1. In all these actions, I rather feel, There is no need or necessity to advert to the facts of each case. In as much as, What is challenged is the alleged commission of offence by certain companies, Under s. 138 of the negotiable instruments act, 1881 (act no. Xxvi of 1881 as subsequently amended for short 'ni act') for dishonour of cheques on account of either of the two contingencies or eventualities, As contemplated therein, Viz., 'insufficiency of the amount of money standing to the credit of the account of the person', Or 'it exceeded the amount arranged to be paid from the account of a person by an agreement with that bank' for which, Prosecution had been launched by preferring individual complaints before competent courts of jurisdiction purely on questions of law relatable to the interpretation of the relevant provisions of the ni act, By raising the following grounds:

(1) the offence was committed by the company and not by the petitioner:

(2) the prosecution of the petition, Without the company being made an accused, Is not sustainable in law; and

(3) even if the prosecution can be launched against the petitioner, The individual complaint is devoid of necessary averments to constitute the offence under s. 138 of the ni act. To put it otherwise, And that too specifically, What is sought to be projected is in the absence of specific averment in the complaint, That the petitioner is either in charge of and is responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, Or, The offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, Or is attributable to any neglect on the part of, Any director, Manager, Secretary or other officer, The court, Before which the complaint had been launched or filed, Cannot take cognizance of the complaint. Even if the complaint so filed, Prime facie, Discloses that the cheque issued by the company had been dishonoured, For either of the two contingencies or eventualities as specified in s. 138 of the ni act, And if cognizance had been taken, Such complaint is liable to be quashed lock, Stock and barrel, As not disclosing any offence having been made out.

2. Point nos. 1 and 2 so raised may now fall for consideration in the arena of discussion. S. 141 of the ni act dealing with offences by companies, Reads as follows:

"141. Offences by companies: (1) if the person committing an offence under s. 138 is a company every person who, At the time the offence was committed, Was in charge of, And was responsible to, The company, For the conduct of the business of the company, As well as the company, Shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to proceeded against and punished accordingly;

provided that nothing contained in this sub - section shall render any person liable to punishment if he proves that the offence, Was committed without his knowledge, Or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such offence.

(2) notwithstanding anything contained in sub - sec. (1) where any offence under this act has been committed by a company and it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, Or is attributable to, Any neglect on the part of, Any director, Manager, Secretary or other officer of the company, Such director, Manager, Secretary or other officer shall also be deemed to be guilty of that offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly.

explanation: for the purposes of this section,

(a) 'company, Means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals; and

(b) 'director' in relation to a firm, Means a partner in the firm".

3. By a cursory glance or look at the provisions of s. 141, As extracted above, It is rather crystal clear that if an offence under s. 138 is committed by a company and for such commission of the offence, By the company, Every person, Who at the time of the commission of the offence, Was in charge of, And was responsible to the company for the conduct of the business of the company, It is also liable along with the company by a legal fiction. This apart, If the offence had been committed with the consent or connivance of, Or, Is attributable to, Any neglect on the part of any director, Manager, Secretary or other officer of the company, Such director, Manager, Secretary or other officer, Shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and he shall be liable to be proceeded against along with the company. Thus, On the fact of the express and explicit provision contained in s. 141, To say, That the company which commits the offence alone is liable to be prosecuted and punished leaving out the person in charge of, And was responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, Or the person, With whose consent or connivance or due to any neglect on his part, The offence had been committed, Cannot be acceded to. Contrary opinions, However, Came to prevail.

4. So moot and vexed a question it is, As to whether a person, Who is in charge of and is responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, Or a person, With whose consent or connivance or due to any neglect on his part, The offence had been committed, Alone is to be prosecuted, In the absence of the company. It is not as if such a question had not been raised at any anterior point of time before this court and the fact so plain is that such a question had been raked up and considered independently by two learned judges of this court.

5. In k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Arti press, 1991 l. W. (crl.) 513, Padmini jesudurai, J., Has said:

"unless the company is made an accused, The person who is in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of the business of the company, Cannot be made an accused. This is a settled position of law reiterated by the supreme court in u. P. Pollution control board v. M/s. Modi distillery, A. I. R. 1988 s. C. 1128, Where a complaint against the chairman, Vice - chairman, Managing director and members of the board of directors of the company and the unit of the company but without the company was quashed by the high court on the ground that there could be no vicarious liability on the chairman and others, Unless there was a prosecution of the company and the supreme court upheld that part of the legal findings but on the facts of that case, Remitted the matter to the trial court to give a direction to the complainant to make a formal amendment of the complaint to make the company also as an accused. In the instant case, The offence committed by m/s. Mudra graphics private limited which is not an accused in this case. In such circumstances, There can be no prosecution of the managing director, When the company is not prosecuted"

6. In. S. Krishnamoorthy v. B. S. Kesavan, 1994 mlj (crl.) 147, Pratap sigh, J., Following the dictum laid down by padmini jesudurai, J., In k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Ara press, 1991 lw (crl.) 513, Expressed that when the offence was committed by the company, Person responsible alone cannot be prosecuted, Leaving the company.

7. Padmini jesudurai, J., In k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Arti press, 1991 lw (crl) 513, Adopted the view on the reasoning that the legal position had been settled by the supreme court in u. P. Pollution control board v. M/s. Modi distillery, Air 1988 sc 1128. In the latter case, Prosecution was launched against the chairman, Vice - chairman, Managing director and members of the board of directors of the company for the offence under the water (prevention and control) of pollution act, 1974 (for short'act 6 of 1974). S. 47 thereof is worded, Similar to s. 141 of the ni act. A learned single judge (k. C. Agarwal, J.) of the allahabad high court quashed the process issued to the accused in that case holding that there was no sufficient ground to proceed against them, In as much as the allegations in the complaint did not constitute an offence under s. 44 of act 6 of 1974. The said learned single judge relied on the decision of the supreme court in state (delhi admn.) v. I. K. Mangia, Air 1979 sc 1977, Interpreting a similar provision contained in sub - sec. (4) of s. 17 of the prevention of food adulteration act, 1954. The said decision of the allahabad high court was challenged in the supreme court and a bench consisting of their lordships a. P. Sen and s. Natarajan, Jj. Set aside the judgment and restored the prosecution proceedings.

