1. The appellant in this case who is the plaintiff in the suit, and will be hereinafter referred to as the plaintiff, is appealing against a decree dated March 81, 1925, of the High Court of Judicature at Madras whereby the plaintiff's suit was dismissed and the plaintiff was ordered to pay certain costs.

2. The plaintiff as successor in title of his father holds twenty seven villages, formerly part of an estate known as the Totapalli estate situate in the Godaveri District in the Northern Circars of Madras. These villages were purchased in 1879 by the plaintiff's father from the then holder and Mansabdar of the Tofcapalli estate.

3. In the years 1913 and 1915 the Tahasildar of Peddapur collected from tenants of the plaintiff in two of the twenty-seven villages royalties or penalties for the removal of gravel and stone from hills within the boundaries of such two villages. He did be on the footing that the underground rights in the villages belonged to the Government.

4. Thereupon the plaintiff launched in the Court of the District Munsif of Peddapur a suit against the defendant, the Secretary of State for India in Council claiming a declaration of his title to the underground rights in his villages formerly part of the Totapalli estate. He also asked an injunction to restrain interference with his rights and a refund of the amount collected from his tenants. The defendant denied the title of the plaintiff to the underground rights alleging that the Government retained the right to resume (i.e., tore-assess) the Totapalli estate and that the underground rights were therefore vested in the defendant respondent. The substantial issue between the parties is the title to the underground rights.

5. The Mansabdar of the Totapalli estate admittedly transferred to the plaintiff's father in 1879 all his interest in the twenty-seven villages. It was open to the plaintiff to show either that the interest of the Mansabdar transferred in 1879 included the underground rights or that the plaintiff's father or he himself subsequently acquired them. In fact, in the first instance, he framed his claim on the footing that the underground rights passed to his father in or about 1883 by reason of the Government having at that time resumed the villages and enfranchised them in favour of his father.

6. This point is raised by para, 3 of the plaintiff's filed plaint in the following terms:

The plaintiff is the owner of Nellipudi, Meraka Chamavaraia and some other villages in the Totapalli estate as per the plaint schedule, The underground rights in the said villages had become absolutely vested in and been enjoyed by plaintiff and his predecessors in title and the said villages were purchased from the then Mansabdar by plaintiff's father in or about 1879. They were subsequently resumed by Government and enfranchised in plaintiff's father's favour and quit rent imposed on them.

7. As will be seen from the succeeding narrative, the plaintiff subsequently changed his ground more than once.

8. On December 18, 1916, the District Munaif pronounced judgment in the plaintiff's favour so far as his title to the under round rights was concerned, and gave him a declaration accordingly, but did not grant him any injunction and rejected his claim for a refund of the royalties or penalties which had in fact been paid not by him but by his tenants.

9. The District Munsif appears to have held that the alleged enfranchisement did not enlarge the appellant's rights but that the title to the Totapalli estate rested upon an ancient grant, which had not been produced, and that by virtue of a general rule to the effect that the grantor must in the absence of evidence to the contrary be taken to have parted with all his rights, the underground rights had passed by the grant and were therefore vested in the plaintiff.

10. An appeal was taken to the Subordinate Judge, who on December 17, 1917, also pronounced judgment in the plaintiff's favour. He appears to have held that there was an original service grant of the estate which must be presumed to have carried the underground rights and further that the plaintiff was entitled to the underground rights by virtue of the alleged enfranchisement. He, therefore, confirmed the decree of the lower Court with the addition of an injunction to which he considered the plaintiff entitled.

11. The defendant appealed to the High Court of Judicature at Madras. On March 7, 1919, the Court set aside the decisions of the lower Courts, It remanded the suit to the District Munsif for readmission and retrial, and directed the trial of an additional issue, namely :

"Whether the suit village in the hands of the plaintiff's predecessors was subject to a burden of service or was in lieu of wages for service ?"

12. From the judgments delivered in the High Court it appears that the Court took the view that the Subordinate Judge had decided the case upon the basis that there had been an enfranchisement by the Government which carried the underground rights to the plaintiff's father, but that in fact what had taken place had not amounted to an enfranchisement at all. The learned Judges however directed the trial of the further issue because the plaintiff's counsel had presented to them an argument to the effect that apart from the alleged enfranchisement his client's predecessors in title had always held the estate subject to a burden of service and not merely in lieu of wage for service. This fact, if established, would (he had contended) lend strength to the plaintiff's claim to the underground rights. The suit was accordingly re-tried by the District Munsif. On June 2, 1920, he again gave judgment in the plaintiff's favour, holding that the Totapalli estate was held only burdened with service and was ob wages for service, and that the underground rights were therefore in the plaintiff, The District Munaif's view off State seems to have been that the holding of the villages was first and the imposing burden of service subsequent.

13. On appeal the Subordinate Judge, on December 12, 1921, confirmed the District Munsif, holding that the estate was enjoyed under a grant from the Zamindar of Peddapur, subject to the obligation of rendering some service and paying a quit rent, and that such a grant carried the underground rights.

14. The suit was again taken by the defendant to the High Court of Judicature at Madras. The appeal was, on March 81, 1925, allowed, the learned Judges holding that in the absence of any evidence that the underground rights were included in the grant they could not be treated as having thereby passed.

15. It is to be observed that in the High Court on the second appeal the plaintiff for the first time put forward a new contention that the Mansabdar of the Totapalli estate was originally a chief in a position analogous to a Poliagar in the South of the Presidency and as such entitled to the underground rights. This contention was rejected by the learned Judges of the High Court on the ground that it had not been raised in the lower Court and that there was no evidence to show any similarity between the tenure of the Totapalli estate and that of an estate held by a Poliagar.

