Gaston County Nos. 07 CRS 51107, 07 CRS 51109-11, 07 CRS 51114, 07 CRS 51229-30, 07 CRS 51251.
GEER, Judge.
Defendant William Michael Mack appeals from the judgment and commitment entered on (1) his convictions of second degree murder; misdemeanor hit and run failure to stop with resulting death; felony fleeing to elude arrest with motor vehicle; failure to stop at a red light; resisting, obstructing, or delaying a public officer; and failure to heed a light and siren; and (2) his guilty pleas to felony breaking and entering; felony larceny; conspiracy to commit felony breaking and entering and larceny; and driving while license revoked. On appeal, defendant focuses on his conviction of second degree murder. Defendant primarily argues that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge of second degree murder on the grounds that the State failed to present sufficient evidence of malice. We hold that the trial court properly denied the motion to dismiss given the State's evidence that defendant, whose license had been revoked, drove extremely recklessly in order to elude arrest after breaking and entering and loading his car with stolen televisions.
Facts
The State's evidence tended to show the following facts. On the night of 23 January 2007, defendant and his friends Joshua Earl Proby and Jerrick Bernard Boulware "were getting high" in Charlotte and decided to go to Shelby. As they were driving along Highway 29/74 in a borrowed Ford Focus, they passed a Bestway Rent-to-Own store. Defendant, who was driving, saw flat-screen televisions inside, commented that it "looked interesting," and asked Proby and Boulware if they wanted to "hit it." When Proby responded that he just wanted to "chill," defendant asked him if he was scared. Proby said "no" and told defendant to turn the car around.
Defendant went back to Bestway and pulled up in front of the store. Proby got out of the car, found a brick, and threw it through a window, shattering the glass. Proby and defendant then went inside and passed televisions out through the window to Boulware to put in the car. They loaded five flat-screen televisions in the trunk of the Focus and placed one 42-inch flat-screen television in the back seat. The men could not get the trunk of the car to shut. Nevertheless, the men got back into the car — defendant in the driver's seat, Proby in the passenger seat, and Boulware in the back seat with the television — and began traveling on Highway 29/74 back towards Charlotte.
At approximately 1:25 a.m., Officer Ross L. Hoffman of the Lowell Police Department was traveling westbound on Highway 29/74 when he was notified by dispatch of "an alarm with a glass break" at the Bestway store. Anticipating that the robbers might have chosen to travel eastbound on Highway 29/74 after leaving Bestway, Officer Hoffman pulled into a left turn lane and prepared to make a U-turn to travel eastbound.
While waiting in the left turn lane, Officer Hoffman saw defendant's vehicle traveling eastbound in his direction at a speed greater than the posted speed limit of 50 miles per hour. Officer Hoffman activated his radar unit, which indicated that the car was going 65 miles per hour. As defendant's vehicle passed him, Officer Hoffman also noticed that the back windows were darkly tinted and the lid of the trunk was open.
After Officer Hoffman turned into the eastbound lane and pulled behind defendant's vehicle, he saw what appeared to be electronic equipment in the trunk of the vehicle. Defendant then quickly moved into a left turn lane and entered a shopping center even though the businesses were closed, which further heightened the officer's suspicions. As Officer Hoffman turned into the shopping center behind defendant, he activated his blue lights. Defendant immediately "stomped the accelerator and took off."
Defendant got back on the highway traveling eastbound with Officer Hoffman following in pursuit. At one point, defendant drove eastward in the westbound lane for approximately 500 to 700 feet before returning to the eastbound lane. Defendant, who was traveling between 90 and 95 miles per hour, also sped through a red traffic light without stopping. Defendant and Officer Hoffman passed through four more intersections during the chase, the traffic light at each being green. Proby testified that he told defendant several times to pull over so they could get out and run, but defendant said he could "do it."
Officer Hoffman alerted dispatch that he was in pursuit of a vehicle with subjects he believed to be involved in the reported Bestway breaking and entering. As Officer Hoffman and defendant approached the intersection of Wesleyan Drive and Wilkinson Boulevard, two officers of the Cramerton Police Department blocked the intersection with their vehicles to prevent any other vehicles from entering the intersection. After defendant and Officer Hoffman passed through that intersection, the officers followed Officer Hoffman to assist in the pursuit. Meanwhile, Officer Carl Moore of the Lowell Police Department positioned his patrol car at the intersection of Highway 29/74 and Lakewood Drive. Officer Moore blocked off traffic at the intersection and covered the two eastbound lanes of Highway 29/74 with tire deflation spikes.
As Officer Hoffman approached the intersection of Highway 29/74 and Lakewood Drive, he saw blue lights and he heard Officer Moore say over the radio, "`I got spikes out.'" Officer Hoffman slowed his vehicle to prevent running over the spikes. Defendant, going at least 90 miles per hour, swerved to the left to avoid the spikes, jumped across the median, briefly drove eastward in the westbound lane, and "jumped back across the median and began a series of out-of-control maneuvers." The car "skidded to the right, went off the right side of the road, [came] back to the left side of the road, and went back to the right side of the road." It then collided with a 10-foot-high embankment on the right side of the road, spun so that the back of the car hit trees, and "rolled over on its top" while still spinning.
Officer Hoffman notified dispatch that the pursued car had crashed and rolled and that he was going to check the car for injured occupants. As Officer Hoffman approached, defendant crawled from underneath the opposite side of the car and began running east down Highway 29/74. Proby also escaped the car and began running up the embankment. The officers chased defendant on foot, but stopped pursuing him when defendant ran into the woods. A K-9 unit arrived and, within minutes, found defendant hiding behind a tree approximately 50 yards from the crash site. Defendant was then taken into custody.
At the crash site, officers found several car parts, CDs, and televisions scattered along the roadway. Because of the force of the collision, two of the televisions were compressed so tightly in the trunk that officers could not remove them. Officers noticed a black tennis shoe protruding out of the back window of the vehicle. Because the darkly tinted windows prevented the officers from seeing inside the vehicle, an officer broke the window, and they discovered Boulware pinned beneath the 42-inch television in the back seat. Boulware's body was upside down, with his head sticking out of the back window, "just barely missing" the ground.
Emergency responders from the Cramerton Volunteer Fire Department arrived shortly afterwards and removed the doors from the car. Unable to remove Boulware from the wreckage, the paramedics attached a lead to his leg to check for a pulse. Finding no pulse, the paramedics pronounced him dead. An autopsy determined that Boulware died from head trauma — multiple brain hemorrhages "due to force of his head striking different objects in the car: The seat, the roof, a door, whatever happened to be close to his head wherever he was sitting."
Defendant was charged with second degree murder, felony hit and run failure to stop with personal injury, driving while license revoked, failure to heed a light or siren, resisting a public officer, felony fleeing to elude arrest with motor vehicle, failure to stop at a steady red light, felony breaking and entering, felony larceny, and felony conspiracy to commit felony breaking and entering and felony larceny. He pled guilty to the charges of misdemeanor driving while license revoked, felony breaking and entering, felony larceny, and felony conspiracy to commit breaking and entering and larceny.