(a) a. P. Sen, J., Who rendered the judgment of the bench, Made the following observations, As reflected in para. 6 (at page 1132) :

"although as a pure proposition of law in the abstract, The learned single judge's view that there can be no vicarious liability of the chairman, Vice - chairman, Managing director and members of the board of directors under sub - sec. (1) or (2) of s. 47 of the act unless there was a prosecution against messrs. Modi industries limited, The company owning the industrial unit can be termed as correct, The objection raised by the petitioners before the high court ought to have been viewed not in isolation but in the conspectus of facts and events and not in vacuum."

(b) it was the said observation, Which padmini jesudurai, J., In k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Arti press, 1991 l. W. (crl.) 513, Regarded as setting the law on the point. With great respect, I may point out that the supreme court made the said observation, On the facts of the said case and it cannot be regarded as one settling a point of law.

8. As such, The purport of the aforesaid decision of the supreme court is not what padmini jesudurai, J., Has stated in k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Arti press, 1991 l. W. (crl.) 513, Which was followed by pratap singh, J., In s. Krishnamoorthy v. B. S. Kesavan,1994 mlj (crl.) 147. Sub - sec. (1) of s. 141 of ni act makes the company as well as the person in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of the business of the company, Liable to punishment. Sub - sec. (2) thereof fastens the officers enumerated therein with liability, If it is proved that such an officer has either consented to or with whose connivance of, Or is attributable to, Any neglect the offence has been committed. The liability envisaged in sub - sec. (1) of that section on the person so in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business he is directly responsible for the offence. He can escape from his liability only if he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such an offence.

9. No firm or company can act without the help of human agency. The man in charge of the business of the company, Is, In most cases, Responsible for the conduct of such business. Hence, Sub - sec. (1) of s. 141 of ni act makes it. Clear that when the offence was committed by the company, The person, Who was in charge of and was responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, Is also liable. Sub - sec. (2) thereof is enacted to make the officers enumerated therein liable, If the officer is found guilty of commission or omission mentioned in the said sub - section. Of course, The liability created in sub - sees. (1) and (2) is vicarious in nature. But, Yet, There is some difference in the two. When the offence is committed by the company, Proceedings can be initiated against either or both, Viz., The company and/or the person in charge of the business of the company. The latter need not have done any specific overt act or omitted to do anything to make him liable for the offence committed by the company. The very fact that the company has committed the offence, Is sufficient to make the latter also liable, Unless he proves one of the two defences specified in the proviso. But the officer mentioned in sub - sec. (2) can be made liable only if the prosecution further proves that the company committed the offence with the consent or connivance of the officer or due to any neglect attributable to him. However, It. Is not correct to hold that the prosecution against the person in charge of the conduct of the business of the company is sustainable only if the company is also made an accused. Either the company can be prosecuted or the person mentioned in sub - sec. (1) or sub - sec. (2) can be prosecuted, Or both can be prosecuted together in the same proceeding.

10. In the aforesaid context, Reference can be made to an earlier decision of the supreme court rendered by a bench consisting of o. Chinnappa reddy, J. And d. P. Madon, J. In sheoratan agarwal v. State of madhya predesh, Air 1984 sc 1824:1984 scc (crl) 620: (1984) scc 352. The point considered there was, Whether the prosecution against the managing director and production manager of a company for an offence under the essential commodities act, 1955 (for short'ec act') was maintainable without making the company an accused. S. 10 (1) of ec act says,

"if the person contravening an order made under s. 3 thereof is a company, Every person who, At the time the contravention was committed, Was in charge of, And was responsible to, The company, Shall be deemed to be guilty of the contravention and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly."

the proviso to sub - sec. (1) of s. 10 of ec act is identical to the provision contained in proviso to sub - sec. (1) of s. 141, Of ni act. The supreme court has held that there is no jurisdiction for the submission that the prosecution of the board of directors, Officers and servants of the company is precluded, Unless the company itself is prosecuted. (a) chinnappa reddy, J., Who rendered the judgment of the bench, Has made the following observations in the said decision, In support of the said conclusion.

"anyone or more or all of them may be prosecuted and punished. The company alone may be prosecuted. The person - in - charge only may be prosecuted. The conniving officer may individually be prosecuted. One, Some or all may be prosecuted. There is no statutory compulsion that the person in charge or an officer of the company may not be prosecuted unless he be ranked alongside the company itself. Sec. 10 indicates the person, Who may be prosecuted where the contravention is made by the company. It does not lay down any condition that the person - in - charge or an officer of the company may not be separately prosecuted if the company itself is not prosecuted. Each or any of them may be separately prosecuted or along with the company."

11. In view of the clear exposition of law, The law stands settled that the prosecution proceedings against the person - in - charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, Or, The persons, With whose consent or connivance of, Or an act attributable to, Or due to any neglect on their part, The offence had been committed, Are maintainable irrespective of whether the company is prosecuted or not. Thus, The decision of the two learned judges of this court in k. K. Krishna bai v. M/s. Arti press. 1991 lw (crl.) 513 and s. Krishamoorthy v. B. S. Kesavan,1994 mlj (crl.) 147, In my opinion, Cannot be regarded as laying down the correct proposition of law, In the light of the supreme court's decision in sheoratan agarwal v. State of madhya pradesh, Air 1984 sc1824:1984 scc (crl.) 620:1984 (4) scc 352. Both the points are thus answered.

