathies in this regard).
On the other hand, we have also deferred to a trial court's specific findings of an intent to elicit incriminating responses. For instance, we have affirmed a finding of interrogation in a case where officers told the suspect that the purpose of the interview was "to get both sides" and encouraged the suspect to tell his side of the story while he was in a harried emotional state, People v. Wood, 135 P.3d 744, 750-51 (Colo. 2006), and in a case where an officer, with his gun drawn on the suspect, asked who the suspect was, what he was doing, and why he was hiding, and then accused the suspect of lying. People v. Breidenbach, 875 P.2d 879, 887 (Colo. 1994).
This brings us to the case at hand, which presents us with a close question as to whether Madrid was subjected to interrogation before receiving a Miranda warning. We agree with the trial court that, as a practical matter, a Miranda warning should have been provided earlier to prevent this type of issue from arising. There is no apparent reason why a Miranda warning could not have been provided at the beginning of the custodial interview, before anything else was said; certainly that would have been a better practice. Nevertheless, we find that given the specific facts before us, as evidenced by the DVD recording, Madrid was not subjected to interrogation before receiving his Miranda warning.
Except for asking if Madrid had been arrested before — a question directly antecedent to the administration of the Miranda warning, relevant to Madrid's ability to understand the warning, and unlikely to elicit an incriminating response — Detective Poynter did not ask Madrid any questions. Thus, the only issue is whether Detective Poynter's statements were the functional equivalent of direct questioning, in that he should have known they were reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from Madrid and could compel Madrid to overcome his desire to remain silent. See Gonzales, 987 P.2d at 241-42.
See People v. Humphrey, 132 P.3d 352, 356 (Colo. 2006), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 127 S.Ct. 227, 166 L.Ed.2d 146 (2006) (suspect's background and experience in connection with the criminal justice system is a factor in analyzing whether suspect is able to understand and knowingly waive Miranda rights).
Our review of the recording of Detective Poynter's statements convinces us that his pre- Miranda-warning statements were not intended to elicit an incriminating response, should not have been recognized as likely to elicit an incriminating response, and did not in fact elicit an incriminating response. Though coming very close to being the functional equivalent of direct questioning, Detective Poynter's statements instead appear to be an explanation of why Madrid was being interviewed. Furthermore, the exchange was initiated by Madrid, and his interjections during Detective Poynter's statements appear to be spontaneous interruptions, rather than responses to express questioning or its equivalent. Certainly, Detective Poynter did not employ any of the equivalents of express questioning mentioned in Innis, such as to "`posi[t]' `the guilt of the subject,' to `minimize the moral seriousness of the offense,' and `to cast blame on the victim or on society.'" Innis, 446 U.S. at 299, 100 S.Ct. 1682 (quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 450, 86 S.Ct. 1602).
We thus find that given the totality of the circumstances, Madrid's pre- Miranda-warning statements were volunteered, and were not the product of interrogation. See Gonzales, 987 P.2d at 241 ("It is clear . . . that the Fifth Amendment and Miranda do not prohibit the evidentiary use of volunteered, non-compelled statements made by a suspect in the absence of counsel."). Accordingly, those statements are admissible because a Miranda warning and waiver were not required.
C. Madrid's Post- Miranda - Warning Statements
We next turn to the question of whether Madrid's statements following his Miranda warning and waiver are admissible. The trial court found that those statements were voluntary, and Madrid does not challenge that finding. Instead, Madrid argues that his Miranda waiver was coerced, as the trial court apparently concluded. Again, because this analysis turns solely upon the audio- and video-taped interview that is part of the record, we are in a similar position as the trial court in determining whether Madrid's waiver was valid. Upon our independent review of the facts, we determine that Madrid's Miranda waiver was not coerced, and therefore his post- Miranda-warning statements are admissible.
"The validity of a defendant's waiver turns upon two elements: (1) voluntariness, that is, whether the waiver `was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception,' and (2) knowing and intelligent action, that is, whether the defendant was fully aware `both of the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.'" Humphrey, 132 P.3d at 356 (quoting People v. May, 859 P.2d 879, 882-83 (Colo. 1993)). In addressing these two elements we look at the totality of the circumstances. Id.
Madrid does not dispute that his Miranda waiver was knowing and intelligent; he only disputes that it was voluntary. In assessing whether Madrid's waiver of his Miranda rights was voluntary, "the sole concern . . . is the presence or absence of government coercion." Humphrey, 132 P.3d at 357; see Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. 157, 170, 107 S.Ct. 515, 93 L.Ed.2d 473 (1986). The prosecution bears the burden of showing by a preponderance of the evidence that the suspect's waiver was voluntary. Humphrey, 132 P.3d at 357. The trial court did not make any findings as to how Madrid was purportedly coerced into waiving his Miranda rights, but Madrid argues that the coercion consisted of Detective Poynter implying that giving a statement was in Madrid's family's best interest, falsely asserting that the police already knew what had happened, and offering Madrid a way to minimize his culpability by claiming the incident was a "mistake." Madrid claims that given his harried emotional condition, these tactics lured him into believing that remaining silent could only harm him and that providing a statement was the only way to establish an excuse.
We find no evidence in the record establishing that Madrid's waiver of his Miranda rights was the product of "intimidation, coercion, or deception," rather than a free and deliberate choice. See id. at 356; see also People v. Pease, 934 P.2d 1374, 1379 (Colo. 1997) (finding no evidence that the police used "affirmative misrepresentations to break down a defendant's will" and force him to waive his rights). Though it would have been a better practice for Detective Poynter to have refrained from prefacing his Miranda warnings with his comments, we cannot say that he affirmatively misrepresented any facts, sought to minimize Madrid's culpability, or otherwise coerced Madrid into waiving his Miranda rights. Detective Poynter spoke slowly, calmly, and without any apparent effect of intimidating or deceiving Madrid.
We find this case to be most analogous to Humphrey, where we held that the police officer's suggestion that the purpose of the interrogation was to get the defendant's side of story was not so misleading as to constitute the kind of intimidation, misconduct, or trickery that would invalidate the defendant's Miranda waiver. See 132 P.3d at 357. Though Madrid claims he was in a weakened mental state when asked to waive his Miranda rights, the record instead reveals that Madrid had collected himself by the time he received his Miranda warnings. Indeed, Madrid can be seen tracking portions of the Miranda waiver language with his pen as Detective Poynter read its text to him, before Madrid calmly agreed to the waiver by writing "yes" and signing his name.
Accordingly, we find that Madrid's waiver of his Miranda rights was not coerced. Because Madrid does not dispute that his waiver was knowing and intelligent, we find that he validly waived his Miranda rights and his subsequent statements are therefore admissible.
III. ConclusionWe conclude that all of Madrid's statements to the police were admissible. Accordingly, we reverse the trial court's suppression order, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Justice MARTINEZ dissents in part and concurs in the judgment only in part, and Chief Justice MULLARKEY and Justice BENDER join with Justice MARTINEZ.
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