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  • : Mr. Ashok Singh, Advocate.
  • : Mr. S.W. Haider, Advocate.
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  • Justice Vibhu Bakhru
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  • : Mr. Ashok Singh, Advocate.
  • : Mr. S.W. Haider, Advocate.
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  • Justice Vibhu Bakhru
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Smart Summary

Structured Summary of the Opinion — VIBHU BAKHRU, J (Dec. 20, 2021)

Factual and Procedural Background

This summary is drawn exclusively from the provided opinion.

The petitioner, identified as the Railway, challenged an arbitral award dated 08.04.2020 under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. The arbitral tribunal was a sole arbitrator (Justice (Retd.) Anil Kumar). The dispute arose from a contract (Contract signed 16.12.2011) awarded to the respondent firm (OVC) for earthwork and allied works forming part of a doubling project on the Ambala–Dhappar section. The Letter of Acceptance was dated 07.04.2011 and the original completion date was 06.10.2012 (18 months). The completion date was later extended to 30.10.2014 without levy of penalties.

OVC alleged various hindrances to execution such as non-availability of drawings, non-availability of site, non-sanctioning of Engineering Scale Plan (ESP), and failure to remove obstructing trees. One partner of OVC died on 08.08.2013 and OVC sought closure and preparation of its final bill. Work was treated as satisfactorily completed on 15.10.2014 and a Completion Certificate was issued; Performance Guarantee was released. Final bills were prepared and paid late (Final Bill paid 07.12.2015; PVC paid 19.12.2015) and OVC claimed certain sums were omitted or underpaid. OVC invoked arbitration on 12.04.2016.

OVC's statement of claims was itemized (including alleged short payment of PVC, various short payments for earthwork and related items, extra expenses for equipment and staff for prolonged period, maintenance of site office, arbitration costs, and claim for pendente lite and future interest at 18% p.a.). The Railway filed a statement of defence (no counter-claims). By the impugned arbitral award the tribunal accepted certain claims and awarded Rs. 1,34,33,350 along with pendente lite and future interest at 9% p.a. and costs (arbitral fees and counsel fees subject to a cap).

The Railway challenged the award on three primary grounds before the High Court: (1) award of pendente lite interest contrary to express provisions of the contract (GCC); (2) the tribunal erred in finding the Railway responsible for delay in execution; and (3) award of costs was contrary to the contract clause providing that each party bears its own costs.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the arbitral award's grant of pendente lite (pre-award) and future interest was permissible despite Clause 64(5) of the contract (GCC) which expressly provides that no interest shall be payable until the date on which the award is made.
  2. Whether the Arbitral Tribunal's factual finding that the Railway was responsible for delays in execution (because of non-availability of drawings, non-availability of site, non-sanctioning of ESP, trees, etc.) was vitiated by patent illegality such as to warrant interference under Section 34 of the A&C Act.
  3. Whether the award of arbitration costs in favour of OVC was contrary to Clause 64(6) of the GCC (which stated that the cost of arbitration shall be borne by the respective parties).

Arguments of the Parties

Railway's Arguments (Petitioner)

  • The Arbitral Tribunal erred in awarding pendente lite interest contrary to the express provision of the GCC (Clause 64(5)) that no interest is payable until the date of the award.
  • The Tribunal wrongly found the Railway responsible for delays; the Railway pointed to admitted delays by OVC (including delayed submission of Performance Bank Guarantee, submitted three months after LoA) and contended OVC had delayed execution from the outset.
  • The award of costs in favour of OVC was contrary to Clause 64(6) of the GCC which stipulated that each party would bear its own costs.

OVC's Arguments (Respondent)

  • The Arbitral Tribunal had considered the issues and rendered a final and binding award; its findings on delay and liability are final and based on evidence.
  • Conceded that if a contract expressly prohibits grant of interest, an arbitral tribunal would lack jurisdiction to award pre-award interest.
  • Regarding costs, the Arbitral Tribunal had discretion under Section 31A of the A&C Act to determine costs, and it validly exercised that discretion to award arbitral fees and counsel fees (subject to the cap imposed by the tribunal).

