S.B Sinha, J.— Appellant 1 herein is a society registered under the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Public Societies Act, 1350F. At the time of its registration it was known as “Institute of Certified Financial Analysts”, which was changed to “Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India”. The appellants contend that it offers the Chartered Financial Analyst course/programme, which is entirely different from that offered by Respondent 1. It has sought for opinion from the Director General of Investigation and Registration in terms of Sections 11 and 36 of the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 on 11-2-1988, whereto a reply was sent by the appellants on 24-2-1988. A notice, however, was published in the journal of Respondent 1 herein, wherein a purported caution to members about the appellant Institute was published in the following terms:
“It has come to the notice of the Institute that the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India, Hyderabad is conferring the designation of ‘Chartered Financial Analyst’ and permitting its members to use the letters ‘CFA’ after their names. The Additional Solicitor General of India has opined that the designation ‘Chartered Financial Analyst’, would seem to be similar to the designation Chartered Accountant especially when the letters ‘CFA’ are added to the name, which is very close to the letters ‘FCA’ conferred by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India. He has further opined that the activities of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India are violative of Section 24-A of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949. The Institute has already filed an application under Section 36 of the MRTP Act, 1969 with the Director General, MRTP Commission, New Delhi against the activities of the said Institute and the matter is under investigation by the Commission.”
2. It is, however, not in dispute that no investigation was initiated by the MRTP Commission in that behalf. A notice was sent by Appellant 1 to Respondent 1, asking for a copy of the opinion of the Additional Solicitor General so as to enable it to know the facts placed before him for his opinion. But no response was received thereto. A reminder thereto was sent on 15-6-1989 and by a letter dated 11-7-1989, the Secretary of Respondent 1 refused to send the copies of the case and the opinion of the Additional Solicitor General. On or about 3-8-1989, a notification was issued by Respondent 1 herein prescribing that if any member of the respondent Institute i.e any Chartered Accountant, who obtained the qualification of the Chartered Financial Analyst on or after 1-1-1990, or having obtained the said qualification earlier did not surrender the same before the said date, would be held to be guilty of professional misconduct in terms of the provisions of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (for short “the Act”).
3. A writ petition was filed before the Andhra Pradesh High Court by Appellant 1 herein on or about 16-11-1989. The said writ petition was dismissed by a learned Single Judge by a judgment and order dated 21-11-1990, inter alia, opining:
“The proviso to a section cannot be expected to nullify the effect of the main section. The proviso must be treated as an exception and subservient to the object sought to be achieved by the main section. Under Appendix (8) it was agreed that the institutes previously recognised under the Auditor's Certificate Rules, 1932, be recognised for the purposes of Section 7 for the use of letters, FSAA. Further the Council decided that letters or description in respect of membership of bodies other than accountancy institutes can be used provided such use does not amount to the use of designation and in the case of accountancy institutes prior recognition of the Council in this behalf is necessary. It was also decided that in respect of accountancy institutes prior recognition of the Council in this behalf is necessary. It was also decided that in respect of accountancy institutes, which are recognised and in respect of institutes other than accountancy institutes the word ‘London’ in brackets may be allowed to be added provided that in each case the respective institutes had permitted such addition. The Council also decided that the Institute of Costs and Works Accountants is not an accountancy institute within the meaning of Section 7 and therefore there was no bar to the use of these letters by the members of that Institute, if they happen to be their members.
A combined reading of Section 7 and Appendix (8) makes it clear that Chartered Accountants who have been registered as members of the first respondent Institute alone are permitted to use the letters or description which are recognised by it. Therefore it is clear that the designation of ‘Chartered Financial Analyst’ is not recognised by the first respondent Institute or for that matter by the Central Government or by any statute. Therefore, under Section 24-A of the Act the first respondent Institute can impose restrictions on all the members of the first petitioner Institute not to use the unrecognised diploma or designation that has been awarded by the first petitioner Institute. Section 24-A clearly provides penalty for using the name of the Council, awarding degree of Chartered Accountancy, etc. Section 24-A of the Act reads as follows:
‘24-A. Penalty for using name of the Council, awarding degrees of Chartered Accountancy, etc.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, no person shall—
(i) use a name or a common seal which is identical with the name or the common seal of the Institute or so nearly resembles it as to deceive or as is likely to deceive the public;
(ii) award any degree, diploma or certificate or bestow any designation which indicates or purports to indicate the position or attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a member of the Institute; or
(iii) seek to regulate in any manner whatsoever the profession of chartered accountants.’