Defendant proceeded to trial on the remaining charges. The jury found defendant guilty of second degree murder, misdemeanor hit and run failure to stop with resulting death, felony fleeing to elude arrest with motor vehicle, failure to stop at a steady red light, misdemeanor resisting a public officer, and failure to heed a light or siren. The court consolidated all the charges and sentenced defendant to a single presumptive-range term of 220 to 273 months imprisonment. Defendant timely appealed to this Court.
I
On appeal, defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the charge of second degree murder. When a defendant moves to dismiss a charge based upon insufficiency of the evidence, "the question for the Court is whether there is substantial evidence (1) of each essential element of the offense charged, or of a lesser offense included therein, and (2) of defendant's being the perpetrator of such offense. If so, the motion is properly denied." State v. Powell, 299 N.C. 95, 98, 261 S.E.2d 114, 117 (1980). The trial court considers the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, drawing all reasonable inferences and resolving any conflicts in the evidence in the State's favor. State v. Miller, 363 N.C. 96, 98, 678 S.E.2d 592, 594 (2009).
The essential elements of second degree murder are "the (1) unlawful killing (2) of a human being (3) with malice, but without premeditation and deliberation." State v. Vassey, 154 N.C. App. 384, 390, 572 S.E.2d 248, 252 (2002), disc. review denied, 356 N.C. 692, 579 S.E.2d 96, cert. denied, 357 N.C. 469, 587 S.E.2d 339 (2003). Defendant only challenges the sufficiency of the State's evidence as to the element of malice.
Our Supreme Court has emphasized that "[i]ntent to kill is not a necessary element of second-degree murder, but there must be an intentional act sufficient to show malice." State v. Brewer, 328 N.C. 515, 522, 402 S.E.2d 380, 385 (1991). See also State v. Lang, 309 N.C. 512, 524-25, 308 S.E.2d 317, 323 (1983) ("While an intent to kill is not a necessary element of murder in the second degree, that crime does not exist in the absence of some intentional act sufficient to show malice and which proximately causes death."). In the context of an automobile accident, this requirement means that the State must prove "that defendant had the intent to perform the act of driving in such a reckless manner as reflects knowledge that injury or death would likely result, thus evidencing depravity of mind." State v. Rich, 351 N.C. 386, 395, 527 S.E.2d 299, 304 (2000).
Not all recklessness is sufficient to support a second degree murder charge. As our Supreme Court stated in Rich, "[t]he distinction between `recklessness' indicative of [second degree] murder and `recklessness' associated with manslaughter `is one of degree rather than kind.'" Id. at 393, 527 S.E.2d at 303 (quoting United States v. Fleming, 739 F.2d 945, 948 (4th Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1193, 83 L. Ed. 2d 973, 105 S. Ct. 970 (1985)). See also id. at 395, 527 S.E.2d at 304 (observing that "the difference between the type of malice at issue in [a second degree murder case] and culpable negligence is the degree of recklessness that would support a finding of each").
"`Standing alone, culpable negligence supports the submission of involuntary manslaughter.'" Id. (quoting Brewer, 328 N.C. at 523, 402 S.E.2d at 386). Our courts have defined "culpable negligence" sufficient to support an involuntary manslaughter charge as "`such recklessness or carelessness, proximately resulting in injury or death, as imports a thoughtless disregard of consequences or a heedless indifference to the safety and rights of others.'" State v. Wade, 161 N.C. App. 686, 690, 589 S.E.2d 379, 382 (2003) (quoting State v. Weston, 273 N.C. 275, 280, 159 S.E.2d 883, 886 (1968)), disc. review denied, 358 N.C. 241, 594 S.E.2d 33 (2004).
With respect to "the level of recklessness required for second-degree murder," we must not confuse "such a high degree of recklessness with mere culpable negligence." Rich, 351 N.C. at 394, 527 S.E.2d at 303. "[W]hen that negligence is accompanied by `an act which imports danger to another [and] is done so recklessly or wantonly as to manifest depravity of mind and disregard of human life,' then it is sufficient to support a second-degree murder charge." Id. at 395-96, 527 S.E.2d at 304 (quoting State v. Trott, 190 N.C. 674, 679, 130 S.E. 627, 629 (1925)).
While most of the decisions upholding a second degree murder conviction arising out of a motor vehicle collision have involved the defendant's driving while impaired, this Court in State v. Bethea, 167 N.C. App. 215, 219, 605 S.E.2d 173, 177 (2004), cert. denied, 362 N.C. 88 (2007), rejected the argument made by defendant, in this case, that the State cannot prove the necessary level of recklessness without evidence of impairment: "[O]ur courts have not found driving under the influence to be the only evidence capable of proving malice." The Court explained that "[w]hile driving under the influence is certainly evidence sufficient to prove malice, defendant's actions in the instant case, motivated by an attempt to elude law enforcement by driving in an extremely dangerous manner, is an equally reckless and wanton act, which evidences `a mind utterly without regard for human life and social duty and deliberately bent on mischief.'" Id. (quoting State v. McBride, 109 N.C. App. 64, 68, 425 S.E.2d 731, 733 (1993)). Thus, Bethea found the State presented sufficient evidence of malice when the defendant drove "in an extremely dangerous manner" — driving at speeds up to 100 miles per hour, speeding through a red light and stop signs, crossing into the oncoming traffic lane several times, and turning his lights off on dark, rural roads — and he did so for the unlawful purpose of eluding law enforcement. Id. Bethea was followed in State v. Lloyd, 187 N.C. App. 174, 652 S.E.2d 299 (2007), cert. denied, 363 N.C. 586, 683 S.E.2d 214 (2009). In Lloyd, the Court also concluded that sufficient evidence of malice existed when the defendant, who knew his license was suspended, drove extremely dangerously in an effort to avoid arrest for having stolen the vehicle he was driving. Id. at 179-80, 652 S.E.2d at 302. As the police gave chase, the defendant drove 85 to 90 miles per hour, passed several cars in a no-passing zone despite oncoming traffic, forced a car off the road, and collided with a station wagon whose occupants subsequently died. Id. at 176, 652 S.E.2d at 300.
This case is virtually indistinguishable from Bethea and Lloyd. Just as in those two cases, defendant, whose license was revoked, drove extremely dangerously in order to evade arrest for breaking and entering and larceny. The State presented evidence that when an officer attempted to stop defendant, because of the stolen televisions in his trunk, defendant fled, driving more than 90 miles per hour, passing through a red light without stopping, and traveling the wrong way on a highway — all with the vehicle's trunk lid open and with a passenger pinned by a large television and unable to exit the vehicle. Thus, under Lloyd and Bethea, the trial court properly denied defendant's motion to dismiss.
Defendant, however, argues that he lacked the necessary malice because Proby was the one who told him to flee and because all but one of the lights were green, there was no traffic on the road to be endangered, and he experienced no problems until he encountered the spike strips. This argument views the evidence in the light most favorable to defendant, rather than the State. Defendant was free to argue all this evidence to the jury, but it was up to the jury to decide what credibility and weight to give it. Because the State presented evidence of both a high level of recklessness combined with the intentional act of fleeing to elude arrest, the trial court properly allowed the charge of second degree murder to proceed to the jury.
