1. In the suit from which the second appeal lies, the question arose as to the effect of a statement made by a witness in certain criminal proceedings, whether that statement amounted to an acknowledgment of liability within Section 19 of the limitation Act; The statement is as follows:

"I executed the promissory-note, Exhibit R, (suit promissory-note). The contents of promissory-note are correct."

Exhibit R (which is Exhibit A in the present case) is a promissory-note acknowledging liability for Rs. 1,322-11-11 with a promise to pay with interest at 12 per cent per annum. On that promissory-note there were at the date that the document was shown to the witness, four endorsements of various payments, in 1912. The statement made by the witness is, admittedly, within the period of limitation which has to be applied in this case. The question is, whether this amounts to an acknowledgement.

2. Both the appellant and the respondent have relied on the decision of the Privy Council in Maniram v. Seth Rupchand 33 C. 1047 : 4 C.L.J. 94 : 8 Bom. L.R. 501 : 10 C.W.N. 874 : 1 M.L.T. 199 : 3 A.L.J. 525 : 16 M.L.J. 300 : 2 N.L.R. 130 : 33 I.A. 165 (P.C.) the Vakil for the appellant contending that their Lordships of the Privy (Council have laid down that the whole of the recognised English Law on this, subject applies in India. The passage from which he seeks to draw this inference is as follows: "The Indian Limitation Act, Section 19, however, says nothing about a promise to pay and requires only a definite admission of liability, as to which there can be no reason for departing from the English principle that an unqualified admission and an admission qualified by a condition, which is fulfilled, stand upon precisely the same footing." Bearing in mind that their Lordships begin the sentence by saying that, "the Indian Limitation Act says nothing about a promise to pay," it seems to me necessarily to, follow that the reasoning of Courts in Eng, land based on the theory underlying the effect given to an acknowledgment, namely, that they indicate a promise to pay, has very little application to cases under the Indian Act. Their Lordships also point out that the requirements of English Law are, if anything, more stringent than those of Indian Law. This is, of course, due to the fact that Lord Tenterden's Act (9 Geo. IV, Ch. 14) of 1828, Section 1, assumes, that the legal effect of the writing is that it evidences anew or continuing contract. It was the necessity of finding this new and continuing contract, which induced English Courts to give such a liberal interpretation to ordinary acknowledgments and read into them a promise to pay on the basis that honest men always intend to pay something the liability to which they acknowledge, but under the Indian Law, as pointed out by their Lordships, there is no necessity to show anything from which a promise to pay could be inferred, and, therefore, any decisions of the Courts Of India which consider these acknowledgments on the basis that they must be such from which a promise to pay can be inferred are no longer good law.

3. The same case was relied on for the respondent because of the particular matter dealt with and the language applied to the matter by their Lordships. The acknowledgment in the case before their Lordships was as follows: It was in probate proceedings.--"That the applicant Rupchand Nanabai is a big Mahajan of Berhampore paying Ks. 106 as income-tax. For the last five years he had open and current accounts with the deceased." Their Lordships say that the words "for the last five years" must necessarily have reference to the five years prior to the death of the testator which was in October 1898 and it appeals that the petition in which the words are found was put in on the 18th of September 1899 very nearly a year later. Assuming, as their Lordships do, that the admission is of the condition of affairs tip to the date of the deceased's death, their Lordships say this: "The legal consequence would be that at that date either of them had a right as against the other to an account." And at page 1059 Page of 33 C.--[Ed.] their Lordships say, "If nothing further is alleged the natural presumption is that they continued unsettled at the time the statement was made." If such an inference that accounts remained unsettled for a year after the period to which the acknowledgments refer can be made, it seems to me that where the statement is as to one transaction like the existence of a liability on a promissory-note, the inference must necessarily be much stronger because, admittedly, where there are open accounts, the fact of the liability which is the basis of the whole effect of the section can only be ascertained when the accounts have been taken, whereas there is no question of accounts where the, amount admitted to be due is on a promissory-note and there is no suggestion of any credit of any other account. Miller, J., of this Court had to consider this case in Ranganayakalu Aiya v. Subbayan 2 Ind. Cas. 522 : 5 M.L.T. 71 and said as follows, quoting the passage at page 1059: "That is to say, or so it seems to me, an acknowledgment of liability existing at a past date without any allegation that the liability has since ceased, is presumed to be an acknowledgment of liability existing when the statement is made." If that is the correct deduction from the language used by the Privy Council, then that is amply sufficient to cover this case, and, speaking for myself, I cannot see why we should not draw the same deduction from that language. It may riot necessarily always be the deduction to be drawn; but considering that the admission is one of the execution of a promissory-note without any allegation that it is or has been discharged, I fail to see why a Court cannot draw from such a statement the inference that the liability on the promissory-note is still subsisting, still more so where, as in the case before us for, consideration, the document, the contents of which are admitted by the deponent to be correct, shows payments endorsed of an amount which is not nearly sufficient to cover the principal and the interest which would have accrued at the date when the statement was made.