Sub-section (2) of Section 24-A deals with the penalty to be imposed in case of contravention of the provisions of sub-section (1). Under sub-section (3) it is stated that nothing contained in this section shall apply to any university established by law or to any body affiliated to the Institute. The first respondent Institute can also impose restrictions on its own members and also impose penalty for using the name of the Council, awarding degree of Chartered Accountancy. Section 24 deals with the penalty for falsely claiming to be a member of the Institute (R-1).
According to the petitioners, the course of study that is being taught at the Institute is different. But the first respondent Institute contends that the course of study is similar. The respondents filed Annexure X to the counter giving a comparative table of syllabi of ICFAI and ICAI. But one should not forget the fact that the first respondent Institute has got authority to change the syllabus from time to time depending upon the changes in the economic environment in the national and international sphere and the Chartered Accountants can function not only as Accountants, Auditors, Financial Advisors, but also as Financial Analysts. The chartered accountancy course is fairly exhaustive and includes areas in financial and investment management, micro economics and security evaluation, project appraisal and Indian financial system.
Section 2(b) of the Act defines ‘Chartered Accountant’ as to mean a person who is a member of the Institute and the persons who have passed such examination and completed such training as may be prescribed for members of the Institute shall be entitled to have their names entered in the register of the Institute and no member of the Institute shall be entitled to practise whether in India or elsewhere unless he has obtained from the Council a certificate of practice. According to Section 7, every member of the Institute in practice shall, and any other member may, use the designation of a Chartered Accountant and no member using such designation shall use any other description, whether in addition thereto or in substitution therefor. The members of the Institute are divided into two classes viz. associates and fellows. Any person whose name is entered in the register is deemed to have become an associate member of the Institute and is entitled to use the letters ‘ACA’ after his name to indicate that he is an associate member of the Institute of Chartered Accountants. A member, being an associate, who has been in continuous practice in India for at least five years as a Chartered Accountant is entitled to use the letters FCA after his name to indicate that he is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants and his name will be entered in the register as a fellow of the Institute.”
It was further held:
“There are many analysts in different fields such as food analyst and chemical analyst. But when the first petitioner Institute is dealing with the accountancy profession and training people in one form or the other, the first respondent Institute which is a statutory body is perfectly justified in restraining their own members in using some other designation which is akin or which resembles the designation along with the designation that is being conferred by the first respondent Institute, which will give rise to an impression in the minds of the general public or the persons connected with the accountancy profession that the designation ‘CFA’ is an additional qualification to the persons that were already holding ‘CA’ or ‘FCA’. Such preference cannot be taken advantage of by the members of the first respondent Institute and Section 24-A of the Act gives ample power to the first respondent Institute to issue the impugned notification as well as the ‘caution’.”
4. A writ appeal filed thereagainst was dismissed by a Division Bench of the High Court relying on or on the basis of a decision of this Court in Haniraj L. Chulani (Dr.) v. Bar Council of Maharashtra & Goa (1996) 3 SCC 342, JT (1996) 4 SC 162, holding:
“In the instant case too what is sought to be prevented is membership of a Chartered Accountant, who is governed by the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 from being a member of the first appellant institution and should a Chartered Accountant not like this imposition, he may be free to resign from being a Chartered Accountant and then can be free to choose to be a member of any other institution including that of the first respondent. But, so long as he continues to be the Chartered Accountant under the Act, his degree and practice can be regulated only under the provisions of the said Act. The authorities under the Act also found that the degree of CFA affixed is causing confusion and gullible public may be misguided and in order to steer clear of such confusion and in larger public interest, the authorities thought that the Chartered Accountants registered under the Act and governed by the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India not to acquire the CFA and if already acquired, shed the said membership. Having regard to the reasons stated in the impugned notification as also the reasoning given by the learned Single Judge, it cannot be said that there is no nexus for the object to be achieved and that the impugned notification is irrational. Fundamental right to practice a profession guaranteed under Article 19(1)(g) of the Indian Constitution can always be hedged with restrictions; but the said restrictions should be reasonable restrictions and in the instant case, having regard to the facts and circumstances discussed and legal (sic position) it cannot be said that the restrictions imposed are unreasonable so as to negate the fundamental rights of the Chartered Accountants to practise their profession.”
