Citation Codes Equivalent Citations citation codes Docket Number Nos. 3143, 3143A. Attorney(S) Robert S. Dean, Center for Appellate Litigation, New York (Carol A. Zeldin of counsel), for Cyrus R. Vance, Jr., District Attorney, New York (Ellen Stanfield Friedman of counsel), for Judges David B. Saxe David Friedman Karla Moskowitz Rosalyn H. Richter See more information ... Smart Summary Please sign up to generate summary. THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK, Respondent, v. ROBERT CALDWELL, Appellant. Defendant's challenge to the constitutionality of his persistent violent felony offender adjudication is without merit ( see Almendarez-Torres v United States, 523 US 224; People v Leon, 10 NY3d 122, 126, cert denied 554 US ___, 128 S Ct 2976).