12. Better it is,1 feel, Before delving deep into consideration of point no. 3, On its face value, To advert to certain fundamental canons of criminal jurisprudence, Which, If stated, Would enable one to understand, With case and grace, The pith and substance of the legal submission couched therein. Such fundamental canons of criminal jurisprudence, Revolve on:

(1) meaning, Substance and form of complaint, Taking cognizance of offence complained of, Issuance of process against persons accused of, On ascertaining their prima facie involvement in the commission of the offence complained of and cognizance taken thereof, And what not - procedural aspects:

(2) ingredients of the offence complained of, If proved, Resulting in the flowing of penal consequence thereof - penal aspect:

(3) manner and methodology of proof of offence complained of - evidence aspect: and

(4) period, Within which the commission of offence to be complained of - limitation aspect.

13. The major enactments of our criminal jurisprudence, Viz., The code of criminal procedure, 1973 (act no. Ii or 1974 for short'code'), The indian penal code (act no. Xlv of 1860 for short'penal code') and the evidence act (act no. 1 of 1872) are based on anglo - saxon model.

(a) s. 3 (d) of the code defines, 'complaint', As meaning, Any allegation made orally or in writing to a magistrate, With a view to his taking action under the code, That some person, Whether known or unknown, Has committed an offence, But does not include a police report. The explanation therein states that a report made by a police officer in a case which discloses, After investigation, The commission of a non - cognizable offence shall be - deemed to be a complaint and the police officer by whom such report is made shall be deemed to be the complainant.

(b) s. 2 (g) thereof defines 'inquiry', As meaning'every inquiry', Other than a trial, Conducted under the code by a magistrate or court.

(c) under s. 2 (h), 'investigation' is said to include all proceedings under the code for the collection of evidence conducted by the police officer or by any person (other than a magistrate) who is authorised by a magistrate in that behalf.

(d) under s. 2 (n), 'offence' is defined to mean any act or omission made punishable by any law, For the time being in force and includes any act in respect of which a complaint may be made under s. 20 of the cattle - trespass act, 1871 (1 of 1871).

(e) apart from the definition of the word, 'offence' as above in the code, The penal code also defines the word, 'offence' in s. 40 thereof, As meaning, 'except in the chapters and sections, Mentioned in clause. 2 and 3 of that section, The word, 'offence' denotes a thing made punishable by the penal code. It has been further stated in the penal code in chapters iv and va and in secs. 64 to 67, 71, 109, 110, 112, 114 to 117, 187, 194, 195, 203, 211, 213, 214, 221 to 225, 327 to 331, 347, 348, 388, 389 and 445, The word 'offence' is denoted to a thing punishable under the penal code or under any special or local law, As defined therein and in ss. 141, 176, 177, 201, 202, 212, 216 and 441, It has the same meaning when the thing punishable under the special or local law is punishable under such law with imprisonment for a term of six months or upwards, Whether with or without fine.

(f) under secs. 41 and 42 of the penal code, "special law" and 'local law' are defined to mean as under:

"a'special law' is a law applicable to a particular subject, And'local law' is a law applicable only to a particular part of india."

14. From what has been extracted above, It is rather crystal clear that a complaint has to be given, Relating to an offence, Either under the penal code, Or, Under special law or local law, For setting the wheels of law in notion: such a complaint may be made either orally or in writing, To a magistrate, With a view to his taking action under the code. Further, The persons, Against whom the commission of an offence complained of may be known or unknown, But such a complaint does not include a police report. However, By adding an explanation to the said sub - section, The code has prescribed that a report made by a police officer under certain circumstances shall be deemed to be a complaint and the police officer, By whom such a report is made, Shall be deemed to be the complainant. A report made by a police officer in a given case, Which discloses, After investigation, The commission of a non - cognizable offence, Is, By a fiction of law, Deemed to be a complaint.

15. (a) s. 4 of the code deal with trial of offences under penal code and other laws. Sub - sec. (1) thereof prescribes, That all offences under the penal code shall be investigated, Inquired into, Tried and otherwise dealt with according to the same provisions contained in the code. Sub - sec. (2) thereof provides that all offences under any other law, Shall be investigated, Inquired into, Tried and otherwise dealt with according to the provisions, But subject to any enactment for the time being in force regulating the manner or place of investigating, Inquiring into, Trying or otherwise dealing with such offences.

(b) s. 5 of the code states that nothing contained in the code shall, In the absence of a specific provision to the contrary, Affect any special law or local law for the time being in force, Or any special jurisdiction or power conferred, Or any special form of procedure prescribed by any other law for the time being in force.

(c) in pith and substance, The combined erect of the salient provisions adumbrated under s. 4 and 5 of the code is that the code will govern the trial of offences either under penal code or in any special or local law, Except to the extent otherwise indicated in such special or local law, As respects the trial of offences thereunder.

16. (a) s. 190 of the code, Figuring in chapter xiv, Deals with cognizance of offences, By magistrates. Sub - sec. (1) thereof prescribes that subject to the provisions of that chapter, Any magistrate of the first class, And any magistrate of the second class specially empowered in that behalf under sub - sec. (2) thereof, May take cognizance of any offence -

(a) upon receiving a complaint of facts which constitute such offence:

(b) upon a police report of such facts:

(c) upon information received from any person other than a police officer, Or upon his own knowledge, That such offence has been committed.

under sub - sec. (2) thereof, The chief judicial magistrate inheres the power to empower any magistrate of the second class to take cognizance under sub - sec. (1) of such offences as are within his competence to inquire into or try.