5. Mr K.K Venugopal, the learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants, would submit:
(i) The High Court committed a manifest error in passing the impugned judgment insofar as it failed to take into consideration that in terms of Section 7 of the Act any Chartered Accountant, whether in profession or not, is entitled to use any degree and in that view of the matter, the prohibition purported to have been imposed by reason of the impugned Notification dated 3-8-1989 must be held to be arbitrary.
(ii) The said notification is violative of a person's fundamental right guaranteed under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India.
(iii) The power to issue such a notification being hedged with excessive delegation, the same would otherwise be ultra vires Article 14 of the Constitution of India.
6. Mr S. Ganesh, the learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents, on the other hand, would submit:
(i) Section 7 of the Act prohibits a Chartered Accountant from using any other description, whether in addition thereto or in substitution thereof. A Chartered Accountant is, therefore, prohibited from using the description “Chartered Financial Analyst” or its abbreviation “CFA”.
(ii) Proviso to Section 7 permits a Chartered Accountant to add a description or letters to his name to indicate membership of another institute of accountancy, only if that other institute, has been recognised by the Council and not otherwise. Consequently, addition of a description or letters to indicate membership of a non-recognised institute of accountancy is prohibited, even by the proviso to Section 7 of the Act. The “other qualification” occurring in the latter part of the proviso to Section 7 refers to the qualification other than membership of an institute of accountancy such as LLB, PhD, MBA, MBBS, etc. The proviso cannot possibly be so construed as to nullify completely the prohibition in the opening part of Section 7.
(iii) The appellant Institute is an institute of accountancy because:
(a) There is a very substantial overlapping of the curriculum of ICFAI and that of ICAI.
(b) A Chartered Accountant is exempted from giving 3 out of 6 examination papers of ICFAI.
(c) Strictly financial analysis is only study and analysis of accounts.
(d) A Chartered Accountant is trained to do financial analysis and ordinarily does it as part of his practice of accountancy.
(iv) In any event, the considered view of ICAI that ICFAI is an institute of accountancy should not be interfered with by the court, having regard to the materials on record and expertise of the Institute in the field of accountancy in general.
(v) ICAI is also of the considered view that the diploma/certificate bestowed by ICFAI does indicate “the position or attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a member of the Institute” which attracts the prohibition in Section 24-A(1)(ii) of the Act.
(vi) Further, the letters “CFA” closely resemble “FCA” and are capable of misleading the lay public and also conveying the entirely erroneous impression that an FCA with a CFA is superior to a mere “FCA”. This will directly result in the dilution and debasement of the value of the membership of the Institute.
(vii) Item (i) of Part II of the Second Schedule makes it clear that contravention of any provision of the Act or of the regulations made thereunder would amount to a misconduct. Section 22 defines “professional misconduct” in the widest possible terms. This Hon'ble Court has also read and construed Section 22 and Clause (ii) of Part II of the Second Schedule in the broadest manner.
(viii) The impugned notification seeks to make effective the prohibition contained in Sections 7 and 24-A of the Act, the constitutional validity of which has not been challenged by the appellant before the High Court. The notification is, therefore, not unreasonable or arbitrary.