4. I do not think it necessary to examine the cases at any length. We were pressed with a decision of this Court in Periavenkan Udaya Tevar v. Subramanian Chetti 20 M. 230 : 6 M.L.J. 266 : 7 Ind. Dec. (N.S.) but the language there is, "this amount of Rs. 600 and odd also I was bound to pay under the original understanding, but the plaintiff paid it, as a warrant was brought for his arrest." The only inference to be drawn from such a language would be that there was a joint liability originally which has been discharged by payment to the plaintiff, and that, therefore, no further liability remained. As the learned Judges say: "These word's admit that a liability existed at the time of the original understanding, that is, some three years before the acknowledgment was made, but they do not admit any liability as existing at the time that the statement was made." It seems to me that the words go further than that and that not only do they not admit but that they specifically and directly negative the existence of such liability.

5. In the result, I would hold that the acknowledgment here is a good acknowledgment and that, therefore, the period of limitation is saved. The second appeal is dismissed with costs.

Odgers, J.

6. The facts of the case are fully set out in the judgment of my learned brother. In my opinion, we have now to look to the Privy Council decision in Maniram v. Seth Rupchand 33 C. 1047 : 4 C.L.J. 94 : 8 Bom. L.R. 501 : 10 C.W.N. 874 : 1 M.L.T. 199 : 3 A.L.J. 525 : 16 M.L.J. 300 : 2 N.L.R. 130 : 33 I.A. 165 (P.C.) to find the requisites of an acknowledgment, within Section 19 of the Limitation Act. We have been referred to several decisions prior to one of the Privy Council and to one English decision Green v. Humphreys (1884) 26 Ch. D. 474 : 53 L.J.Ch. 625 : 51 L.T. 42 to the effect that the inference to be drawn from the words relied on as acknowledgment must be that the debtor intends to pay the debt. Venkata v. Parthasaradhi 16 M. 220 : 3 M.L.J. 35 : 5 Ind. Dec. (N.S.) 360 decided that the acknowledgment must be of the debt qua-debt and the relation of debtor and creditor must be admitted and admitted to be a subsisting jural, relation. To the same effect is the decision in Ittappan Kuthiravattat Nayer v. Nanu Sastri 26 M. 34 : 12 M.L.J. 101 namely that the acknowledgment must import that the person making it is then under an existing liability and Benode Behary Mookerjee v. Raj Narain Mitter 30 C. 699 : 7 C.W.N. 651 viz. that an unequivocal admission of the debt or of the subsisting relationship of debtor and creditor must be established.

7. It was contended before us that there is in effect no distinction between the Indian and the English Law in the case of limitation. But the case in the Privy Council is only, in my opinion, authority for saying that there is no reason for drawing any distinction between the English and the Indian Law in respect of the acknowledgment of liability. Their Lordships set out the three essentials laid down in In re River Steamer Co. v. Ex parte Mitchell (1871) 6 Ch. 822 : 25 L.T. 319 : 19 W.R. 1130 and they notice that in all the three essentials there must be a promise of some kind or another to pay the debt. Their Lordships point out that, "section 9 of the Indian Limitation Act says nothing about, a promise to pay and requires only a definite admission of liability, as to which there can be no reason for departing from the English principle that an unqualified admission and an admission qualified by a condition, which is fulfilled, stand upon precisely the same footing." It is, therefore, clear, as pointed out by my learned brother, that the English cases proceeding upon the three essentials, laid down by Mellish, L.J., in the case above quoted can hardly furnish a certain guide in considering cases under the Indian Limitation Act where only an admission of liability is required. To refer once more to the Privy Council case, their Lordships say that as to the acknowledgment under their consideration, "the first sentence shows that there were open accounts at the death of Motiram. If nothing further is alleged, the natural presumption is that they continued unsettled at the time the statement was made." Now it has been contended before ns that the acknowledgment that we have to consider--the words of which have been set out in my learned brother's judgment--amounts to nothing but a reference to a past transaction. I am unable to accept this contention. The reference to the execution of the bond is undoubtedly in the past tense, but the admission that the contents of the bond are correct is in the present tense and there is further the fact that the four endorsements on the back of the promissory-note are not only set out but totaled, so that the witness taking the document into his hands could have seen at a glance that the total of the payments endorsed falls below the amount in figures on the face of the promissory-note, to say nothing of the question of interest that was outstanding on that date. I should have referred to the case in Ranganayakalu Aiya v. Subbayan 2 Ind. Cas. 522 : 5 M.L.T. 71 in which Miller, J. referring to the Privy Council decision above referred to and adopting that decision, held "that an acknowledgment of liability existing at a past date without any allegation that the liability has since ceased is presumed to be an acknowledgment of liability existing when the statement is made." It seems to me, therefore, that when the witness said that the contents of the document was correct at the time he made the deposition relied on as an acknowledgment in this case, he must be taken to have admitted that his liability was still outstanding as between the payee of the promissory-note and himself.

8. I agree with the opinion of my learned brother that the state of the promissory note in this case makes even a stronger case for the view that this is an acknowledgment of liability than in the case before Miller, J. For these reasons, I agree that the second appeal should be dismissed with costs.

"the Indian Limitation Act