(b) s. 192 deals with the procedure relatable to making over of cases to magistrates. Under sub - sec. (1) thereof, Any chief judicial magistrate may, After taking cognizance of an offence, Make over the case for inquiry or trial to any competent magistrate subordinate to him. Under sub - sec. (2) thereof, Any magistrate of the first class empowered in that behalf by the chief judicial magistrate, May, After taking cognizance of an offence, Make over the case for inquiry or trial to such other competent magistrate as the chief judicial magistrate may, By general or social power, Specify and thereupon such magistrate hold the inquiry or trial.

(c) s. 193 circumscribes the power of court of session in taking cognizance of an offence. It prescribes that except as otherwise expressly provided by the code or by any other law for the time being in force, No court of session, Shall take cognizance of any offence as court of original jurisdiction unless the case has been committed to it by a magistrate under the code.

(d) s. 200 prescribes the procedure for taking cognizance of an offence on complaint. It states that a magistrate taking cognizance of an offence on complaint, Shall examine, Upon oath, The complainant and the witnesses present, If any, And the substance of such examination shall be reduced to writing and shall be signed by the complainant and the witnesses and also by the magistrate. That section also provides the contingencies of the circumstances under which the magistrate need not examine the complainant and the witnesses.

(e) s. 201 deals with the procedure by magistrate not competent to take cognizance of the case. (f) under s. 202, The postponement of issue of process is dealt with stating that any magistrate, On receipt of a complaint of an offence, Of which he is authorised to take cognizance or which has been made over to him under s. 192 may, If he thinks fit, Postpone the issue of process against the accused and either inquire into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or by such other person as he thinks fit, For the purpose of deciding whether or not there is sufficient ground for proceeding. In the process of making an inquiry under this section, The magistrate is also clothed with the power to take evidence of witnesses on oath, If he thinks fit, On the facts and the circumstances of the case. He can also make an order directing an investigation to be made by a police officer under s. 156 (3) of the code. In case the investigation is made by a person, Not being a police officer, He shall have, For that investigation, All the powers conferred by the code on an officer - in - charge of a police station, Except the power to arrest without warrant.

(g) under s. 203, The magistrate, After considering the statements on oath, If any, Of the complainant and of the witnesses and the result of the inquiry or investigation, If any, Under s. 202, Is of opinion that there is no sufficient ground for proceeding, He shall dismiss the complaint by recording briefly his reasons for doing so.

(h) under s. 204, If in the opinion of the magistrate, Taking cognizance of an offence, There is sufficient ground for proceeding and the case appears to be a summons case, He shall issue his summons for the attendance of the accrued, Or if it is a warrant case, He shall issue summons for a warrant, Or if he think fit, A summons for causing the accused to be brought or to appear at a certain time before such magistrate, Or, If he has no jurisdiction himself some other magistrate having jurisdiction. This section also prescribes certain mandates to be complied with before the issuance of the warrant or the summons. It, However, Shall not restrain the power of the magistrate to issue warrant in lieu of or in addition to the summons under s. 87.

17. (a) sub - sec. (1) and (4) of s. 319, Dealing with the power to proceed against other persons appearing to be guilty of an offence, Relevant for the present purpose, May now be seen. Sub - sec. (1) thereof prescribes that where, In the course of any inquiry into, Or trial of, An offence, It appears from the evidence that any person not being the accused has committed any offence for which such person could be tried together

with the accused, The court may proceed against such person for the offence which he appears to have committed. Sub - sec. (4) provides that, Where the court proceeds against may person under sub - sec. (1), Then the proceedings in respect of such person shall be commenced afresh and the witnesses re - heard and the case may proceed as if such person had been an accused person, Whom the court took cognizance of an offence, Upon which the inquiry or trial was commenced.

(b) sub - sec. (1) of s. 313, Relevant for the present purpose, Is couched in the following terms:

" (1) in every inquiry or trial for the purpose of enabling the accused personally to explain any circumstances appearing in the evidence against him. The court,

(a) may at any stage, Without previously warning the accused, Put such questions to him as the court considers necessary;

(b) shall, After the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined and before he is called on for his defence, Question him generally on the case; provided that in a summons case, Where the court has dispensed with the personal attendance of the accused, It may also dispense with his examination under clause (b) " [italics is mine]

18. From what has been extracted above, It is rather crystal clear that the court making the inquiry or trial has the necessary and requisite power to put questions to the accused as it considers necessary to explain any circumstance appearing in evidence against him. An option is given to the court to exercise such a power at any stage of the inquiry or trial, Without previously warning the accused and this is indicated by the use of the expression 'may' in clause (a) to sub - sec. (1) thereof. However, There is no option given to the court after the witnesses for the prosecution have been examined and before the accused is called on for his defence and in such a circumstance, It is mandatory upon the court to put questions to the accused generally on the case, So as to enable him to explain any circumstance appearing in the evidence against him and this is indicated by the word 'shall' in clause (b) to the said sub - section.

19. (a) s. 305 of the code codifies the procedure to be followed in cases of trial, When corporation or registered society is an accused. Under sub - sec. (1) thereof, 'corporation' is defined as an'incorporated company or other body corporate and includes a society registered under the societies registration act, 1860 (act 21 of 1860).

(b) chap. 36 of the code, Under the caption 'limitation for taking cognizance of certain offences', Containing ss. 467 to 473, Has been inserted in the code of criminal procedure, 1973 (act no. Ii of 1974), Which was not available till then.

20. How far the above - quoted salient provisions adumbrated in the code are made applicable to the trial of offences raising under s. 138 of ni act, Figuring in chap. 17, A special law, Will hereinafter be seen, In the light of the provisions relatable to the procedural and other aspects contained in the said chapter.