7. The Act was enacted to make provision for the regulation of the profession Chartered Accountants. Section 2 thereof provides for definition clause. “Institute” has been defined in Section 2(1)(e) of the Act to mean the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India constituted thereunder. Sub-section (2) of Section 2 creates a legal fiction to define a member of the Institute to be in practice, when individually or in partnership with Chartered Accountants (in practice) as a person in consideration of remuneration received or to be received. Sub-section (2) of Section 2 of the Act reads as under:
“2. (2) A member of the Institute shall be deemed ‘to be in practice’, when individually or in partnership with Chartered Accountants in practice, he, in consideration of remuneration received or to be received,—
(i) engages himself in the practice of accountancy; or
(ii) offers to perform or performs services involving the auditing or verification of financial transactions, books, accounts, or records or the preparation, verification or certification of financial accounting and related statements or holds himself out to the public as an accountant; or
(iii) renders professional services or assistance in or about matters of principle or detail relating to accounting procedure or the recording, presentation or certification of financial facts or data; or
(iv) renders such other services as, in the opinion of the Council, are or may be rendered by a Chartered Accountant in practice;
and the words ‘to be in practice’ with their grammatical variations and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Explanation.—An associate or a fellow of the Institute who is a salaried employee of a Chartered Accountant in practice or a firm of such Chartered Accountants in practice shall, notwithstanding such employment, be deemed to be in practice for the limited purpose of the training of articled clerks.”
8. Section 3 of the Act provides for incorporation of the Institute. Section 7 of the Act, which is relevant for determination of the case, reads under:
“7. Members to be known as Chartered Accountants.—Every member of the Institute in practice shall, and any other member may, use the designation of a Chartered Accountant and no member using such designation shall use any other description, whether in addition thereto or in substitution therefor:
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall be deemed to prohibit any such person from adding any other description or letters to his name, if entitled thereto, to indicate membership of such other institute of accountancy, whether in India or elsewhere, as may be recognised in this behalf by the Council, or any other qualification that he may possess, or to prohibit a firm, all the partners of which are members of the Institute and in practice, from being known by its firm name as Chartered Accountants.”
9. Sub-section (1) of Section 21, inter alia, lays down the manner in which an inquiry relating to misconduct of members of the Institute shall be instituted.
10. Section 22 of the Act defines professional misconduct to mean:
“22. Professional misconduct defined.—For the purposes of this Act, the expression ‘professional misconduct’ shall be deemed to include any act or omission specified in any of the Schedules, but nothing in this section shall be construed to limit or abridge in any way the power conferred or duty cast on the Council under sub-section (1) of Section 21 to inquire into the conduct of any member of the Institute under any other circumstances.”
11. Section 22-A of the Act provides for a statutory appeal to a High Court against the order of the Disciplinary Committee. Section 24-A was introduced in the year 1959 containing a penal provision for using the name of the Council, awarding degree of Chartered Accountancy, etc. The said provision reads as under:
“24-A. Penalty for using name of the Council, awarding degrees of Chartered Accountancy, etc.—(1) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, no person shall—
(i) use a name or a common seal which is identical with the name or the common seal of the Institute or so nearly resembles it as to deceive or as is likely to deceive the public;
(ii) award any degree, diploma or certificate or bestow any designation which indicates or purports to indicate the position or attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a member of the Institute; or
(iii) seek to regulate in any manner whatsoever the profession of Chartered Accountants.”
12. Sub-section (2) of Section 24-A provides for punishment for violation of the provisions of sub-section (1) thereof.
13. Part I of the First Schedule appended to the Act lists the professional misconducts in relation to Chartered Accountants in practice; whereas Part II deals with professional misconduct in relation to members of the Institute in service. Part III deals with professional misconduct in relation to members of the Institute generally. Part I of the Second Schedule appended to the Act deals with professional misconduct in relation to Chartered Accountants in practice requiring action by a High Court; whereas Part II provides for professional misconduct in relation to members of the Institute generally requiring action by a High Court, whether in practice or not.
14. A resolution has been passed by the Council under Section 2(2)(iv) of the Act exempting a member who is holding a certificate of practice from the Institute of Cost & Works Accountants of India or the Institute of Company Secretaries of India or from the Bar Council or such other bodies, as may be specified in that behalf, by the Council, from the purview of Clause (3) thereof which reads as under:
“(3) ‘Pursuant’ to Section 2(2)(iv) of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949, the Council herein reiterates its opinion that a member shall be deemed to be in practice if he, in his professional capacity and neither in his personal capacity nor in his capacity as an employee, acts as a liquidator, trustee, executor, administrator, arbitrator, receiver, adviser or representative for costing, financial or taxation matters or takes up an appointment made by the Central Government or a State Government or a court of law or any other legal authority or acts as a secretary unless his employment is on a salary-cum-full-time basis;”
15. Clauses (2) and (3) of Appendix (8) read as under:
“The Council decided that letters or description in respect of membership of bodies other than accountancy institutes can be used provided such use does not amount to the use of designation and in the case of accountancy institutes prior recognition of the Council in this behalf is necessary. It was also decided that in respect of accountancy institutes which are recognised and in respect of institutes other than accountancy institutes the word ‘London’ in brackets may be allowed to be added provided that in each case the respective institutes had permitted such addition.