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Union of India v Bright Power Projects India (P) Ltd, 2015 9 SCC 695 Holds that if a contract between the parties proscribes award of interest, award of pre-reference (pre-award) interest is impermissible. The Court relied on this authority to support the proposition that Clause 64(5) (which precludes interest until the award date) prohibits an arbitral tribunal from awarding pre-award interest; accordingly the impugned award's grant of pendente lite interest was set aside insofar as inconsistent with that principle.
Jaiprakash Associates Limited v. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (India) Ltd, 2019 17 SCC 786 Reiterates the principle that an express contractual bar on awarding interest precludes an arbitral tribunal from granting pre-reference interest; confirms that the question is no longer res-integra. The Court cited this decision to reinforce that the tribunal could not lawfully award pendente lite interest in view of Clause 64(5); the impugned award was set aside to that extent.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court proceeded through discrete analytical steps tied to the contract text, statutory provisions and precedent:

  1. Contractual Provisions Considered — The Court reproduced Clause 64 of the GCC, focusing on:
    • Clause 64(5): "Where the arbitral award is for the payment of money, no interest shall be payable on whole or any part of the money for any period till the date on which the award is made."
    • Clause 64(6): Stating that the cost of arbitration shall be borne by the respective parties and describing how arbitrator fees are to be borne.
  2. Pendente lite Interest — The Court accepted the Railway's contention that Clause 64(5) expressly bars interest until the award date; it held that the Arbitral Tribunal's award of pendente lite (pre-award) interest at 9% p.a. was contrary to this express contractual provision. The Court relied on binding Supreme Court authorities (Union of India v Bright Power Projects India and Jaiprakash Associates v Tehri Hydro) establishing that where a contract proscribes interest, an arbitral tribunal cannot award pre-reference interest. The Court therefore concluded the part of the award granting pendente lite interest must be set aside.
  3. Findings on Delay and Responsibility for Delay — The Court reviewed the Arbitral Tribunal's factual findings that OVC had by and large deployed resources but could not fully utilize them because of hindrances (non-availability of drawings, non-availability of site, non-sanctioning of ESP, trees etc.). The Tribunal relied on correspondence and inter-departmental communications that admitted the delays and hindrances. The High Court noted these were findings of fact: the Arbitral Tribunal discussed material on record and rendered a considered conclusion in OVC's favour. Under Section 34, the Court will not re-examine or re-appreciate evidence unless the award is patently illegal. There was no basis to conclude the tribunal's findings on delay were patently illegal; therefore the Court declined to interfere with that aspect of the award.
  4. Award of Costs — The Court addressed the Railway's contention that Clause 64(6) required each party to bear its own costs. It found that the Railway had not raised this specific contention before the Arbitral Tribunal (thus raised belatedly before the Court) and observed that even if raised, Clause 64(6) cannot override the statutory scheme of Section 31A of the A&C Act.
    • Section 31A (introduced by the 2015 Amendment) vests discretion in the arbitral tribunal or Court to determine whether costs are payable, their amount and timing; it defines costs broadly and provides guiding factors. Sub-section (5) states that an agreement which requires a party to pay whole/part of arbitration costs is valid only if made after the dispute has arisen.
    • The Court reasoned that Section 31A contains a non-obstante clause and thus operates notwithstanding contrary provisions in the CPC, and that the discretion to award costs is not fettered by pre-existing contractual allocations of costs unless such an agreement was made after the dispute arose.
    • Clause 64(6) — a pre-dispute clause that the parties would bear their respective costs — amounts to an agreement regarding costs but was not made after the dispute arose; therefore it cannot invalidate the tribunal's discretion under Section 31A to award costs.
    Consequently, the Court found no ground to interfere with the tribunal's award of costs (which were limited to arbitral fees and counsel fees subject to the cap imposed by the tribunal).

Holding and Implications

Holding: The petition is disposed of: the impugned arbitral award is set aside only to the extent that it awarded pendente lite (pre-award) interest; the remainder of the award, including the award of costs in favour of OVC, is upheld.

Implications (direct effect on the parties):

  • The part of the award awarding pendente lite interest at 9% p.a. has been set aside in view of Clause 64(5) of the GCC and binding Supreme Court precedent. The Railway's challenge on this ground succeeds.
  • The Arbitral Tribunal's factual findings that OVC was not responsible for the delays (and that the Railway's actions/hindrances occasioned delay) were not interfered with; those findings remain in effect.
  • The tribunal's award of costs in favour of OVC (arbitral fees and counsel fees, subject to the cap) stands. The Court held that Section 31A gives the tribunal and the Court a statutory discretion to award costs notwithstanding a pre-dispute contractual clause that parties bear their own costs, unless such a costs-allocation agreement was entered into after the dispute arose.
  • The petition and pending application were disposed in accordance with the above orders.