II
Defendant also contends that the trial court erred under Rule 404(b) of the Rules of Evidence by allowing Proby to answer the State's question about the identity of the people to whom Proby and defendant planned to sell the televisions. The following exchange occurred during Proby's direct examination:
Q. And what were you going to do with the TVS?
A. Sell them.
Q. Who were you going to sell them to?
A. We had numerous people we sold them to.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection. Move to strike.
THE COURT: The objection is overruled. Motion to strike is denied.
Q. . . . Go ahead. Who were you going to sell them to?
A. We sell them to Jamaicans, Arabs. Mostly Arab.
Immediately afterward, the trial court sustained defendant's objection to the State's asking Proby how many times he and defendant had sold stolen televisions in the past.
The State's question, defendant now argues, was "clearly irrelevant," and Proby's response left a "highly inflammatory and unduly prejudicial impression before the jury that [defendant] must have committed robberies on a regular basis." Defendant argues the testimony allowed the State to "paint [defendant] with a broad brush as a `bad person' who committed numerous robberies in the past, as evidenced by the people he sold these stolen TVS to."
We question whether defendant's objection at trial was sufficient to preserve this issue for review. "`[A] general objection, if overruled, is ordinarily not effective on appeal.'" State v. White, 104 N.C. App. 165, 170, 408 S.E.2d 871, 874 (1991) (quoting State v. Hamilton, 77 N.C. App. 506, 509, 335 S.E.2d 506, 508 (1985), disc. review denied, 315 N.C. 593, 341 S.E.2d 33 (1986)). "`This rule serves to facilitate proper rulings and to enable opposing counsel to take proper corrective measures to avoid retrial.'" Id., 408 S.E.2d at 874-75 (quoting State v. Catoe, 78 N.C. App. 167, 168, 336 S.E.2d 691, 692 (1985), disc. review denied, 316 N.C. 380, 344 S.E.2d 1 (1986)).
Under Rule 10(b)(1) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, "to preserve a question for appellate review, a party must have presented to the trial court a timely request, objection or motion, stating the specific grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent from the context." (Emphasis added.) Here, it is not readily apparent from the context whether defendant was objecting on Rule 404(b) grounds or on some other basis such as Proby's answer being non-responsive to the question.
Under the recently amended Rules of Appellate Procedure, the former Rule 10(b) is now Rule 10(a). Because defendant filed notice of appeal prior to 1 October 2009, the effective date of the amended rules, we refer to Rule 10(b).
Even assuming, however, that the issue was preserved, defendant has not shown that he was prejudiced by this testimony. Defendant pled guilty to breaking and entering, larceny, and conspiracy. There is no dispute that the car was packed with stolen televisions. Nor is there any real dispute as to the dangerousness of defendant's driving during the police chase. Given the larceny of numerous televisions, defendant's being an instigator of the theft, the circumstances of the chase, and the fact that defendant's passenger died as a result of the force of the impact during the crash that ended the chase, there is no "reasonable possibility that . . . a different result would have been reached" by the jury absent the suggestion that defendant and Proby had previously sold stolen televisions. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(a) (2009). See State v. McDonald, 130 N.C. App. 263, 267-68, 502 S.E.2d 409, 413 (1998) (holding that even if irrelevant, admission of evidence of prior break-in was harmless when there was undisputed evidence that defendant brandished handgun and threatened to shoot victim if she did not move away from her door and defendant took victim's money).
No error.
Chief Judge MARTIN and Judge ELMORE concur.
mand would have been futile in that the directors "are deemed incapable of making an impartial decision regarding the pursuit of the litigation."
Wood v. Baum,
953 A.2d 136, 140 (Del. 2008). This second prong involves an analysis into to whether such failure to make a demand is "excused." To adequately plead such a demand or excuse, plaintiffs must "state with particularity: (a) any effort by the plaintiff to obtain the desired action from the directors or comparable authority and, if necessary, from the shareholders or members; and (b) the reasons for not obtaining the action or not making the effort." Fed.R.Civ.P. 23.1(b)(3).
In analyzing whether the failure to make such a demand will be excused, the Court must look to the law of the state where the nominal defendant is incorporated. Halpert Enterprises, Inc. v. Harrison, 362 F.Supp.2d 426, 430 (S.D.N.Y. 2005) ("The relevant substantive law on demands is that of the state where the corporation is incorporated.") (citation omitted)); see also Kamen v. Kemper Financial Services, Inc., 500 U.S. 90, 108-09, n. 10 (1991) (ordering application of Maryland law to substantive issue of whether demand was futile and leaving to the lower court question of whether pleadings were sufficient under Rule 23.1). Here, the parties agree that the substantive law of Delaware governs the question of whether plaintiff's failure to make a demand on NexCen's board of directors is excused.
Plaintiff alleges there that no demand was made to the NexCen board because any attempt to make such a demand would have been futile. In such circumstances, two tests are used to determine whether the failure to make demand is excused. The first, known as the Aronson test, is applied to claims where plaintiff alleges "a conscious business decision in breach of [the directors'] fiduciary duties." Wood, 953 A.2d at 140. It requires that the plaintiff "allege particularized facts creating a reason to doubt that `(1) the directors are disinterested and independent [or that] (2) the challenged transaction was otherwise the product of a valid exercise of business judgment.'" Id. (citing Aronson v. Lewis, 473 A.2d 805, 814 (Del. 1984)). The second test is known as the Rales test, and applies "where the subject of a derivative suit is not a business decision of the board but rather a violation of the Board's oversight duties." Id. The parties do not dispute thatRales is the proper standard for analysis here. Rales requires that, in order to show that the demand requirement is excused, the plaintiff must set out particularized facts that "create a reasonable doubt that, as of the time the complaint is filed, the board of directors could have properly exercised its independent and disinterested business judgment in responding to a demand." Rales, 634 A.2d at 934. The Court must thus determine whether a majority of the board was either "interested" or lacking in "independence" within the context of its ability to assess a demand. Here, plaintiff argues that demand should be excused because a majority of the defendants face a substantial likelihood of liability as a result of the filing of this action given the alleged magnitude of the internal control deficiencies and their fiduciary duties to maintain an adequate level of oversight on the corporation's internal controls.
While plaintiff initially argued in her papers that Aronson should be applied, at oral argument plaintiff's counsel did not contest that Rales was the proper standard. Oral Argument ("Oral Arg.") at 14:16-17, June 25, 2010.
A. Relevant Board
While not explicit in the plaintiff's papers, there appears to be a dispute as to which present or former board members should be deemed to constitute the board for purposes of the demand excused analysis. Plaintiff's amended complaint names as defendants all of the directors that were on the board as of the filing of the original complaint, but only discusses the five defendants that were serving on the board at the time of the filing of the amended complaint when arguing that demand should be excused. Plaintiff does not discuss the justification for applying the arguments to this limited number of directors in her papers, offering no citation or argument as to the proper constitution of the board for purposes of this analysis. At oral argument, plaintiff offered only that "[t]here is a split of authority" on which board to look to, without offering cases or further argument. Oral Arg. at 25:22. In contrast, the defendant argued both at oral argument and in their papers that "[t]he filing of an amended complaint only . . . [changes the relevant board for analysis] to the extent that the amended complaint raises claims not already `validly in litigation.'" In re Fuqua Industries, Inc. S'holder Litig., No. CIV.A. 11974, 1997 WL 257460, at *13 (Del. Ch. May 13, 1997) (unpublished) (citingHarris v. Carter, 582 A.2d 222, 230 (Del. Ch. 1990)); Oral Arg. at 24-26. In In re Fuqua Industries, cited by defendants, the majority of the board was replaced between the time of the original and amended complaints, and all derivative claims were made in the original complaint. Id. The Court held that, because the derivative claims were included in the original complaint, the relevant board for analysis should be that in place at the time of the original filing. Id.