(3) The Council also decided that the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants is not an accountancy institute within the meaning of Section 7 and therefore there was no bar to the use of these letters by the members of that Institute, if they happen to be our members.”
16. The High Court proceeded on the basis that the notification is covered under Sections 7 and 24-A of the Act.
17. Before proceeding to consider the respective contentions raised by the learned counsel for the parties, we may notice that the constitutionality of the provisions of the Act are not in question. What was in question before the High Court was merely the validity of the said Notification dated 3-8-1989.
18. Section 7 of the Act prohibits any member using the designation of a Chartered Accountant from using any other description, whether in addition thereto or in substitution therefor. Proviso appended thereto, however, inter alia, permits the member of the Institute to describe any other qualification that he may possess. The proviso is in three parts. The first part lifts the embargo provided under the main provision in respect of membership of such other institute of accountancy, whether in India or elsewhere may be recognised in that behalf by the Council. The second parts enables the member of the Institute to add any other qualification that he may possess; and third part prohibits a firm, all the partners of which are members of the Institute and in practice, from being known by its firm name as Chartered Accountants. We are not herein concerned with the third part.
19. Whereas submission of Mr Venugopal is that the second part of the proviso appended to Section 7 of the Act enables the member of the Institute to use any qualification and in that view of the matter the qualification acquired by any member from the appellant Institute being a matter of statutory right cannot be taken away by reason of a delegated notification; the submission of Mr Ganesh is that the second part of the proviso must be given a contextual meaning in the light of the first part thereof.
20. The role of a proviso is well known. A proviso may restrict the operation of the main provision, but by reason thereof the rights and liabilities contained in the main provision cannot altogether be taken away.
21. The main provision contains the prohibition, but the proviso appended thereto only lifts such prohibition to the extent mentioned therein, in respect of the other institutes of accountancy; the degrees granted in respect thereof are six in number, as would appear from Appendix (8) of the said Act. The expression “any other qualification that he may possess”, therefore, must be read as qualification other than conferred upon the member by other institutes of accountancy. Such qualification of accountancy may be conferred even by other institutes. But as noticed hereinbefore, an exemption had been granted by reason of a resolution of the institute in relation to the Institute of Cost and Works Accountants. Furthermore, a degree conferred by any university also is subject to an exemption from the rigour of the provisions of Section 7 of the Act.
22. There cannot, therefore, be any doubt whatsoever that “the other qualification” would mean a qualification other than granted by an institute of accountancy, subject of course to recognition thereof by the institute.
23. The question, however, which is required to be posed and answered inter alia is whether by reason of a notification, acquisition of a qualification itself can be prohibited. The Institute is constituted under a parliamentary Act. It is governed by the provisions thereof as also the rules and regulations framed thereunder. It being a statutory authority must confine its activities within the four corners of the statute. Section 7 of the Act debars a person from using a qualification; it does not prohibit him from acquiring a qualification. If, therefore, any member of the Institute intends to acquire a qualification, the same being an inherent and human right cannot be a subject-matter of prohibition until and unless there exists any statutory interdict therefor.
24. The explanatory statement appended to the notification does not state that the same had been issued for the purposes sought to be achieved by Section 7 of the Act. Even otherwise it is impermissible. What is a professional misconduct has been defined. The statutory authority, therefore, cannot transgress its authority that acquisition of a qualification by a member of the Institute shall itself constitute a misconduct. We have no doubt in our mind that the provision of Section 22 of the Act must be construed widely. It must take within its sweep the misconduct of a member of the Institute, which would disentitle him from pursuing a noble profession.
