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  • Section(s) stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests while granting approval under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
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Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Disposition
Attorney(S)
Judges
Acts
  • Section(s) stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests while granting approval under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

This order arises out of several interlocutory applications (IAs) filed in the long-running public interest writ petition, WP (C) No. 202 of 1995, and in a related matter, WP (C) No. 3727 of 1985. The writ petition concerns protection of forests, wildlife sanctuaries, and national parks across India. The Supreme Court is monitoring compliance with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and earlier restraining orders that prohibit mining and commercial exploitation of forest land without prior approval. The Court is acting on reports and recommendations submitted by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC) and is requiring various State Governments, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), public sector undertakings, private lessees, and other applicants to respond or take specified action.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether mining activity should be stayed on land transferred from the Forest Department to the Revenue Department in the State of Madhya Pradesh pending further examination of the CEC’s report dated 30-06-2005.
  2. Whether applicants in the State of Orissa may be permitted to sell their existing stock of timber and have it sawn at licensed sawmills, as recommended by the CEC.
  3. Whether Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited may use forest land within Bannerghatta National Park for installation of a 220 kV double-circuit transmission line, and the conditions that must accompany such permission.
  4. Whether any temporary working permits or similar permissions for mining in national parks, sanctuaries, and forest areas can subsist in light of earlier restraining orders and the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
  5. What criteria should govern the determination of buffer zones around protected areas and whether such criteria should be universal or location-specific.

Arguments of the Parties

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the parties' legal arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

No precedents were cited in the provided opinion.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Court’s analysis is primarily supervisory and directive in nature, reflecting its ongoing role in enforcing environmental safeguards:

  • It notes MoEF’s endorsement of the CEC’s conclusions concerning mining in Madhya Pradesh and therefore orders a complete halt to mining on the disputed land until further orders, underscoring the primacy of conservation over revenue considerations.
  • Recognising that the sale of felled timber in Orissa could be permissible if lawful, the Court invites the State’s response within four weeks before passing a final order.
  • For the Bannerghatta National Park transmission line, the Court balances developmental need with ecological protection by granting permission subject to three stringent CEC-recommended conditions—statutory forest clearance, payment of Rs. 1 crore to the Compensatory Afforestation Fund, and compliance with MoEF/NBWL stipulations—plus an undertaking to pay any additional Net Present Value (NPV) that the Court may later fix.
  • Reiterating earlier blanket prohibitions, the Court emphatically restates that no temporary working permits or similar permissions for mining activities may be granted or continue unless full statutory compliance (especially with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980) is demonstrated. Any contrary situation must be disclosed by affidavit within two weeks.
  • The Court directs MoEF to consult the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) and file a considered affidavit on how buffer zones around protected areas ought to be demarcated, reflecting the Court’s intention to establish clear, possibly standardised, guidelines.
  • Throughout, the Court relies heavily on CEC reports as fact-finding documents and requires concerned States, lessees, and other entities to respond promptly, thus reinforcing a participatory, evidence-based oversight mechanism.

Holding and Implications

ORDERS ISSUED: The Court issued multiple interim directions, the most significant of which are:

  • An immediate stay on all mining activities on land transferred from the Forest Department to the Revenue Department in Madhya Pradesh.
  • Conditional permission for Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited to lay a 220 kV line through Bannerghatta National Park, subject to statutory clearance, a Rs. 1 crore deposit, compliance with MoEF/NBWL conditions, and an undertaking to pay additional NPV.
  • A categorical reiteration that no temporary working permits or analogous authorisations for mining in protected or forest areas may be granted or remain operative without full compliance with the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
  • Directions to various States, MoEF, and lessees to file affidavits or responses within specified timeframes on timber sales, buffer zone determinations, and other CEC recommendations.
  • Administrative directions such as renewal of a Fixed Deposit Receipt (FDR) and substitution of counsel.

Implications: The order maintains strict judicial supervision over mining and other commercial activities in forest areas, reinforces the necessity of statutory clearances, and signals that non-compliance may invite future punitive action. The directives do not create new legal precedent but continue the Court’s ongoing enforcement regime in environmental governance.

    T.N Godavarman Thirumulpad (86) v. Union Of India And Others

    Order

    IA No. 1349 in IAs Nos. 1246-47 and 1378-80 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    1. The response to the report of CEC dated 30-6-2005 shall be filed by the State of Madhya Pradesh, who is represented before us by the learned counsel, within four weeks. Copy of the report has been supplied. Insofar as MoEF is concerned, it supports the conclusions and observations made by CEC in the report.