Plaintiff's amended complaint was brought following the filing of NexCen's 10-K/A and financial restatement, but it does not include any new causes of action. At the filing of the original complaint, the board consisted of the nine board members named here as defendants. Upon the filing of the amended complaint, four of those members had resigned from the board. Though a majority of the original board was still in place, we believe the relevant board for analysis here should be the board as constituted at the time of the original complaint's filing, given that all of plaintiff's derivative claims were validly in litigation at that time. See also In re Affiliated Computer Services, Inc. S'holders Litig., C.A. No. 2821-VCL, 2009 WL 296078, at *1 (Del. Ch. Feb. 6, 2009) (unpublished) (finding that because all derivative claims were made in the first amended complaint, arguments regarding the board members in place at the time of the first amended complaint would determine the demand excused analysis); California Public Employees' Ret. Systems v. Coulter, 2002 WL 31888343, at *6 (Del. Ch. Dec. 18, 2002) (unpublished) (finding the board constituted at the time of the original complaint to be the relevant board because no derivative claims were added in the amended complaint).
The amended complaint dropped a cause of action for waste and removed defendant Dunn's name from the cause of action for insider trading.
Accordingly, we will analyze whether the plaintiff has created a reasonable doubt that a majority of NexCen's board members, as the board was constituted at the filing of the original complaint, could have properly executed their independent and disinterested business judgment in response to a demand. These board members include all the individual defendants named in this action: defendants Oros, Brady, Caine, Mathias, Stamas, Rovner, Dunn, Traub, and D'Loren.
B. Interest
Delaware courts have found that a director is "interested" in the context of the demand excused analysis when a director derives any personal financial benefit that does not accrue to the corporation or stockholders generally, or when a corporate decision will have a materially detrimental impact on a director, but not on the corporation and the stockholders. See Rales, 634 A.2d at 936.
Reasonable doubt as to the board's ability to exercise its business judgment can be established by alleging that the members of the board faced a substantial risk of personal liability as a result of the suit. However, "the mere threat of personal liability . . . is insufficient to challenge either the independence or disinterestedness of directors." Aronson, 473 A.2d at 815; see also Wood, 953 A.2d at 141, n. 11; Rales, 634 A.2d at 936. Indeed, cases where such liability qualifies as an interest for the purpose of excusing demand occurs only "rare[ly]," "where defendants' actions were so egregious that a substantial likelihood of director liability exists." Seminaris v. Landa, 662 A.2d 1350, 1354 (Del. Ch. 1995) (citing Aronson, 473 A.2d at 815).
Further, "[w]here directors are contractually or otherwise exculpated from liability for certain conduct, `then a serious threat of liability may only be found to exist if the plaintiff pleads a non-exculpated claim against the directors based on particularized facts.'" Wood, 953 A.2d at 141 (citations omitted) (emphasis in original). Delaware law provides that "[s]uch a provision can exculpate directors from monetary liability for a breach of the duty of care, but not for conduct that is not in good faith or a breach of the duty of loyalty." Stone v. Ritter, 911 A.2d 362, 367 (Del. 2006); see also Del. Code Ann. tit. 8, § 102(b)(7).
By statute, a company may include in their certificate of incorporation: "[a] provision eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director to the corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director, provided that such provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director: (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders; (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law; (iii) under § 174 of this title [unlawful dividend or stock purchase]; or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit." Del. Code Ann. tit. 8, § 102(b)(7).
The director defendants here are covered by such an exculpatory provision. Thus, in order to face a substantial likelihood of liability here, plaintiff must allege with particularity that defendants failed to act in good faith or otherwise breached their duty of loyalty. This burden has been described by the Delaware Supreme Court as follows:
NexCen's Charter provides: "A director of the Corporation shall under no circumstances have any personal liability to the Corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages for breach of fiduciary duty as a director; provided, however, that this provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director (i) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the Corporation or its stockholders, (ii) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law, (iii) under Section 174 of the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware, or (iv) for any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit." Martin Decl. Ex. B at 3.
Plaintiff argues that under Delaware law, a motion to dismiss may not be granted when a complaint includes duty of loyalty claims that aren't within the terms of the exculpation clause. In arguing this, however, the plaintiff misses the point. The issue currently before us does not require the Court to determine that all claims are exculpated to allow for dismissal. Instead, in the demand excused context, we must determine whether the non-exculpated, remaining duty of loyalty allegations amount to a "substantial likelihood of liability" such that the directors could not have made an impartial decision regarding plaintiff's demand. In the case cited principally by plaintiff, Alidina v. Internet.com Corp., the claims there were discussed in the context of a 12(b)(6) motion and the court did not address whether demand was excused. 2002 Del. Ch. LEXIS 156, at *28 (Del. Ch. 2002). Thus the court's holding that a case may not be dismissed based on an exculpatory clause when there are breach of the duty of loyalty claims in addition to the exculpated duty of care claims is clearly distinguishable. Id. Other cases cited by plaintiff are similarly inapposite. See Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075, 1095 (Del. 2001) (similar posture to Alidina, but the court found claim exculpated because complaint stated duty of care claim); Emerald Partners v. Berlin, 787 A.2d 85, 95 (Del. 2001) (analyzing exculpatory clause in the context of an entire fairness analysis where defendant was on both sides of transaction).
A failure to act in good faith may be shown, for instance, where the fiduciary intentionally acts with a purpose other than that of advancing the best interests of the corporation, where the fiduciary acts with the intent to violate applicable positive law, or where the fiduciary intentionally fails to act in the face of a known duty to act, demonstrating a conscious
disregard for his duties. There may be other examples of bad faith yet to be proven or alleged, but these three are the most salient.
In re Walt Disney Co. Derivative Litigation, 906 A.2d 27, 67 (Del. 2006) (approving of the Chancery Court's characterization of "bad faith"). Further, where a defendant is exculpated in the absence of bad faith, the Delaware Supreme Court has required that plaintiff sufficiently allege actual or constructive knowledge of illegal behavior on the part of the defendants.
Wood, 953 A.2d at 141 (citing
Malpiede v. Townson, 780 A.2d 1075;
Emerald Partners v. Berlin, 787 A.2d 85;
Desimone v. Barrows, 924 A.2d 908, at 933-35 (Del. Ch. 2007)).
Plaintiff argues three different grounds for finding that certain or all of the directors are interested. First, plaintiff argues that defendants Oros and Dunn traded while in the possession of material non-public information, thus accruing a personal financial benefit not common to the corporation generally. Further, plaintiff argues that all of the defendants are interested because they face a substantial likelihood of liability stemming from the later-retracted disclosures in NexCen's 2007 10-K Report. Plaintiff frames this likelihood of liability in the context of (1) the directors' signatures on the 10-K and (2) their alleged failure of oversight leading up to the disclosures. In making her argument regarding failure of oversight, plaintiff also alleges that defendants Brady, Caine, and Mathias face an even greater likelihood of liability based on their positions on NexCen's Audit Committee. We will address the insider trading allegations first, and then turn to the likelihood of liability in each of these contexts.