21. Before the reintroduction of chap. 17 of ni act, By s. 4 of the banking public financial institutions and negotiable instruments laws (amendment) act, 1988 (act 66 of 1988), Under a new nomenclature for the chapter 'of penalties in case of dishonour of certain cheques for insufficiency of funds in the accounts', Dishonour of a cheque was not at all a penal offence. The objects and reasons for the introduction of such a chapter, Are manifold.

22. Negotiable instruments were devised by the mercantile community as a safe and very dependable method of discharging pecuniary liabilities and as a substitute for cash payment, Which would always involve an element of sample risk due to either the magnitude of the amount sought to be paid, Or, The geographical distance between the prayer and the payee. Such instruments could also be cleverly and conveniently used by several persons to discharge their financial liabilities, Inter se. However, A smooth working of the system of negotiable instruments primarily depended on the honesty and the integrity of the parties thereto. The experience, However, Of the mercantile community, Particularly in india, Of cheques dishonoured on the apparent ground of insufficiency of funds with the bankers in the accounts of the drawer, Has mounted to such an alarming proportion as to create a justifiable doubt and misgiving about the good faith and bona fide intentions of the givers, I. E., The drawers of the cheques and other endorsers. A practice, It is said, Has already crept into the several metropolitan markets in india to give cheques merely as a device to stall for the time being the undesirable contingency of being prevented upon to make the payment on the spot, Thus substantially eroding the credibility of cheques as a trustworthy substitute for cash payment. There was already a big clamour in the mercantile community about the element of insincerity and light - heartedness, Which has crept into the practice of issuing cheques and a fairly effective, Though not highly deleterious remedies has to be provided for to eradicate the evil, Which had incarcerated the operational anatomy of the business world. A cheque that is dishonoured may cause incalculable loss, Injury or inconvenience to the payee or endorsee thereof, In view of the fact that due to latter's unexpected disappointment, He has also to lick the dust while meeting his own future commitments to other persons. It is true that the act, Prior to the re - introduction of chap. 17 by act 55 of 1988, Has not failed to provide remedy for the aggrieved party. But it was merely of a civil nature and the process to seek civil justice is notoriously dilatory. To ensure promptitude in remedy against defaulters, Therefore, Was the only way in which the element of credibility and dependability could be reintroduced in the practice of issuing negotiable instruments in the form of cheques. The best way to do this is to provide a criminal remedy of penalty, Which is the just thing that is said to be done by the amending act.

23. Clause (xi) of the objects and reasons clause in the bill, Which is relevant for the present purpose is couched in the following terms:

" (xi) to enhance the acceptability of cheques, In settlement of liabilities by making the drawer liable for penalties in case of bouncing of cheques due to insufficiency of funds in the accounts or for the reason that it exceeds the arrangements made by the drawer, With adequate safeguards to prevent harassment of honest drawers"

24. Chap. 17 has five sections viz., Secs. 138 to 142. They may be classified as under:

(i) s. 138, Prescribing ingredients of the offence of dishonour of cheque and specifying punishment therefor, - may be stated to fall under 'penal aspect';

(ii) (a) s. 139, Dealing with the presumption that the holder of a cheque received it in discharge in whole or in part of any debt or liability:

(b) s. 140 negativing the defence of no fault on the part of the drawer that he had no reason to believe when he issued the cheque that it may be dishonoured on its presentment; and

(c) s. 141 dealing with offence by companies prescribing different burden and onus of proof between persons - in - charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business and persons, With whose consent or connivance or due to neglect on his part, The offence had been committed, - may be stated to fall under 'evidence aspect'.

(iii) s. 142 dealing with the cognizance of an offence prescribing the method or mode of preferring a complaint and the forum before which the complaint has to be preferred, Besides prescribing the period, Within which the complaint is to be preferred from. The time of accrual of the cause of action, Notwithstanding anything contained in the code - may be stated to fall under 'procedural' and 'limitation aspects".

25. That ni act is a special law is not in dispute, As defined under s. 41 of the penal code. The provisions contained in chap. 17, A special law make certain deviation relatable to the mode or method of preferring the complaint; the forum before which, The complaint has to be made; the period, Within which the complaint has to be preferred from the time of accrual of cause of action for the commission of an offence under s. 138 to be taken cognizance of - from the relevant provisions in the code, A general law, Prescribing the procedure for trial of offences arising under penal code, As well as special or local laws. Such a deviation is made permissible by salient provisions adumbrated under sr. 4 and 5 of the code. Excepting the deviation so made, The other provisions of the code are applicable to the trial of an offence under s. 138 of ni act. I may hasten to add that the procedure prescribed under s. 305 of the code, Where a corporation or a registered society figures as an accused, Is not applicable to the offences committed by the companies under ni act, In view of the special definition of 'company' given under explanation (a) to s. 141 of ni act. According to the said definition, 'company' means any body corporate and includes a firm or other association of individuals, Which is not akin to the definition given under s. 305 of the code (extracted supra).

26. An offence under s. 138 of ni act shall be deemed to have taken place, If the following conditions exist.

(a) a cheque has been drawn by a person on an account maintained by him for payment of any sum of money to another person from but of the account:

(b) the cheque trust have been issued for the discharge, Either in whole or in part,. Of any debt or other liability, Though, In the absence of proof to the contrary, It shall be presumed that it was issued for the

same;

(c) the cheque is returned by the bank unpaid

(i) either because of the amount of money standing to the credit of that account is insufficient to honour the cheque; or

(ii) because it exceeds the amount arranged to be paid from the account by an agreement with that bank.

thus, The dishonour of the cheque by the bank under the above - mentioned circumstances shall constitute an offence and the offender is liable to be punished under s. 138 of ni act with imprisonment, Which may extent to one year, Or with fine, Which may extent to twice the amount of cheque, Or with both.