25. Our attention, in this behalf, has been drawn to two decisions of this Court in Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India v. B. Mukherjea AIR 1958 SC 72, 1958 SCR 371 and H.A.K Rao v. Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India AIR 1967 SC 1257. They were, however, rendered in different fact situation.
26. In B. Mukherjea AIR 1958 SC 72, 1958 SCR 371 the question which arose for consideration before this Court was as to whether a Chartered Accountant while acting in the capacity of a liquidator appointed by the High Court could refuse to furnish any information to this Court and, thus, committed a misconduct.
27. In H.A.K Rao AIR 1967 SC 1257 the question which arose was as to whether canvassing for the purpose of contesting an election to the post of an Institute is permissible in law.
28. We are herein concerned with the term “misconduct”. The word “misconduct” which in generic sense would mean, as held in Probodh Kumar Bhowmick v. University of Calcutta (1994) 2 Cal LJ 456 is as under: (Cal LJ p. 462, para 14)
“14. Misconduct, inter alia, envisages breach of discipline, although it would not be possible to lay down exhaustively as to what would constitute conduct and indiscipline, which, however, is wide enough to include wrongful omission or commission whether done or omitted to be done intentionally or unintentionally. It means, ‘improper behaviour; intentional wrongdoing or deliberate violation of a rule of standard or behaviour’:
‘Misconduct is a transgression of some established and definite rule of action, where no discretion is left except what necessity may demand; it is a violation of definite law, a forbidden act. It differs from carelessness. Misconduct even if it is an offence under the Penal Code is equally a misconduct.’ ”
(See also State of Punjab v. Ram Singh, Ex-Constable (1992) 4 SCC 54, (1992) 21 ATC 435, AIR 1992 SC 2188 and B.C Chaturvedi v. Union of India (1995) 6 SCC 749, (1996) 32 ATC 44.)
29. In ‘M’ an Advocate, Re AIR 1957 SC 149, 1957 Cri LJ 300, this Court dealt with professional misconduct in the following terms: (AIR p. 163, para 14)
“14. … As has been laid down by this Court in the matter of ‘G’, a Senior Advocate of the Supreme Court (A) (supra) the Court, in dealing with cases of professional misconduct is ‘not concerned with ordinary legal rights, but with the special and rigid rules of professional conduct expected of and applied to a specially privileged class of persons who, because of their privileged status, are subject to certain disabilities which do not attach to other men and which do not attach even to them in a non-professional character … he (a legal practitioner) is bound to conduct himself in a manner befitting the high and honourable profession to whose privileges he has so long been admitted; and if he departs from the high standards which that profession has set for itself and demands of him in professional matters, he is liable to disciplinary action’.”
30. Whether misconduct has been conducted or not would depend upon the statute in question and the nature of misconduct said to have been committed. A misconduct must be definite or precise but subject to its generic meaning in absence of any statutory definition. When a person is otherwise entitled to acquire any additional qualification, such qualification per se, in our opinion, cannot be termed to be a misconduct in its generic sense.
31. There is another aspect of the matter. A distinction must be drawn between a misconduct committed by an employee and a professional misconduct. In the case of the latter, the person in the profession precisely knows what is expected of him. It may not be possible to lay down all such misconducts but, in our opinion, it would be too much to contend that even an acquisition of an additional qualification would come within the purview thereof. Such a broad meaning in our opinion defies all norms.
32. In B.P Sharma v. Union of India (2003) 7 SCC 309 this Court held:
“14. The right which is guaranteed to all citizens under Article 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India is to practise any profession or to carry on any calling, trade or business. Clause (6) of Article 19, however, places a restriction that nothing would prevent the State from making any law imposing reasonable restrictions in exercise of the right in the interest of the general public. Sub-clauses (i) and (ii) further provide that professional and technical qualifications, as may be thought necessary for practising the profession, can always be prescribed and exclusion of carrying on of any calling, trade or business, etc. is also envisaged which is also carried on by a State or by a corporation owned and controlled by the State. Subject to the abovenoted restrictions the valuable right as provided under Article 19(1)(g) is available to all the citizens who are free to choose any trade, business, calling or profession, etc. It obviously, also includes the manner and terms in which they will carry on their profession, but again subject to reasonable restrictions which may be thought necessary by the State in the interest of the general public. On the other hand, once a citizen voluntarily chooses to join government service or any other service, he would obviously be free to do so but he would be bound by the terms and conditions of the service as may be provided under the law or by contract of service.”