1. Insider Trading
To show interest as a result of insider selling, plaintiff must plead "particularized facts regarding the directors . . . [that] they engaged in material trading activity at a time when (one can infer from particularized pled facts that) they knew material, non-public information about the company's financial condition."Guttman v. Huang, 823 A.2d 492, 502 (Del. Ch. 2003). Cursory allegations of insider trading are insufficient to establish such personal benefit to the director. In re Taser Int'l S'holder Deriv. Litig., No. CV-05-123-PHX-SRB, 2006 WL 687033, at *9 (D. Ariz. 2006) (unpublished) (citing Guttman, 823 A.2d at 502). In the amended complaint, plaintiff alleges that defendants Oros and Dunn made trades in May and June 2007, but offers no allegation regarding what material non-public information they might have been in possession of while trading. Plaintiff also offers no link between the trades and the later-in-time disclosures at issue here. Thus, plaintiff has not alleged the particularized facts necessary to result in a finding of interest based on these trades.
Plaintiff includes allegations regarding Dunn's trading in the body of the complaint, but has removed Dunn's name from the Cause of Action for Insider Selling. Am. Comp. ¶¶ 58, 110-113. Regardless of this omission, we address and dismiss any such claim as to both directors
In making this argument, plaintiff points to personal stock sales allegedly made while in possession of material undisclosed information. Here, the allegedly insider trading by Oros occurred in May 2007 and that of Dunn in June 2007. The acquisition of Great American Cookies and the amendment to the loan facility that was used to finance it were not made until January 2008, and the 10-K that failed to disclose the accelerated redemption provision was not filed until March 21, 2008.
There is no allegation as to what material information these defendants possessed that compelled them to trade their shares at that time. Instead, plaintiff relies on a recitation of the sales and the conclusory statement that the sales "were suspicious as to both the timing and amount in comparison to Defendants' historical NexCen trading activity." Am. Comp. ¶ 58. However, plaintiff provides no information as to NexCen's historical trading activity. Such allegations do not even approach what is necessary to plead that a defendant faces a substantial likelihood of liability for insider trading.
2. Signatures on the 2007 10-K Form
Plaintiff argues that each of the defendants face a substantial likelihood of liability because each signed the 2007 10-K. Without more, however, the signing of financial reports is insufficient to create an inference that the directors had actual or constructive notice of any illegality for purposes of the demand excused analysis. Wood, 953 A.2d at 142 (citing Guttman, 823 A.2d at 498 (dismissing complaint that was "devoid of any pleading regarding the full board's involvement in the preparation and approval of the company's financial statements" and of "particularized allegations of fact demonstrating that the outside directors had actual or constructive notice of the accounting improprieties.")); see also Seminaris, 662 A.2d at 1354 (rejecting plaintiff's contention that signatures on misleading submissions to the SEC were sufficient to establish a substantial likelihood of liability for conspiring to misrepresent the stock price).
The cases cited by plaintiff to justify such a likelihood of liability are not persuasive. Most of these cases are in the context of a Section 10(b) securities claim, which is not the context at issue before this Court. Given that the controlling law here is Delaware state law, not federal securities law, we apply the holdings of the Delaware cases cited above that arise in the context of the analysis at issue here.
See Howard v. Everex Systems, Inc., 228 F.3d 1057, 1061-63 (9th Cir. 2000) (finding defendant could potentially be a primary violator under § 10(b) because signature on false financial statements constituted making a statement within the meaning of § 10(b) and proceeding to analyze scienter); In re Enron Corporation Securities, Derivative ERISA Litigation, 540 F.Supp.2d 800, 814, 829-30 (S.D. Texas 2007) (citing to Howard for potential officer liability where signed 10-Ks for purposes of § 10(b) liability and discussing in the context of a § 18 analysis); In re Enron Corp. Securities, Derivative ERISA Litigation, 258 F.Supp.2d 576, 587 (S.D. Tex. 2003) (citingHoward and collecting other cases for the proposition that signing a 10-K constitutes making a statement under § 10(b)).
The one case cited by plaintiff that did arise in the context of the demand excused analysis is an unpublished Connecticut Superior Court case that is directly in conflict with Seminaris, a Delaware Chancery Court case cited above. See Fina v. Calarco, 2005 WL 3112894, at *6-7 (Conn. Super. 2005) (unpublished) (citing conscious decision to sign off on 10-K to be potential for liability sufficient to justify a finding that the directors were interested). We find this case unpersuasive in light of the Delaware case law cited above.
Here there is no allegation in the complaint that the board members knew of the improper disclosures when they signed the 2007 10-K. Plaintiff acknowledges that the internal investigation found that defendants did not have knowledge of the misstatement at issue, and does not offer any allegation that would indicate the contrary. Accordingly, the signatures of the director defendants will not result in a finding of interestedness for purposes of the demand excused analysis.
As cited in the amended complaint, the report stated: "Certain members of the Company's senior management (i) failed to advise the board of directors of material changes in the terms of the financing of the Great American Cookies acquisition after the board had approved terms previously presented to it and (ii) made serious errors with respect to public disclosures regarding the terms of the financing and their impact on the Company's financial condition that were contained in the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 29, 2008 and in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K. . . . Independent counsel did not find evidence that led it to conclude that there was an intentional effort to keep information concerning the terms of the financing from the board, the auditors, or the public." Am. Comp. ¶ 45.
3. Failure of oversight
By far the bulk of plaintiff's arguments, and the entirety of her presentation at oral argument, focused on an alleged failure of oversight stemming from the board's failure to sufficiently monitor the company's internal mechanisms for financial reporting. Plaintiff alleges that the defendants face a substantial likelihood of liability because they: (1) failed to adhere to the NexCen Corporate Guidelines regarding their oversight role; (2) failed to diligently evaluate information provided; (3) failed to ensure that reasonable reporting systems were in place; and (4) failed to ensure that reliable financial controls were in place and functioning to prevent improper reporting. In making this last allegation, plaintiff argues that NexCen's admissions in its Form 10-K/A, filed August 11, 2009, constitute an admission that the board failed to ensure the functioning of reliable financial controls.
Specifically, plaintiff cites the admission that material weaknesses in internal controls became apparent as a result of the internal investigation, a finding which will be discussed in greater detail below.
Plaintiff cites to Kohls v. Duthie for this proposition. 791 A.2d 772, 782-83 (Del. Ch. 2000). However, Kohls holds only that the complaint there (a "highly unusual set of facts") stated a claim that, as plaintiffs argued, "no properly motivated director could have perceived [the] corporate opportunity and not thoroughly inquired into the company's ability to exploit it."Id.
As plaintiff's allegations based on the Corporate Guidelines and the failure to evaluate information clearly fail, we will turn to plaintiff's allegation that the defendants demonstrated a "sustained and systematic failure to fulfill their fiduciary duties" that included bad faith, gross negligence and extreme recklessness. Am. Comp. ¶ 89(b). This assertion invokes language the Delaware courts have frequently employed to assess allegations regarding a board's failure to ensure that sufficient systems for reporting and financial controls were in place.