27. There are two ways, In which the legislature has further helped the cause of the aggrieved party by facilitating the application of s. 138 to his case namely,

(1) under s. 139, A presumption is created, Whereby it is presumed, Unless the contrary is proved, That the holder of the cheque, Ie., The aggrieved party received the cheque for the discharge in whole or in part of any debt or liability; and

(2) under s. 140, The drawer cannot adopt the mere defence of 'good faith', Ie., The defence that he had no reason to believe when he issued the cheque, That the cheque may be dishonoured on presentation, For the reasons stated in the section.

28. However, An honest or an innocent drawer is sought to be protected by that chapter in the following manner, Viz. ,

(i) under clause (a) of the proviso the s. 138, The drawer will not be liable, Unless the cheque is presented for payment within a period of six months from the date on which it is drawn, Or, Within a period of its validity, Whichever is earlier. This means that the payee or the holder in due course, Who has himself been guilty of what may be legally called 'contributory negligence' by his own procrastination, Would not be able to reap the benefit of the penal provisions in s. 138 of the act. This provision also indirectly suggests that the drawer of the cheque is under an obligation to keep in his account such funds as would meet the demands of the cheque only till the period of its validity or till a period of six months from the date of its issue, Whichever is earlier. If the cheque is presented and dishonoured thereafter, The remedy stated in that section will not be available to the payee or the holder of the cheque.

(ii) under clause (b) of the proviso to s. 138, The payee or the holder of the cheque has to make a demand for the payment of the amount under the cheque by giving in writing a notice to the drawer of the cheque within fifteen days of the receipt of the information by him from the bank regarding the return of the cheque unpaid. The statutory requirement of notice in writing demanding the payment of cheque money indicates that the penal provisions of that section will not be applicable, If notice is not given within the statutory period, Or, In the alternative, Not given at all. Of course, Violation of clause (b) of the proviso to this section, Would not cause the payee or the holder in due course of the cheque to forfeit his other remedies stated in ni act. However, Clause (b) of the proviso to s. 138 or clause (c) thereof, Indicates that an honest and sincere drawer of a cheque is not expected to be taken unawares and is given ample opportunity of remedying the situation created by his default before he is exposed to the penal provisions of the section. And that remedy is nothing more than the liability, Which he had already undertaken through the modicum of the cheque. Thus, If he performs his duty even after the dishonour of the cheque, His honour cannot be put at stake by the penal provisions of the act. Therefore, The legislature avowedly wants to treat as not the 'immediate' but'ultimate' remedy, Knowing fully well that applying criminal remedy in respect of every dishonour of cheque, Would create an unprecedented pandemonium in the mercantile circle, Thus resulting in ultimately not encouraging the people from making payment through cheque due to even a slight or slender fear that it is likely to be dishonoured by even inadvertent calculations of his account by the drawer himself. In number of situations, The drawer of a cheque may not, Either due to lack of appropriate means of communication or because of the apathy of the banker, Even be able to know the exact balance in his account at the time of issuing the cheque and must, Therefore, Be given an opportunity of having a second chance to settle the score before being dragged into the portals of a criminal court.

(iii) according to clause (c) of the proviso to s. 138, The drawer is not liable under that section, Unless he fails to pay the money, As aforesaid, To the payee or the holder in due course within fifteen days of the receipt of such notice. This again indicates that the drawer of the cheque has been given enough time margin to so arrange his fiscal resources as to enable him to make the payment of the money under the cheque to the concerned person, Which, By itself would avoid all the undesirable contingencies contemplated by the provisions of the said section. Therefore it is, That s. 138 provides ample opportunity to an honest, Drawer to prove his bona fides through'conduct' and saves him from the punishment. It must be added, However, That even a fraudulent and mala fide drawer many also seek exoneration from criminal liability by making likewise payment in accordance with clause (c) of the proviso to s. 138 of ni

act.

(iv) it may further be noted that under clause (a) of s. 142, No court shall take cognizance of any offence punishable under s. 138, Except upon a complaint in writing made by the payee or the holder in due course. Thus, A mere dishonour of the cheque, For reasons envisaged in s. 138, Does not ipso facto expose the drawer to the penalty stated therein. If the drawer of a cheque claims the trust and confidence of the payee, The latter would automatically give the former an opportunity to give another cheque by way of substitute or ask for payment in cash, Instead of filing a criminal complaint. And in the absence of the payee or the holder resorting to the ultimate stage of riling a criminal complaint in writing, No - one - else can set the wheels of criminal law in motion against the drawer of the cheque. The legislature has, Therefore, Struck a fairly good balance between drawers, On the one hand, Who are recklessly and irresponsibly issuing cheques, Regardless of whether or not they would be dishonoured, Or, Even with a sly hope and expectation that they would be dishonoured and honest drawers, On the other hand, Whose cheques are dishonoured by some miscalculations made in good faith and who are immediately prepared to honour their commitment by making payment of money.

29. On the two question viz.

(1) will a magistrate be competent to take cognizance of a private complaint, When the return by the bank of the cheque, Bears an endorsement of 'contingencies or eventualities' other than the ones mentioned in s. 136 of ni act? and

(2) will it be permissible in invoke the inherent power of this court under s. 482 of the code to put an end to the prosecution merely because certain words in the statute, Had not been reproduced in the complaint, Notwithstanding the fact that the complaint discloses, Taken in its totality, The ingredients of the offence alleged?

divergent views emerged from various high courts, Inclusive of this court and consequently, The above two questions had been referred to a division bench for an authoritative pronouncement in the case of veeraraghavan v. Lalith kumar, (1994) 2 l. W. (crl.) 663 and the division bench (to which i was a party) has answered the questions as below:

" (1) it shall be competent for a magistrate to take cognizance of private complaint, When the return by the bank of the cheque bears an endorsement of any of the contingencies or eventualities other than the ones mentioned in s. 138 of the ni act,

(2) invoking the inherent power under s. 482, Code of criminal procedure is not permissible to put an end to the prosecution, Merely because the averments in the complaint as relatable to insufficiency of funds, Not being specifically mentioned, Especially when the details as to the factum of dishonour of a cheque, Whatever be its reason, Issued in discharge of a debt or other liability, In whole or in part, After its presentation within its period of validity or six months from the date of such issue, Whichever is earlier, Coupled with the non - compliance by the drawer of the demand made on him and the institution of the prosecution within one month from such non - compliance, Are all specifically mentioned in the complaint, As that alone will constitute factors making out a prima facie case for an alleged offence under s. 138 of the act to taken cognizance of by the competent court".