33. Submission of Mr Ganesh that Section 7 should be read with Section 24-A of the Act, in our opinion, cannot be accepted. An institute may commit an offence for awarding a degree in respect of attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a member of institute. But answer to such a question must be rendered as and when the same is raised. It is not for us to proceed on the presumption that the appellant has committed an offence. It is also not possible to hold that the appellant has committed an offence. It is also not possible to hold that in the event such an offence has been committed, awarding of any degree in violation of Clause (ii) of sub-section (1) of Section 24-A of the Act would be a nullity. In any event, so long as awarding of any degree is not held to be illegal or a nullity, using the same as permitted in terms of Section 7 of the Act would not per se be illegal. If it is not per se held to be illegal, the concept of misconduct arising as a result thereof, in our opinion, would not arise. Reasonableness is the soul of law. A law is said to be the perfection of reason. Even otherwise, Section 24-A of the Act is a penal provision. It must receive a strict construction. What is, therefore, not contemplated is a misconduct under the Act, which in our opinion, cannot be termed to be a misconduct by reason of an administrative order. A statutory authority, as is well known, must not only act within the four corners of the statute, it also must act fairly and reasonably.
34. Our attention has been drawn to certain subsequent events. We do not think that we should go thereinto. It would be for the appropriate authority to take a decision on the basis of the said subsequent events. Submission of Mr Ganesh that the decision taken by Respondent 1 having been taken by an expert and, thus, the same does not deserve any interference at the hands of the court, in our opinion, is misconceived.
35. Interpretation of law is the job of the superior court. An opinion of an expert is not beyond the pale of judicial review. It would certainly not be so when the statutory authority transgresses its jurisdiction. A decision taken in excess of jurisdiction would render the same a nullity. (See Vasu Dev Singh v. Union of India (2006) 12 SCC 753, (2006) 11 Scale 108.)
36. In any event, similarity in the designation on the premise that three of the papers taught by the appellant Institute are also taught by Respondent 1 cannot be a ground to uphold the contention of Mr Ganesh.
37. If a notification issued under a statute is a law within the meaning of Article 13(3)(a) of the Constitution, the same is liable to be struck down if it is contrary to any of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the Constitution of India. [See Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) (P) Ltd. v. Union of India (1985) 1 SCC 641.] In our opinion the Notification dated 3-8-1989 issued by Respondent 1 violates Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution and is hereby quashed.
38. For the reasons aforementioned, the impugned judgment cannot be sustained which is set aside accordingly. The appeal is allowed. No costs.
Markandey Katju, J. (concurring)—I have perused the judgment of my learned Brother Hon'ble S.B Sinha, J. and am in respectful agreement with the same. However, I wish to add some of my own reasons.
40. In recent years, the country has witnessed phenomenal growth in the field of financial markets. The funds raised by the corporate sector from the capital market have increased exponentially, the number of stock exchanges have increased, the investor community has multiplied. The structural developments in the markets are the inclusion of institutional and corporate members, of stock exchanges, and formation of the regulatory authority “SEBI” to oversee the functioning of the capital market.
41. In recent decades the financial services industry has matured in our country. A large number of mutual funds have been set up by the banks, insurance companies and the corporate sectors, leasing and hire-purchasing companies have grown in size, content and operations. Credit rating services have been launched. Venture capital funds have been set up to meet the requirements of diversified industrial, research and entrepreneurial enterprises. Reliance on international capital markets has become an important source for financing many other developments as well in the country. This makes it all the more important for India to have effective management, controls and practices in line with those in the international financial markets.
42. In view of these developments corporate financial management and controls have become very sophisticated and, therefore, demand highly specialised skills for planning, decision-making and controls, consistent with the practices of the world's leading financial markets.