Broader legal posture: The Court applied established Supreme Court precedent regarding the preclusion of pre-award interest where a contract so provides, and interpreted Section 31A as granting a broad statutory regime for costs that is not displaced by pre-dispute contractual clauses. The opinion does not purport to create novel precedent beyond applying these existing authorities and the statutory provision.

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    Union Of India v. Om Vajrakaya Construction Company .

    VIBHU BAKHRU, J

    1. The petitioner (hereinafter the Railway) has filed the present petition under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 (hereinafter the A&C Act) impugning an arbitral award dated 08.04.2020 (hereinafter the impugned award) passed by the Arbitral Tribunal constituted by Justice (Retd.) Anil Kumar as the Sole Arbitrator (hereinafter the Arbitral Tribunal). O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 2 of 14

    2. The impugned award was rendered in the context of disputes that have arisen between the parties in relation to a contract signed between the parties on 16.12.2011 (hereafter the Contract). Factual Matrix

    3. On 13.01.2011, tenders were invited by the Railway for work described as Earth work in filling for embankment with contractors own earth and cutting to the required profile , Blanketing materials including compaction by vibratory roller, construction/extension of minor bridges less than 6.00 m, retaining wall and other allied works from Ch 0.00 km to Ch 22.71 kms between Ambala Cantt- Dhappar railway Stations in connection with Ambala-Dhappar doubling on UMB-KLK Section, with the overall supervisory control of the Dy. Chief Engineer/C Ambala, Northern Railway. (hereafter the Project).

    4. Pursuant to the said tender, the respondent firm (hereafter OVC) submitted its bid. The same was accepted and by a Letter of Acceptance dated 07.04.2011 (hereafter the LoA), the work was awarded to OVC. The period of completion of the works was stipulated to be eighteen months and was required to be completed by 06.10.2012. The Contract with respect to the said work was finally signed on 16.12.2011.

    5. OVC claims that after the award of the works, the Railway advised it to deploy its machinery, staff, labour and construct the site office(s) as per the tender stipulations for expeditious execution of the works within the stipulated time. However, the arrangements made by O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 3 of 14 OVC at the site remained unutilized due to non-availability of drawings, site for execution, cutting of trees, non-sanctioning of Engineering Scale Plan (ESP) etc.

    6. Despite, OVCs repeated efforts to execute the works, no progress was made as the trees causing hinderances were not removed and full site was not made available to OVC. Thereafter, OVC sent several letters to the Railway requesting it to supply a complete set of drawings, remove the ESP of Dhappar, Lallru and Dhoulkot stations and, to remove the trees at the railway track at Lallru station; however, the said letters did not elicit any satisfactory response.

    7. Due to addition in the scope of work and the various hindrances in executing the works, the Railway extended the date of completion of the works to 30.10.2014, without levy of any penalties.

    8. Thereafter, on 08.08.2013, one of the constituent partners of OVC expired in a road accident and OVC requested the Railway to treat the work as closed. OVC requested the Railway to prepare the Final Bill along with the extra items executed at the site on the instructions of the supervisory staff. OVC claimed that it was assured that the extra items would be paid along with the Final Bill at an early date along with the earnest money, Performance Guarantee and security deposit.

    9. The work was finally treated as satisfactorily completed on 15.10.2014 and thereafter, a Completion Certificate was issued and the Performance Guarantee furnished by OVC was released. O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 4 of 14

    10. OVC states that the Railway had assured it that it would settle all disputes at the time of finalization of the Final Bill. However, the Railway failed to include some of OVCs claims in the Final Bill. OVC claims that it was directed to accept the Final Bill prepared by the Railway without any protest and, to tender its No Claim Certificate failing which the admitted amounts due would not be released.

    11. OVC had requested the Railway to prepare the Final Bill on 18.11.2014. However, the Final Bill was prepared after a period of fourteen months from the date of completion of the works and was finally paid on 07.12.2015. The payments did not include certain payments as claimed by OVC.