30. It is thus clear from the authoritative pronouncement of the division bench that once a cheque is dishonoured, Whatever be the reason therefor, It beholds on the payee or holder in due course to issue a notice in writing to the drawer of the cheque within 15 days from the date of receipt of such return of the cheque unpaid, Intimating the latter, As has been provided under clauses (b) and (c) to the proviso to s. 138, The factum of such return and requiring him to comply with the demand within 15 days from the date of receipt of such notice and the demand so made, If not complied with, It gives rise to a cause of action for launching prosecution against such drawer of cheque and the cause of action so arose, Would ensure for a period of one month, Enabling the payee, Or holder in due course, To file a complaint before the competent criminal court.

31. Pertinent it is to mention at this juncture that cognizance is taken of an'offence' and not'offender'. In raghubens dubey v. State of bihar, Air. 1967 sc 1167:1967 (2) scr 423, A there judge bench of the apex court has held as follows:

"in our opinion, Once cognizance has been taken by the magistrate, He takes cognizance of an offence and not the offenders: once he takes cognizance of an offence, It is his duty to find out who the offenders really are and once he comes to the conclusion that apart from the persons sent up by the police some other persons are involved, It is his duty to proceed against those persons. The summoning of the additional accused is part of the proceeding initiated by him taking cognizance of an offence. As pointed out by this court in pravin chandra mody v. State of andhra pradesh, 1965 (1) scr 269: air 1965 sc 1185, The term complaint would include allegations made against persons unknown. If a magistrate takes cognizance under s. 190 (1) (a) on the basis of the complaint of facts, He would take cognizance and a proceeding would be instituted even though persons who had committed the offence were not known at that time. The same position prevails, In our view, Under s. 190 (1) (b)"

32. The view, As expressed above, Has been reiterated by the supreme court in hareram v. Tikaram, Air 1978 sc 1568. In smt. Nagawwa v. Veeranna shivalingappa kodali, Air 1976 sc 1947:1976 scr (supp) 123, The supreme court, While laying down the categories of ceases, In which an order of magistrate issuing process against the accused, Can be quashed observed as under (at page 1950 of air) :

"it is well - settled by a long catena of decisions of this court that at the state of issuing process the magistrate is mainly concerned with the allegations made in. The complaint or the evidence led in support of the same and he is only to be prima facie satisfied whether there are sufficient grounds for proceedings against the accused. It is not the province of the magistrate to enter into a detailed discussion of the merits and demerits of the case nor can the high court go into this matter in its revisional jurisdiction which is a very limited one."

33. Once cognizance is taken of an offence under s. 138 of ni act, Within the parameters under s. 142 thereof, Which, As already indicated, Makes deviation in certain aspects as respects the taking cognizance of an offence as contained in the code, The general law, It is competent for the court thereafter to find out who the real offender/ offenders is/ are to be summoned to face the trial. In such a process, It is permissible for the court to look forward to the sanguine provisions adumbrated under s. 202 of the code for the postponement of the issue of process and either inquire into the case himself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer, Or, By such other person, As he think fit, For the purpose of deciding whither or not there is insufficient ground for proceeding further, Inasmuch as chap. 17 of ni act does not contain the procedure as to the ascertainment of the offender/ offenders responsible for the commission of the offence, Before the issuance of the process. If the offender/ offenders responsible for the commission of the offence under s. 138 is/were specifically referred to in the complaint by name, There is no further need for the court to enter into a further enquiry either by itself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer, Or other person competent to do so.

34. At this stage, It is too much to expect from the aggrieved complainant, That is to say, Payee or holder in due course, In whose favour the cheque issued by the drawer - company had been dishonoured, To precisely state in complaint in the case of offence committed by the companies, As to which of the officials connected with the company, Shall be duly liable for the offence committed by the company, Or, Who was in charge of and responsible to the any company for the conduct or its business, At the time when the offence was committed by specified individuals, Other than the person in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, By actually conniving or consenting to the commission of the offence, Or, Due to neglect on his part, The commission of offence, Had taken place, When especially there is no mandate cast upon the drawer - company to disclose at any point of time to the payee or holder in due course/ aggrieved complainant, As to who was in charge of and responsible to its business under the relevant provisions of the act. Such being the cases, As already indicated, It is but fair and reasonable for the court to issue process to the persons arrayed as accused in the complaint or in the absence of any named persons as accused, To make an enquiry by the court itself or direct an investigation to be made by a police officer or other person, Before ever a process is issued.

35. It may, However, Be reiterated at this juncture to bring home the point that at any stage, The court cannot have a roving enquiry as to who were all the actual culprits and that sort of a feat can very well be undertaken only during the course of trial. After summoning of the person's arrayed as accused, Suspected to have been involved in the commission of the offence, On an enquiry made by the court or by investigation by a police officer, It is permissible for the court, Utilising the salutary provisions contained in s. 313 of the code, As indicated already, To put questions to the accused so summoned before over trial starts and deprive solidified satisfaction that the persons summoned were prima facie involved in the commission of the offence. In the process of such an enquiry, If the court is satisfied that the persons arrayed as accused were not solely or wholly responsible for the commission of the and some other person/persons is/are involved, It is equally permissible for the court to summon those persons involved in the commission of the offence, Under s. 319 of the code.