Plaintiff's reliance on NexCen's Corporate Guidelines as demonstrative of appropriate standards for action fails because, "[a]lthough the members of the . . . Committee were charged with reviewing and ensuring the accuracy of [the company's] financial statements under the . . . charter, director liability is not measured by the aspirational standard established by the internal documents detailing a company's oversight system . . . to establish liability for misstatements when the board is not seeking shareholder action, shareholder plaintiffs must show that the misstatement was made knowingly or in bad faith." In re Citigroup, 964 A.2d at 135. Also, "[a]s the Supreme Court observed in Brehm, demand futility allegations cannot be based on deviations from `aspirational goals of ideal corporate governance practices.'" In re Dow Chemical Co. Deriv. Litig., C.A. No. 4349-CC, 2010 WL 66769, at *9 n. 50 (Del. Ch. Jan. 11, 2010) (citing Brehm v. Eisner, 746 A.2d 224, 256 (Del. 2000)). Accordingly, though plaintiff made much of these guidelines in their briefing and before the Court, this argument must fail.
Though plaintiff argues that the board failed to sufficiently analyze the information underlying NexCen's disclosures, the amended complaint makes no allegation of any specific information that was provided to the board that was not sufficiently analyzed or was consciously disregarded. Rather, plaintiff stakes her claim on the allegation that the board should have done more to seek out and investigate the documentation underlying whatever it was that they might have been given. This is a very broad allegation, and noticeably lacks any suggestion that the members of the board were provided with any information regarding the changes to the loan provisions prior to the filing of the 10-K.
In the same paragraph cited here, the amended complaint also states that the directors "participated in, approved and/or permitted the wrongs alleged herein to have occurred and participated in efforts to conceal or disguise same." To the extent this statement was intended to make an allegation beyond a failure of oversight claim, it is conclusory and will not satisfy any variant of the pleading requirements. As discussed above, plaintiff makes no specific allegations of knowledge of unlawful action on the part of the NexCen officers or directors or of any specific actions taken in an attempt to conceal any illegality. To the contrary, plaintiff acknowledges that the board initiated independent investigations when the misstatements came to light in May 2008.
a) The standard first announced by the Delaware Supreme Court in In re Caremark provides the governing law on this claim.
In In re Caremark Int'l Deriv. Litig., the Delaware Court of Chancery ruled that:
Generally where a claim of directorial liability for corporate loss is predicated upon ignorance of liability creating activities within the corporation . . . only a sustained and systematic failure of the board to exercise oversight — such as an utter failure to attempt to assure a reasonable information and reporting system exists — will establish the lack of good faith that is a necessary condition to liability.
698 A.2d 959, 971 (Del. Ch. 1996). The Delaware Supreme Court defined such bad faith in
In re Walt Disney Co. Deriv. Litig. As "requir[ing] conduct that is qualitatively different from, and
more culpable than, the conduct giving rise to a violation of the fiduciary duty of care (i.e., gross negligence)."
906 A.2d 27 (Del. 2006). The Delaware Supreme Court has since affirmed these standards in its decision in
Stone v. Ritter. 911 A.2d at 367-70.
The Stone Court held that, based on Caremark:
[N]ecessary conditions predicate for director oversight liability" are that "(a) the directors utterly failed to implement any reporting or information system or controls;
or (b) having implemented such a system or controls, consciously failed to monitor or oversee its operations thus disabling themselves from being informed of risks or problems requiring their attention.
Id. at 370 (emphasis in original). "Where directors fail to act in the face of a known duty to act, thereby demonstrating a conscious disregard for their responsibilities, they breach their duty of loyalty by failing to discharge that fiduciary obligation in good faith."
Id. Such a finding of bad faith requires a showing of scienter, or that defendants had actual or constructive knowledge of failure to act as the law requires.
Wood, 953 A.2d at 141 (citations omitted);
see also In re Citigroup, 964 A.2d at 125 (plaintiff can show bad faith by alleging director
"consciously disregarded an obligation to be reasonably informed about the business and its risks or
consciously disregarded the duty to monitor and oversee the business" (emphasis in original)).
As the court in Stone highlighted,
[T]he directors' good faith exercise of oversight responsibility may not invariably prevent employees from violating criminal laws, or from causing the corporation to incur significant financial liability, or both. . . . In the absence of red flags, good faith in the context of oversight must be measured by the directors' actions `to assure a reasonable information and reporting system exists' and not by second-guessing after the occurrence of employee conduct that results in an unintended adverse outcome.
Id. at 373 (citing
In re Caremark, 698 A.2d at 967-68, 971). The failure of oversight theory of liability is the "most difficult . . . in corporation law upon which a plaintiff might hope to win a judgment."
Stone, 911 A.2d at 372 (quoting
In re Caremark, 698 A.2d 967).
In sum, it is only if plaintiff can plead particularized facts that show a non-exculpated breach of loyalty for failure to act in good faith that she can demonstrate a likelihood of liability such that the failure to make a demand is excused. Thus, the essential question is whether the director defendants utterly failed to implement a system for reporting or financial control; or, having implemented such a system of controls, whether they consciously failed to monitor or oversee its operation.
b) The actions or inaction of the NexCen board did not constitute a conscious disregard of their duty of oversight.
While, not surprisingly, plaintiff does not set out the systems in place at NexCen prior to the filing of the 10-K/A; it appears from the citations to the 10-K and 10-K/A in the amended complaint that such a system existed, albeit to poor effect. In her submissions plaintiff argues both that defendants utterly failed to implement such a system and that they failed to monitor the system in place. However, at oral argument, plaintiff's counsel rightly focused on the failure to monitor argument. We also focus on the second prong of the Caremark analysis, given that NexCen did have some system in place for financial reporting.
There is no dispute that NexCen's systems for financial control and reporting were deficient at the time of the faulty disclosure. After the company brought the omission to public light, the internal investigation reported the deficiencies, and NexCen included this information in its subsequent Form 10-K/A. While plaintiff quotes extensively from these findings in the amended complaint, the amended complaint lacks any allegation that such deficiencies were the product of a conscious disregard by the board of their duty to ensure that a reasonable reporting system was in place.
Material weaknesses identified in the 10-K/A included: (1) dispersed oversight of legal issues given the lack of a general counsel; (2) "diffused management structure that lacked sufficient clarity as to the roles and responsibilities of senior management" that resulted in the failure to share information regarding the changes in the loan agreement across corporate functions or with the board; (3) dual lines of responsibility for financial management; (4) the lack of sufficiently detailed written policies and training regarding submissions to the SEC; and (5) the failure to maintain a sufficient number of accounting and financial reporting personnel or personnel with an appropriate level of technical expertise in GAAP. See Am. Comp. ¶ 54.
We also note that the mere fact that an investigatory committee found that there were deficiencies in reporting does not necessarily result in a finding of a failure of oversight. InStone v. Ritter, the Delaware Supreme Court refused to excuse demand despite the fact that (1) the Federal Reserve and the Alabama Banking Department had issued a Cease and Desist Order requiring the company at issue to improve its compliance program and to engage an independent consultant to conduct a review of the program; and (2) FinCEN had issued a written Assessment of Civil Money Penalty including detailed "determinations" regarding the compliance procedures. Stone, 911 A.2d at 366.