    12. OVC claims that in addition to the delay in payment of the Final Bill, the Railway did not release the PVC Bill, which was required to be paid along with the Final Bill. The PVC Bill was finally paid on 19.12.2015, and the amount paid was less that than the calculations made in accordance with the tender conditions.

    13. Aggrieved by the delay in payment as well as the payment made for a lesser amount, by a letter dated 12.04.2016, OVC invoked the arbitration agreement [Clause 64 of the Indian Railways Standard General Conditions of Contract (hereafter the GCC)] and the disputes were referred to arbitration.

    14. The summary of claims made by OVC in its Statement of Claims is set out below: O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 5 of 14 Claim 1 Less payment of PVC 60,30,000/- Claim 2 Less payment of earthwork in embankment 40,64,000/- Claim 3 Less payment of mechanical compaction of earthwork in embankment 2,24,000/- Claim 4 Release of earthwork in embankment deducted for cutting 19,05,000/- Claim 5 Less payment for providing and maintenance of barricading along the track 28,45,350/- Claim 6 Extra expenses on deployment of equipment and machinery in the prolonged period of 24 months @1,20,000/- per month 28,80,000/- Claim 7 Maintenance of site office in extended period as per tender conditions 4,80,000/- Claim 8 Extra expenses on deployment of staff in prolonged period of 24 months 12,00,000/- Claim 9 Arbitration cost 5,00,000/- Claim 10 Pendente lite and future interest @18% per annum on all claims As accrued O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 6 of 14

    15. The Railway filed its Statement of Defence, however, it did not raise any counter-claims.

    16. By the impugned award, the Arbitral Tribunal accepted certain claims and awarded 1,34,33,350/- along with pendente lite interest and future interest at the rate of 9% per annum till its realization in satisfaction of OVCs Claim nos. 1,5,6,7,8 and 10. Additionally, the Arbitral Tribunal awarded arbitration cost to OVC equivalent to the arbitration fees and the actual counsel fees paid by OVC, subject to the maximum amount equivalent to the Arbitral fees.

    17. Aggrieved by the impugned award, the Railway has filed the present petition. Submissions

    18. Mr Ashok Singh, learned counsel appearing for the Railway assailed the impugned award on three fronts. First, he submitted that the Arbitral Tribunal had grossly erred in awarding pendente lite interest as the same was contrary to the express provisions of the GCC forming part of the Contract.

    19. Next, he submitted that the Arbitral Tribunal had erred in holding that the Railway was responsible for the delays in execution of the works. He submitted that the findings to the said effect were erroneous as there were admitted delays on the part of OVC. He submitted that the Contract was awarded on 07.04.2011 and OVC was required to furnish the Performance Bank Guarantee within the period of fifteen days O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 7 of 14 thereof, but it had delayed furnishing the same. After several reminders, OVC finally submitted the Performance Bank Guarantee, three months after the issuance of the LoA. In this context, he submitted that OVC had delayed the execution of the works from the very beginning.

    20. Lastly, he submitted that the impugned award to the extent it awarded costs in favour of OVC was also contrary to the express terms of the GCC, which stipulated that each party would bear its own costs.

    21. Mr Haider, learned counsel appearing for OVC countered the aforesaid submissions. He submitted that the Arbitral Tribunal had examined the aforesaid submissions and rendered the impugned award, which was final and binding. However, he conceded that in the event, a contract expressly prohibits grant of interest, an arbitral tribunal would not have any jurisdiction to award pre-award interest. Insofar as the question of delay in completion of works is concerned, he submitted that the Arbitral Tribunal had examined the issue and had returned its finding after evaluating the evidence on record and the Arbitral Tribunals findings were final and binding. Insofar as the award of costs is concerned, he submitted that the Arbitral Tribunal had the discretion to determine costs by virtue of Section 31A of the A&C Act. Reasons and Conclusion

    22. Before proceeding further, it would be relevant to refer to Clause

    64 of the GCC, which contains provisions regarding dispute resolution and arbitration. Clauses 64.(5) and 64.(6) of the GCC are relevant and are set out below:- O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 8 of 14 64.(5) Where the arbitral award is for the payment of money, no interest shall be payable on whole or any part of the money for any period till the date on which the award is made 64.(6) The cost of arbitration shall be borne by the respective parties. The cost shall inter-alia include fee of the arbitrator(s), as per the rates fixed by Railway Board from time to time and the fee shall be borne equally by both the parties, provided parties sign an agreement in the format given at Annexure XV to these condition after/ while referring these disputes to Arbitration. Further, the fee payable to the arbitrator(s) would be governed by the instructions issued on the subject by Railway Board from time to time irrespective of the fact whether the arbitrator(s) is/are appointed by the Railway Administration or by the court of law unless specifically directed by Honble court otherwise on the matter.