36. Worthy it is to reiterate, By way of recapitulation, That s. 141 of ni act is not relatable to penal aspect, But only evidence aspect. In such an eventuality, It goes without saying that the penal aspect of the ingredients of the offence, Besides the relevant matters relating to limitation for taking cognizance of the offence, Alone can be stated in a prima facie fashion in the complaint and not to state the evidential aspects of the matter, Which can figure very well during the trial alone and not otherwise. Under sub - sec. (1) to s. 141, It is possible to presume that every person, Who, At the time when the offence was committed, Was in charge of, And was responsible to the company, For the conduct of its business, Shall be deemed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be proceeded against and punished accordingly. Such a presumption is, However, Rebuttable and this aspect of the matter is made crystal clear by the proviso appended to the said sub - section, If he proves that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he had exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such an offence.

37. (a) even assuming that he is not in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, It cannot be stated that he is not prosecutable for the offence committed by the company, On the face of the salient provisions adumbrated under sub - sec (2) thereof. The said sub - section starts with a non obstante clause by the incorporation of the phraseology,

"notwithstanding anything contained in sub - sec. (1). "

the non obstante clause has to be given its due meaning in the context in which it is used. It makes quite plausible to give interpretation in a pragmatic way to the provisions adumbrated in sub - sec. (1) and (2) of the said section. Under sub - sec. (1) every person in charge of and responsible to the company for the conduct of the business of the company, Shall be presumed to be guilty of the offence and shall be liable to be preceded against and punished accordingly and such person charged of an offence, Can rebut such a presumption, By proving that the offence was committed without his knowledge or that he exercised all due diligence to prevent the commission of such an offence.

(b) under sub - sec. (2), It is legitimately permissible to prosecute even persons, Who were not stated to be in charge of or/ and responsible to the company for the conduct of its business, If it is proved that the offence has been committed with the consent or connivance of, Or, Is attributable to, Any neglect on the part of these, Persons. To put it otherwise, In the case of prosecution of persons under sub - sec. (2), Presumption of their guilt cannot at all be inferred by virtue of their positions in such company, As in the case of the presumption to be drawn in the case of persons, Who had been in charge of and responsible to the company, For the conduct of its business. The question of proof for the involvement of persons in the offence committed by the company, Would be expected to come only during the course of the trial and even in the case of persons prosecuted under sub - sec. (2), A deeming provision had been incorporated therein in a limited way, In the sense of such of those persons, Being deemed to be guilty of the offence committed by the company.

38. The crux of the appreciable difference between the provisions adumbrated under sub - sec. (1) and subsec. (2) of s. 141 bristles to this:

"under sub - sec. (1), The burden is on the person charged of the offence to rebut the presumption to be drawn against him, While under sub - sec. (2), The burden of proof never shifts and it is always on the prosecution to prove by placing proper evidence before court that the person charged, Had been guilty of the offence."

this sort of an interpretation alone, In my view, Will tend to give sense to the statutory provisions to achieve the purpose for which the said provisions had been introduced.

39. In this case on hand, There is no pale of controversy that the cheques issued by the companies had been bounced and the demands made by the aggrieved complainants/payees or holders in due course had not been complied with, Resulting in the launching of prosecution by preferring a private complaint before the competent court of jurisdiction. Of course, It is true that in these cases, Specific averments in the complaints, As to the persons responsible to and in charge of the company in relation to its business, Or persons with whose consent or connivance of, Or due to any neglect on his part, The offence had been committed, Have not been specifically mentioned, Although certain named officials of the company had been arrayed as accused. In view of the discussion, As above, The absence of such averments in the complaints, Is of little consequence and such being the case, It goes without saying that the prosecution launched against those companies and/or other individual officials named therein, Cannot at all be quashed and the trial must have to proceed further in accordance with law.

40. Even though innumerable decisions emerging from various high courts and of the apex court had been cited, Inasmuch none of them dealt with the aspect, As has now been urged in these cases for consideration, Those decision are not referred to herein and the point that came up for consideration has been decided on the fundamental canons of criminal jurisprudence in the process of interpretation of the provisos relatable to launching of prosecution for the commission of offence by companies under s. 141 of ni act, As a first impression of mine.

41. For the above reasons, The third point raised herein also is found against the petitioners.

42. Before parting with these cases i may state that i will be failing in my duty, If i do not pen down a word of appreciation as to the scintillation fashion, In which, Mr. N. T. V. Vanamamalai, Learned senior counsel and messrs. M. Karpaga vinayagam, V. Padmanabhan and p. N. Prakash, Learned counsel and mr. E. Raja, Learned government advocate have put forth their respective points of view and participated in the lively discussion, Either in the capacity of representing the petitioner/s or respondent/s, Or in the capacity of assisting the court amicus curiae, To enable this count to arrive at a just decision in these cases. I may, However, Hasten to add a special mention, As to the himalayan efforts undertaken by mr. V. Padmanabhan and mr. P. N. Prakash, Learned counsel, In assisting the court to solve the knotty legal problem posed for consideration with case and grace, By their pragmatic and practical approach from a new angle, As to the interpretation of the relevant provisions of ni act, Hitherto not raised or decided by any of the courts of superior jurisdiction, Daunted by the laudable objectives of averting a non - sense situation, Being created by making the provisions of law - enacted with an avowed purpose of remedying a mischief in existence - a dead letter.

43. In fine, All these petitions deserve to be dismissed and accordingly, They are dismissed. Dismissed.