16. It is against this judgment that the plaintiff now appeals.

17. The history of the Totapalli estate prior to the early part of the 19th century is not free from obscurity, No grant of the estate has been produced. The material placed before the lower Courts consisted of (a) Mr. James Grant's Political Survey of the Northern Circars, written about 1785 and annexed to the Fifth Report of the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Co.; (b) Morris's account of the Godaveri District, published in 1868 under Government authority; (c) "The Godaveri Gazetteer" a Government publication of 1907; (d) the Government documents relating to the transactions of 1881-1888, which are printed at pp. 89-100 of the record; and (e) the extracts from the statement of a former Mansabdar of Totapalli printed in 13 M.I.A., p. 333, in the course of the reports of the case of Stree Rajah Yanumula Venhayamah v. Stree Rajah Yanumula Booohia Vankandora.

18. From this material certain facts emerge as to which there is no dispute, namely, (1) that in or about the year 1785 the Mansabdar was paying a fixed annual sum to the Zamindar of Peddapur and was under an obligation to furnish him with a military force of 700 peons when called upon to do so; (2) that some time prior to the end of the 18tb century the Zamindar resumed certain villages forming part of the estate to satisfy his claims in respect of the annual sum; (3) that in 1802 there was a permanent settlement by the Government of Madras of the Zainindari of Peddapur and that the annual sum receivable by the Zamindar from Totapalli was treated as an asset of the Zamindar; (4) that in 1847 the Government of Madras acquired the Zamindary of Peddapur at a sale for arrears of revenue; (5) that in 1859 the Government commuted the obligation of the Mansabdar of Totapalli to supply 700 peons for an annual payment of 6.500 rupees; (6) that the Mansabdar from time to time alienated certain other parts of the Totapalli estate a well as the twenty seven villages alienated to the plaintiff's father in 1879; and (7) that the Government's documents show that the Government regarded the Totapalli estate as a service in am and dealt with it on that footing in 1881 to 1883 by making a settlement in respect of it which was expressly stated not to amount to a permanent settlement or enfranchisement.

19. Mr. Grant, in his survey of 1785, describes Totapalli as a small hilly country and a region of tigers. The obscurity of its early history may in part be due to its lack of' importance.

20. At any rate their Lordships are of opinion that there is a definite rinding by the Subordinate Judge to the effect that the estate was originally held under a grant from the Zamindar of Peddapur subject to a fixed annual rent and an obligation to provide a military force. After an examination of the materials placed before the lower Courts (in the course of which their Lordships saw a full copy of the statement of the Mansabdar, extracts from which are printed in Stree Rajah Yanuinula Ven-kayarnah'a case), their Lordships are of opinion that there was before the Subordinate Judge evidence upon which his finding of fact could have been based.

21. Before their Lordships for the first time it has been urged by the plaintiff that the Mansabdars of Totapalli were originally independent chieftains not taking under any grant at all, and that the findings of fact arrived at by the Subordinate Judge should be reviewed and modified accordingly.

22. In their Lordships' opinion they have no jurisdiction in the circumstances of this case to embark upon any such review. ' Under the Civil Procedure Code no second appeal will lie except on the grounds specified in Section 100. Directly in point are the observations of Lord Macnaghten in Mussummat Durga Choudhrain v. Jawahir Singh Ghoudhri (1890) L.R. 17 I.A. 122 in which he says (p. 127):

It is enough in the present case to say that an erroneous finding of fact is a different thing from an error or defect in procedure, and that there 18 no jurisdiction to entertain a second appeal on the ground of an erroneous finding of fact, however gross or inexcusable the error may seem to be.

23. There remains then only the question whether the High Court of Judicature at Madras was right in holding that the underground rights did not pass in the absence of evidence of the inclusion of such rights in the grant found by the Subordinate Judge.

24. There was, in fact, no evidence that the grant included the underground rights or that the minerals had ever been worked by the Maneabdars of Totapalli or by any of their alienees. The fact that minerals were in terms reserved in leases to tenants granted by the plaintiff and his father cannot in their Lordships' opinion be evidence that the underground rights passed, from the Zamindar of Peddapur under the original grant to the Mansab-dar of Totapalli.

25. The lower Courts based their conclusion that the underground rights passed by the original grant upon a presumption that in the absence of any evidence as to the terms of the grant the grantor passed all that he had to the grantee.

26. In their Lordships' opinion no such presumption is admissible. Such a presumption would be contrary to many decisions of their Lordships' Board in which it has been from time to time pointed out that the rules of English law as to real property in England can afford no guidance as to what has passed under an Indian grant.

27. The principle to be applied to the present case is in their Lordships' judgment to be found stated by Lord Buckmaster in Saehi Bhushan Misra v. Jyoti Prashad Singh Doe (1916) L.R. 44 I.A. 46, s.c. 19 Bom. L.R. 416 where, referring to earlier decisions, he says (p. 53) :-

These decisions, therefore, have laid down a principle which applies to and concludes the present dispute. They establish that when a grant is made by a zamindar of a tenure at a fixed rent, although the tenure may be permanent, heritable and transferable, minerals will not be held to have formed part of the grant in the absence of express evidence to that effect.

28. In the result therefore their Lordships are of opinion that the judgment of the High Court at Madras was right and that the appeal fails and ought to be dismissed with costs, and they will humbly advise His Majesty accordingly.