    23. The Arbitral Tribunal has awarded pendente lite and future interest at the rate of 9% per annum. There is merit in the contention advanced by Mr Singh that the award of pendente lite interest runs contrary to Clause 64.5 of the GCC which expressly provides that no interest shall be payable on whole or any part of the money for any period till the date on which the award is made.

    24. The Supreme Court in Union of India v Bright Power Projects India (P) Ltd: 2015 9 SCC 695 had held that if there is a specific contract between the parties that proscribes award of interest, award of pre-reference interest would be impermissible. This view was reiterated by the Supreme Court in its later decisions including in Jaiprakash O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 9 of 14 Associates Limited v. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (India) Ltd : 2019 17 SCC 786. This question is no longer res-integra. Thus, the impugned award to the extent that it awards pendente lite interest, is liable to be set aside.

    25. Insofar as the question of delay in execution of the works is concerned, the Arbitral Tribunal had evaluated the matter placed before it and had found that OVC had deployed the required labour staff, machinery and had also made arrangements for raw material. However, its resources could not be deployed in entirety due to several reasons including non-availability of drawings, non-availability of free site for execution, non-sanctioning of ESP, cutting of trees, etc. The Arbitral Tribunal found that there was extensive correspondence on record to establish that OVC had repeatedly requested for the necessary drawings. The Arbitral Tribunal also found that there were inter departmental communications wherein, the delays, and hindrances as pointed out by OVC had been admitted. A plain reading of the impugned award indicates that the Arbitral Tribunal has discussed the material available on record and its finding that OVC was not responsible for the delays is a well-considered view.

    26. The Arbitral Tribunal found that OVC was compelled to execute additional items. The Arbitral Tribunal also found that if there were no lapses on the part of UOI, OVC would have completed the Project well within the stipulated period. The said finding is a question of fact and cannot be interfered with in these proceedings under Section 34 of the A&C Act unless, this Court finds that the same is patently illegal. In O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 10 of 14 this case, there is no ground for the Court to fault the said finding.

    27. The delay in furnishing of the Performance Bank Guarantee is not dispositive of the controversy as to which party was responsible for the delay in execution of the Contract. The Arbitral Tribunal had evaluated the evidence and material and, had found in favour of OVC. The import of Mr Singhs contentions is to invite this Court to re- examine the material and re-adjudicate the disputes; clearly, that is not the scope of the proceedings under Section 34 of the A&C Act. The decision of the Arbitral Tribunal is a well considered one and it cannot be accepted that it is patently illegal and vitiates the impugned award.

    28. OVC had claimed costs quantified at 5,00,000/- however, the same was not allowed. The Arbitral Tribunal had awarded costs of the arbitral proceedings, which would include the Arbitral Tribunals fees paid by OVC and the counsel fee paid, limited to the Arbitral Tribunals fee.

    29. Although it is contended on behalf of the Railway that in terms of Clause 64(6) of the GCC, the parties were required to bear their respective costs; however, no such contention was advanced before the Arbitral Tribunal.

    30. The Statement of Defence filed by the Railway in respect of Claim of Costs (Claim no. 9) reads as under:- O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 11 of 14 Claim No. 9 Wrongly mentioned as Claim No. 10. The Claimants claim of Rs. 5,00,000/- for arbitration cost is wrong and denied. It is submitted that all the claims made by the applicant are fictitious, wrong and denied in totality by the Respondent and also not tenable and beyond the scope of Arbitration being excepted matters. The Claimant has made wrong claims and dragged the Respondent in unwarranted litigation. As such the claim put forward by the Claimant is also not tenable and be rejected in totality. On the contrary, the claimant is liable to pay the costs of arbitration to the respondents.

    31. The Railway had also filed written submissions reproducing the aforesaid averments made in its Statement of Defence. It is thus clear that, the Railway had not contested OVCs claim for costs on the ground that it was contrary to the terms of the Contract. The contention that award of costs is contrary to the Contract has been raised for the first time before this Court and is liable to be rejected on this ground alone. However, notwithstanding that the contention has been raised at a belated stage, it is also without merit.

