A contractor widening and rebuilding a street for a city, who gives reasonable notice to the public, by barriers and appropriate signs at the entrances, that the street is in process of construction and not open to travel, is not bound to keep the surface of the street free from projections, or to light them at night if they exist, and it is not an invitation to use the street, for him to leave openings in such barriers through which a foot traveller can pass.
If a new street is laid out by a city over and including an existing narrower street, and during its construction reasonable notice that the street is closed for travel has been given to the public, by placing barriers and appropriate signs across each end of the new street and across the ends of each street leading into it, and these obstructions are still in place but do not extend across the whole of the space at the ends of the new street or of the streets leading into it, so that persons on foot can pass into the enclosed space without removing or climbing over any obstructions, a contractor, employed by the city to construct the new street, is not bound to maintain lights at night to show an iron pipe protruding through a portion of the new street where a sidewalk is to be constructed, and is not liable to a person injured by falling over such pipe, who entered the enclosed space at night from a side street without knowledge that the street had been closed for travel.
BARKER, J.
In the summer of 1896 an extension of Columbus Avenue in Boston, one hundred feet in width, was laid out as a public street. Included in the limits of the laying out was Seaver Street, a public way, forty feet wide. The construction of the new street involved the tearing up of the whole surface of Seaver Street, as well as of the rest of the new street. The defendants, under a contract with the city began about the last of August to construct the new street. This work had not been completed when the plaintiff was hurt, on the nineteenth of the following September, by falling over a water shut-off pipe in a part of what had been Seaver Street, and which would be part of the sidewalk of the new street when constructed.
At the trial there was no dispute that at the time of the accident the work of construction was still in progress. Notice that the street was closed for travel had been given at the commencement of the work by placing horses and other obstructions, with appropriate signs, across each end of the new street and across the ends of each street leading into it, and these obstructions and signs were still in place. The obstructions did not extend across the whole of the space at the ends of the new street, nor across the whole width of the side streets. There was sufficient free space at the sides so that persons on foot could get into the space included within the lines of the new street without removing or climbing over any obstructions. But the obstructions and signs were so placed and so numerous and of such a nature as to be well calculated to give ample notice to the public that the street was in process of construction and was not open for travel.
The plaintiff's evidence tended to show that she did not know that the street was in process of construction, or closed for travel, and that having business with a resident of a house which abutted on the new street and to which the access had been through Seaver Street, she walked through a side street into the new street during the evening of September 19, and along the new street, without perceiving any obstruction or sign, or any indication of danger, to the house at which she had business; and that after doing her errand there she walked away, in that part of the new street which was to be its sidewalk, and ran into the shut-off pipe which projected some inches above the surface and was not marked by a light.
At the trial the defendants contended that they were not negligent in allowing, during the progress of construction, the shut-off pipe to stand exposed above the surface and unmarked by a light, and that the plaintiff went upon the street at her own risk. But the court ruled otherwise, and allowed the jury to find the defendants negligent in allowing the pipe to remain unlighted, and also allowed them to find that the fact that the new street was not entirely fenced in, and was accessible to foot travellers at the ends and by the sidewalks of side streets, was an invitation to the public to use it for foot travel, which might make the defendants responsible to the plaintiff for negligence.
In our opinion the defendants are entitled to a new trial. The city had laid out and provided for the construction of a new street, and could close that portion of it which had been Seaver Street to travel, until the new street should be completed and opened for use. Bliss v. Deerfield, 13 Pick. 102, 108, 109. Drury v. Worcester, 21 Pick. 44. Bowman v. Boston, 5 Cush. 1. Commonwealth v. Boston Lowell Railroad, 12 Cush. 254, 259. In the earliest of these cases it was said, speaking of a newly laid road, which had been opened by removing the bars which had been up during the construction that "Perhaps, it would not be too much to say, that if a traveller were to enter it under any circumstances, before it is so opened, and an accident should happen, it must necessarily be attributed to his own rashness or negligence, in which case it is very clear, that he could have no remedy against anybody," and also that the opening of the road for public use is "a fact to be proved by the acts, conduct and declarations of those whose duty it is to finish and open it." In the case last cited the principle is stated to be "that notwithstanding a highway has been laid out and located, the town does not become responsible to a traveller passing on it, for damage caused by a defect therein, until it has been graded and fitted for use as a highway, and by some express or implied notice, opened for use."
A contractor employed by a municipality to do the work of constructing a highway is its agent. When, as in the present case, the order for laying out and construction includes what has been an existing way, the whole surface of which as well as that of the other land included in the laying out is to be torn up and wrought anew, if reasonable notice is given to the public by signs and barriers that there is no passing and that the way is not open to travel, this suspends the statutory liability. It also is sufficient to free the town or city and its contractor from all obligation to keep the way safe for the use of travellers until it has been completed in accordance with the order, or opened for use. In the meantime it is not negligence for the municipality or its agents to leave in the surface of the street such projections as that over which the plaintiff fell, and it is not an invitation to use the street, to leave at the entrances to it openings through which travellers can pass, if at the same time there are exposed to view such signs and barriers as are fitted to convey to the public notice that the street is for the time being closed for travel. It is not essential that such notice shall be brought to the actual knowledge of all persons; and it is immaterial to the duty of the defendants to the plaintiff in the present case, whether she had actual knowledge that the street had been closed for travel. The barriers and signs which were in fact up, and had been so for many days, were enough to fix the right of the defendants, to control the place without being under obligation to keep it in any condition other than that resulting from the legitimate prosecution of the work of construction in accordance with the order under which they worked.
In the opinion of a majority of the court the verdict should be set aside, and a new trial granted.
Exceptions sustained.
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