1) Plaintiff makes no allegation of knowledge or any mechanism by which the defendants would have been aware of the deficiencies at NexCen prior to the disclosure.
In place of particularized allegations of consciousness, plaintiff offers general statements or relies on inferences that are not supported by specific allegations. For example, plaintiff states that the directors acted with bad faith in signing the 2007 10-K in that they "either knew of, or recklessly disregarded, the false statements and misrepresentations made in the Company's 2007 10-K, thereby becoming an accessory to the false statements and misrepresentations." Am. Comp. ¶ 71. In making this statement, however, there is no allegation about the mechanism by which the knowledge required under the bad faith inquiry would be obtained by the board. Further, allegations that "[t]he Director Defendants either evaluated [("information regarding the Company's business opportunities and credit facilities"], and intentionally or recklessly, rubber-stamped NexCen's misrepresentations or recklessly failed to ensure information necessary to prevent the misrepresentations was provided to them," id. at ¶ 68, does little to indicate that the board was presented with any information that would suggest that the disclosure system was malfunctioning or that the loan agreement's terms were amended, resulting in inaccurate disclosures. Absent more particularized pleadings as to the conscious disregard, these allegations cannot meet plaintiff's burden of particularized pleading with respect to the demand excused standard.
At oral argument, plaintiff argued that these general statements are sufficient to demonstrate a substantial likelihood of liability because the board members had a duty to make themselves aware of the deficiencies of the disclosure system and the information regarding the changes to the loan agreement. When pressed, however, plaintiff could not define the line that needed to be drawn between what information the directors had to request and review, and what information or documents they could rely on others to report the relevant details of.
The cases cited by plaintiff do not address this line-drawing concern or otherwise persuade us that the improper disclosure was a result of a conscious disregard by the directors. See In re Taser, 2006 WL 687033 (court did not make explicit factual findings as to conscious disregard but listed plaintiff's arguments and found totality of circumstance, including the sale of as much of 100% of stock holdings by many of the directors to constitute justification for excusing demand); In re Emerging Communications, Inc. S'holders Litig., No. Civ. A. 16415, 2004 WL 1305745 (Del. Ch. Jun. 4, 2004) (unpublished) (after majority of opinion deals with valuation of the transaction, only discussion of director independence comes in the context of a fairness review of the transaction applying a different standard than that at issue here).
Cited especially strenuously by plaintiff's counsel at oral argument, the Sixth Circuit's opinions in McCall v. Scott are similarly unpersuasive here. 239 F.3d 808 (6th Cir. 2001),amended 250 F.3d 999. In that case, plaintiffs alleged that senior management, with board knowledge, devised schemes to improperly increase revenue and profits by engaging in various forms of Medicare and Medicaid fraud. The Court excused demand on plaintiffs' claim regarding the failure of the board to act because they found that plaintiffs had met their burden of pleading conscious disregard of known risks where plaintiffs had argued that the directors' actions were more than simply "sustained inattention," but rather constituted "`intentional ignorance of' and `willful blindness' to `red flags' signaling fraudulent practices" at the company. McCall, 250 F.3d at 1001. Assessing the factual circumstances as a whole, the Court found that a majority of the board were interested where, for example, (1) the Audit Committee was alleged to have reviewed reports clearly indicative of discrepancies in reporting, improper fees, and accounting improprieties; (2) several directors had been involved in illegal acquisition activities; (3) the 10-K had disclosed a qui tam action that should have alerted the board to improper business transactions; and (4) the magnitude and duration of the alleged wrongdoing was great. McCall, 239 F.3d at 820-824.
The McCall Court issued two opinions on this issue. The first, issued on Feb. 13, 2001, included the bulk of the factual and legal findings. 239 F.3d 808. The second, issued on Apr. 23, 2001 in response to petitions for rehearing or in the alternative for certification of questions of law, amended the Court's prior opinion by replacing the section discussing the intersection of the duty of care with the duty of loyalty and the duty of good faith. 250 F.3d 997.
These allegations are in stark contrast to the pleadings at issue here, which do not allege (1) any specific mechanism by which the Audit Committee or the board were made aware of the change in the loan facility or that the financial controls were otherwise deficient; (2) that the board members were involved in negotiating the change in the facility; and (3) that there were any lawsuits in play. Further, while the loan provision certainly had meaningful ramifications for the company, there is no particularized allegation of a longstanding or widespread fraud at NexCen. In short, there are simply no red flags alleged in plaintiff's complaint here, and as a result, McCall v. Scott is not persuasive support for plaintiff's arguments.
Absent any indication that the board was aware that the terms of the loan agreement had changed, that the disclosures were inaccurate, or that the systems were deficient, we do not see how the board members can be charged with a conscious disregard of their duties.
2) Audit Committee membership alone does not allow an inference of knowledge for purposes of determining whether a substantial likelihood of liability exists.
Plaintiff makes the additional argument that the members of the Audit Committee face a more substantial likelihood of liability given their roles on that committee, and that such a role is a sufficient basis upon which to infer knowledge of the alleged illegality. However, Delaware case law does not support that position. Wood, 953 A.2d at 142-43 (calling rule that membership [in the Audit Committee] alone is insufficient "well-settled Delaware law"). No allegation of specific knowledge is made regarding these defendants, and plaintiff relies solely on the fact of their membership in the Audit Committee to support an inference of knowledge of illegality. Consistent with the controlling Delaware law, we find that these defendants do not face a substantial likelihood of liability merely because they serve on such a committee. See also In re Pfizer, Inc. Deriv. Sec. Litig., 307 Fed. App'x 590, 594 (2d Cir. 2009) (finding that Audit Committee membership did not warrant a presumption of knowledge of studies revealing misleading financial statements, and that, "[i]nsofar as the[] assertions relate to the defendants' failure to monitor the financial books and records of the company, they would appear to be claims of breaches of the duty of care"). The other cases cited by plaintiff do not persuade us otherwise. 3) Though plaintiff does not make interestedness arguments with respect to individual directors, D'Loren could possibly be interested.
Further, plaintiff alleges that the Court is entitled to infer that the "knowledge of the Audit Committee members can be imputed to the entire Board." Pl. Mem. at 14. However, the sole case cited for this proposition is inapposite. See Saito v. McCall, No. Civ. A. 17132-NC, 2004 WL 3029876 (unpublished) (Del. Ch. Dec. 20, 2004). There, the committee had been informed of accounting problems by its auditor. In discussing whether demand was excused, the court, in a footnote, wrote that a "committee of the board, acting in good faith, would have openly communicated with each other concerning the accounting problems . . . and would have shared the information with the entire . . . board."Id. at *8, n. 71. This is hardly the situation here. Further, the Delaware courts have specifically declined opportunities to extend the ruling in Saito. See Desimone v. Barrows, 924 A.2d at 943 (finding that "Saito did not lay down any universally applicable rule about knowledge imputation" and that, where there is no allegation that the wrongful conduct was discussed with board members, there is no imputation).