    32. It is relevant to refer to Section 31A of the A&C Act as introduced by virtue of the Arbitration and Conciliation (Amendment) Act, 2015 which contains provisions regarding determination of costs. The said section is reproduced below:- 31A. Regime for costs.(1) In relation to any arbitration proceeding or a proceeding under any of the provisions of this Act pertaining to the arbitration, the Court or arbitral tribunal, notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908), shall have the discretion to determine O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 12 of 14 (a) whether costs are payable by one party to another; (b) the amount of such costs; and (c) when such costs are to be paid. Explanation. For the purpose of this sub-section, costs means reasonable costs relating to

    (i) the fees and expenses of the arbitrators, Courts and witnesses;

    (ii) legal fees and expenses;

    (iii) any administration fees of the institution supervising the arbitration; and

    (iv) any other expenses incurred in connection with the arbitral or Court proceedings and the arbitral award. (2) If the Court or arbitral tribunal decides to make an order as to payment of costs, (a) the general rule is that the unsuccessful party shall be ordered to pay the costs of the successful party; or (b) the Court or arbitral tribunal may make a different order for reasons to be recorded in writing. (3) In determining the costs, the Court or arbitral tribunal shall have regard to all the circumstances, including (a) the conduct of all the parties; (b) whether a party has succeeded partly in the case; (c) whether the party had made a frivolous counterclaim leading to delay in the disposal of the arbitral proceedings; and (d) whether any reasonable offer to settle the dispute is made by a party and refused by the other party. (4) The Court or arbitral tribunal may make any order under this section including the order that a party shall (a) a proportion of another partys costs; (b) a stated amount in respect of another partys costs; (c) costs from or until a certain date only; (d) costs incurred before proceedings have begun; O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 13 of 14 (e) costs relating to particular steps taken in the proceedings; (f) costs relating only to a distinct part of the proceedings; and (g) interest on costs from or until a certain date. (5) An agreement which has the effect that a party is to pay the whole or part of the costs of the arbitration in any event shall be only valid if such agreement is made after the dispute in question has arisen.]

    33. Unlike the power of the Arbitral Tribunal to award interest under Section 31 (7)(a) of the A&C Act, which is subject to the contract between the parties, there are no such fetters on the discretion of the Arbitral Tribunal to award costs under Section 31A of the A&C Act. The only exception being any agreement between the parties regarding costs which is entered into after the disputes have arisen.

    34. It is also relevant to note that Section 31A of the A&C Act not only provides for a regime of costs that may be awarded by the Arbitral Tribunal but the Court as well. The opening sentence of Sub-Section (1) of Section 31A of the A&C Act also contains a non-obstante provision. The import of the non-obstante provision is that Section 31A of the A&C Act has an overriding effect over any contrary provision contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC). Thus, the Arbitral Tribunal and the Courts would have the power to award costs at their discretion, in terms of Section 31A of the A&C Act despite any repugnancy with the regime of costs under the CPC.

    35. The provisions of the contract cannot be read to override the provisions of Section 31A of the A&C Act unless the parties enter into O.M.P. (COMM) 299/2021 Page 14 of 14 the contract after the disputes have arisen. The discretion of the Court or the Arbitral Tribunal to award costs is not subject to the agreement between the parties unless that agreement is entered after the disputes have arisen.

    36. Sub-Section (5) of Section 31A of the A&C Act makes it amply clear that an agreement, which has the effect that a party has to pay whole, or part of the costs would be valid only if such an agreement is made after the disputes have arisen.

    37. Clause 64(6) of the GCC which provides that parties would bear their own costs does amount to an agreement that a party would bear a part of the costs and, by virtue of Section 31A(5) of the A&C Act, this agreement is not valid as it was not entered into after the disputes have arisen.

    38. This Court finds no ground to interfere with the costs awarded under the impugned award.

    39. In view of the above, the impugned award to the extent it awards pendente lite interest, is set aside.

    40. The petition is disposed of in the aforesaid terms. The pending application is also disposed of. VIBHU BAKHRU, J DECEMBER 20, 2021 pkv/v Click here to check corrigendum, if any

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    Union Of India v. Om Vajrakaya Construction Company .
    (Dec 20, 2021)