    2. Pending further orders, no mining activity shall be carried out on the land said to have been handed over by the Forest Department to the Revenue Department of the State Government.

    3. Notice shall also issue to three lessees mentioned in the report of CEC.

    IA No. 1350 in IAs Nos. 1190-91 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    4. Counsel for the State of Orissa, as prayed, is permitted to file response to the recommendations of CEC that the applicant may be permitted to sell their stock of timber and get it sawn from any licensed sawmill, within four weeks. List thereafter.

    IA No. 1351 in IAs Nos. 1212-13 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    5. The applicant Karnataka Power Corporation Limited is permitted to use the land in question for laying 220 kV double circuit transmission line, subject to complying with the conditions contained in the report of CEC dated 16-7-2005 which read as:

    “(i) approval under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 for use of forest land falling within the Banerghatta National Park will be obtained;
    (ii) an amount of Rs one crore will be deposited by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited in the Compensatory Afforestation Fund for conservation and protection of Banerghatta National Park;
    (iii) the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited will comply with various conditions stipulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests while granting approval under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 and the conditions on which the Standing Committee of NBWL has recommended the proposal.”

    In addition to the above, the applicant Corporation shall give an undertaking to pay additional NPV as and when determined by this Court. The said undertaking shall be filed before CEC within eight weeks.

    IA No. 1355 in IA No. 548 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    6. MoEF may file response to the application within three weeks. Counsel for the applicant is permitted to make corrections in the application.

    7. List this application along with IA No. 703.

    IA No. 1358 in IA No. 992 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    8. The applicant may file response to the recommendations within four weeks.

    IA No. 1164 in IA No. 566 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    9. FDR shall be renewed for a period of one year.

    IA No. 979 in IAs Nos. 442-46, 1204, 1245 and 1357 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995, IAs Nos. 991, 1004, 1185 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    10. As prayed, counsel for the State of U.P is permitted to file response to the recommendations of CEC within four weeks.

    11. M/s Fox Mandal & Co. is permitted to withdraw their vakalatnama filed on behalf of the applicant. Mr John Mathew, learned counsel is permitted to file vakalatnama and also an additional affidavit on behalf of the applicant within four weeks.

    IA No. 993 in IAs Nos. 836-95 and 1281 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    12. List these applications on next Friday, 23-9-2005.

    IA No. 1000 with IAs Nos. 982-84, 1026-28, 1123-24 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    13. We have perused the affidavit dated 14-9-2005 filed by Mr Anurag Bajpai on behalf of MoEF and the statement showing the grant of temporary working permit in the last two years i.e from 1-1-2003 to 31-12-2004 in the national parks, sanctuaries and forest area. This is despite the order passed by this Court restraining the mining activities in these areas. Learned amicus curiae submits that the inspection of the government record shows a dismal picture and he would shortly file an application for taking appropriate action against the persons concerned. Pending filing of the said application and further orders, we again reiterate that without compliance with the environmental laws, in particular the permission under the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980, no temporary working permission or temporary permit or any other permission by whatever name called shall be granted for mining activities in the aforesaid areas. We further direct that no mining activity would continue under any temporary working permit or permission which may have been granted. It appears from the chart filed with the affidavit of Mr Anurag Bajpai that no temporary working permission is in operation as of today. If it is otherwise, an affidavit to that effect shall be filed within two weeks giving the particulars of such permission.

    IAs Nos. 1197-99 and 1210-11 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    14. Response to these applications shall be filed by the State of Rajasthan and MoEF within three weeks.

    15. MoEF is directed to place on record within three weeks its viewpoint on the question of area of buffer zone and other related matters such as should it be universal or place specific. This should be done after also obtaining the viewpoint of the National Board of Wildlife.

    IAs Nos. 1250-51 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    16. Response by the respondents shall be filed within three weeks.

    IAs Nos. 1315-16 in IA No. 566 in WP (C) No. 202 of 1995

    17. Counsel seeks passing of similar order that was passed on 12-5-2005 in IAs Nos. 1301-02. Let MoEF and CEC respond by the next date.

    18. List these applications on next Friday.

    IA No. 361 and IA No. 363 in WP (C) No. 3727 of 1985

    19. CEC shall look into it and file its response within four weeks.

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    Comments

    T.N Godavarman Thirumulpad (86) v. Union Of India And Others
    (Sep 16, 2005)