Plaintiff cites several cases placing importance on membership in the Audit Committee; however these cases are not directly on point. See In re Taser, 2006 WL 687033, at *10 (finding demand excused and citing plaintiff's argument that membership in the Audit Committee allowed inference that members must have known of declining sales trend when approving earnings press releases that did not account for the trend where the members also sold 100% of their stock holdings); In re Emerging Communications, Inc. S'holders Litig., 2004 WL 1305745, at *39-40 (finding that where a defendant with special accounting expertise "had strong reasons to believe" that the price of a transaction with a director was too low and thus unfair to the corporation, it was incumbent upon him to act to disclose that information).
No argument is made with respect to the disinterestedness of individual directors aside from that discussed above. Though plaintiff does not include any arguments regarding defendant D'Loren's interestedness, as the President and CEO at the time of the acquisition and financing, we note that arguments could be made. For the purposes of this analysis we will assume without deciding that a finding of interest could be made with respect to defendant D'Loren and proceed to a determination of the directors' independence, though we make it clear that in proceeding this way we make no finding as to any knowledge or specific action of defendant D'Loren, a clarification which is appropriate given that no such allegations have been made.
C. Independence
To the extent that some or all of the directors are found to be interested, the Court must determine "whether any of the other members of the board are compromised in their ability to act independently of the directors found to be interested." Guttman, 823 A.2d at 501-02. Even if a specific director is found to be disinterested, "his discretion must also be free from the influence of other interested persons." Seminaris, 662 A.2d at 1354 (citing Rales, 634 A.2d at 936). "A director is independent if he can base his decision `on the corporate merits of the subject before the board rather than extraneous considerations or influences.'" Id. (quoting Aronson, 473 A.2d at 816).
A court must consider whether directors were independent only upon a finding that one or more of the directors is not disinterested. See Brehm, 746 A.2d at 258 (finding determination that alleged controller was disinterested to obviate need for assessing independence); see also Rales, 634 A.2d at 936 ("Having determined that [three directors] would be interested in a decision on [the] demand, we must now examine whether the remaining . . . directors are sufficiently independent").
Given our findings above, defendant D'Loren is the only even potentially interested director. Though plaintiff makes certain allegations regarding the lack of independence of defendants Oros, Stamas, and Dunn, even if we were to find that all of these defendants were lacking independence, the majority of the board would still be disinterested and independent.
For the sake of completeness and the benefit of any reviewing court, we will address plaintiff's assertions, but what follows is in no way meant to lend credence to plaintiff's arguments in this regard.
1. Defendant Oros
Plaintiff argues that defendant Oros lacks independence because his principal source of income is derived from the company. However, "[m]ere allegations of substantial compensation are insufficient to establish futility" without an allegation of unreasonableness. In re Evergreen Mut. Funds Fee Litig., 423 F.Supp.2d 249, 263 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (internal quotation omitted). However, "[t]here may be a reasonable doubt about a director's independence if his or her continued employment and compensation can be affected by the directors who received the challenged benefit." MCG Capital Corp. v. Maginn, CA No. 4521-CC, 2010 WL 1782271, at *20 (Del. Ch. May 05, 2010) (unpublished) (citing Rales, 634 A.2d at 937; Kahn v. Tremont, Civ. A. No. 12339, 1994 WL 162613, at *2 (Del. Ch. Apr. 21, 1994)). "For director compensation to create independence problems, however, it must be shown that the compensation is material to the director." Id. (citing Orman v. Cullman, 794 A.2d 5, 25 n. 50 (Del. Ch. 2002)). There is no allegation that defendant Oros' compensation could have been affected by D'Loren at the time of the original complaint's filing or that such compensation was unreasonable. Further, while plaintiff does allege that Oros' compensation was his principal source of income, it is not otherwise alleged that such compensation was material to him. Regardless, even if defendant Oros was lacking in independence, only two of the directors would be interested or lacking in independence, which is insufficient to constitute the majority required for demand futility.
2. Defendant Stamas
Plaintiff next argues that Defendant Stamas lacks independence based on his outside business connections with NexCen. According to the amended complaint, Stamas' business connections include his position as a partner at Kirkland Ellis, a law firm that does work for NexCen and has outstanding bills owed by NexCen; as well as his position on the board of FTI Consulting, which has done due diligence work for NexCen in the past and was more recently hired to do cash flow analysis for the company. Without more, however, Stamas' positions with Kirkland Ellis and FTI Consulting are not sufficient to establish a lack of independence. See, e.g. Halpert Enterprises, 362 F.Supp.2d at 433 (membership on other boards does not call into question independence, and receipt of fees is similarly unavailing if "there are no particularized allegations indicating that that compensation is excessive") (citations omitted). Also, as with Oros' compensation, there is no allegation that any fees outstanding or business relationships would have been threatened had Stamas acceded to a demand.
3. Defendant Dunn
Plaintiff further argues that Defendant Dunn is not independent of Defendant Stamas because of their longstanding personal and business relationships involving their board membership at FTI Consulting and the fact that they both hold ownership interests in the Baltimore Orioles. This argument is similarly unpersuasive.
Mere personal or business relationships will not raise a reasonable inference that a director cannot consider demand, absent specific factual allegations to support such a conclusion.Beam v. Stewart, 845 A.2d 1040, 1050 (Del. 2004); see also Robotti Co., LLC v. Liddell, C.A. No. 3128-VCN, 2010 WL 157474, at *12 (Del. Ch. 2010); Kohls v. Duthie, 765 A.2d 1274, 1284 (Del. Ch. 2000) (personal and/or business relationships insufficient to show lack of independence). In Beam, the Supreme Court required that a relationship between the disinterested director and the interested director be so close that one could infer that "the non-interested director would be more willing to risk his or her reputation than risk the relationship with the interested director." Beam, 845 A.2d at 1050. Plaintiff has offered no particularized allegation in this regard beyond the mere fact of a preexisting relationship between defendants Stamas and Dunn.
While, as stated above, there are multiple problems on the merits with plaintiff's arguments regarding the independence of Stamas and Dunn, it is also significant issue that none of plaintiff's arguments relate to a lack of independence from defendant D'Loren, the only director that we have found interested here.
None of these arguments warrant a finding that any of the defendants lacked the ability to make an independent judgment on the corporate merits of the decision regarding bringing suit here. We thus find that the majority of the NexCen board would have been able to exercise its disinterest and independent business judgment in responding to the demand. See Rales, 634 A.2d at 934.
CONCLUSION
Because plaintiff has not established a reason to doubt a majority of the board's disinterest or independence at the time the initial complaint was filed, we dismiss this action for failure to make a demand on the board of directors prior to suit. Plaintiff's request that we excuse demand would necessitate the finding of a substantial likelihood of liability based on the failure to ask a question: whether the loan facility, already in place for some time, had materially changed given the specific acquisition. It is not clear that the directors had a reason to ask such a question or request any pertinent documentation, given that (1) the financial documents submitted for their signature stated that there were no such changes and (2) there were no alleged "red flags." Given that "a failure to act in good faith requires conduct that is qualitatively different from, and more culpable than . . . gross negligence," Stone, 911 A.2d at 369, defendants' conduct does not demonstrate a conscious disregard of their duty to exercise oversight or otherwise generate a substantial likelihood of liability in this action. Accordingly, we dismiss the amended complaint for failure to make a pre-suit demand on the board of directors.
SO ORDERED.
Dated: New York, New York July 30, 2010