43. Obviously, to meet the growing professional requirements of the financial industry, it became essential to set up an institute for education and training of professionals in accordance with the norms, content, practices and standards of the leading international markets. It is in this context that at the request of the Indian financial industry, some eminent professionals with extensive background in Finance/RBI/UTI/Stock Exchanges, etc. promoted and helped establishing the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India (in short “ICFAI”) in active collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of USA.
44. This collaboration helped ICFAI in establishing educational standards in the field of financial analysis, training people, conducting examinations and awarding the qualification of “Chartered Financial Analyst” (hereinafter referred to as “CFA”) — an internationally acclaimed qualification in the field of financial management.
45. Similar institutions have been established by many other countries, including Europe, Japan, Australia, Singapore, etc. The profession of CFA is now internationally highly regarded and recognised as vital for modern and orderly development of financial markets. The response to the CFA programme in India has been enormous. This is confirmed by the large number of students who have been enrolled with the Institute. The students also include Chartered Accountants and professionals from other fields. The CFA programme does not give training to become Auditors or Accountants or Cost Accountants or Income Tax Law or Direct or Indirect Law Advisers, etc. These functions are performed and remain in the exclusive domain of Chartered Accountants (hereinafter referred to as “CA”), Cost Accountants, and lawyers (though it is true that the CFA course includes some study of accountancy).
46. The submission of learned counsel for Respondent 1, Mr Ganesh, is that the object of the impugned Notification dated 3-8-1989 is to avoid conflict of interest. In our opinion this submission suffers from a total misunderstanding of the functions of a CFA vis-à-vis a CA. The main function of the former is to study and analyse the financial markets and advise his clients accordingly, whereas the main function of a CA is to do auditing of a firm's (or company's) balance sheet and profit and loss account. These are two altogether different functions. Of course, if a person audits a firm's balance sheet and P&L Accounts, there may be a conflict of interest if he also advises the same firm about its investments. An auditor is a watchdog on behalf of the shareholders, whereas a financial adviser advises the management. Such a possible conflict of interest can no doubt be prohibited by law, and such prohibition would be reasonable and in the public interest.
47. However, the Notification dated 3-8-1989 goes far beyond such a reasonable restriction. It prohibits all CAs from joining a CFA course. A CA can do auditing work for one firm and can be a financial adviser for another, in which case there is no conflict of interest. It is only for the same firm (or company) that he should not do both work. Moreover, a CA can switch over and become exclusively a CFA.
48. Thus the Notification dated 3-8-1989 amounts to excessive restriction, and it is well settled that excessive restriction which is not required in the public interest is not reasonable and hence not saved by Article 19(6) vide Maneklal Chhotalal v. M.G Makwana AIR 1967 SC 1373 (para 46), Express Newspapers (P) Ltd. v. Union of India AIR 1958 SC 578 (para 168), etc.
49. In our opinion the contentions of the learned counsel for Respondent 1 are not tenable. By the Notification dated 3-8-1989 it was directed that Chartered Accountants shall be deemed to be guilty of “professional misconduct” if they become members of ICFAI. CAs had been directed to surrender their membership of ICFAI before 1-1-1990.
50. We find it strange that ICAI, renowned in its own field and with various statutory responsibilities, should go out of its way to stop its members i.e Chartered Accountants from enhancing their knowledge, training and ability by acquiring a “CFA” qualification. Instead of appreciating such aspirations of Chartered Accountants who seek to widen their know-how and horizons they are sought to be harassed and termed as being guilty of “professional misconduct”. Surely this cannot be regarded as reasonable.
51. We find it difficult to understand how does the term “professional misconduct” apply to a Chartered Accountant seeking additional training and qualification of CFA? In our opinion the impugned notification clearly and flagrantly violates the fundamental rights of the writ petitioners under Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India.
52. With respect to the court below it has obviously misunderstood the difference between the nature of functions of the Chartered Financial Analysts and the Chartered Accountants. Thousands of Chartered Accountants who have become students and/or have qualified as CFAs from the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India could not have done so if the CFA programme did not offer training and education that was not available in the CA programme. Their involvement in such large numbers is in itself the testament to the CFA qualification.
53. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed. The impugned judgment of the High Court is set aside and the Notification dated 3-8-1989 issued by Respondent 1 is quashed.