AMICUS AI
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Disposition
Judges
Acts
  • FC Act and EP Act
  • The Forest Conservation Act
  • Sections 18, 35 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
  • Section 5, Subsection 2 of the 1983 Income Tax Act
  • Section 23 of the Environment (Protection) Act
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Cites
Cited by
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Disposition
Judges
Acts
  • FC Act and EP Act
  • The Forest Conservation Act
  • Sections 18, 35 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972
  • Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
  • Section 5, Subsection 2 of the 1983 Income Tax Act
  • Section 23 of the Environment (Protection) Act
Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

Multiple interlocutory applications (IAs) and contempt petitions arising out of earlier orders in Writ Petition (C) No. 202 of 1995 and connected matters came before the Court. Of particular relevance is the earlier order dated 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337 which “prohibited and banned the mining activities in the entire Aravalli Hills.” Following that blanket ban, several parties—including the States of Rajasthan and Haryana, private mining concerns, and the Union of India—sought clarification or modification of the order. The Court also dealt with ancillary issues such as enforcement actions, arrests in an unrelated murder case, and directions to the Central Empowered Committee (CEC) to examine various environmental and forest-related matters.

In the present order the Court issues a series of directions, seeks further reports from the CEC, fixes timelines for replies, and considers whether and to what extent the original mining ban should continue or be relaxed.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the blanket prohibition on mining in the Aravalli Hills imposed by the order dated 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 should be modified so as to apply only to “illegal mines” or to specified geographic areas.
  2. Whether mining in forest areas is permissible when prior approval under Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (“FC Act”) or under delegated powers of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (“EP Act”) has been obtained.
  3. Whether mining activities granted permission after 29-11-1999 in Gurgaon District should be suspended pending review.
  4. How disputes over the applicability of the FC Act to particular tracts of land should affect ongoing or proposed mining operations.

Arguments of the Parties

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the parties' legal arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Order dated 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337 Total prohibition on mining in the entire Aravalli Hills Forms the baseline ban; Court considers applications seeking its modification and ultimately refines its scope, especially for Rajasthan and Haryana.
Order dated 14-2-2000 (2002) 10 SCC 634 in IA No. 548 Prohibits mining within notified sanctuaries and national parks irrespective of FC Act approvals Re-affirmed; Court makes clear that even if FC Act approval exists, mining is barred in such protected areas.
Writ Petition No. 4677 of 1985 Existing order affecting disputed applicability of the FC Act Court states that no mining will proceed in areas under FC Act dispute until the issue is resolved or approval obtained, “in addition to order already passed in Writ Petition No. 4677 of 1985.”

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

After hearing counsel for the states, private applicants, and the Union of India, and upon perusal of the CEC report dated 14-12-2002, the Court undertakes a calibrated approach:

  • Forest Areas with Prior Approval: Mining may continue only where specific prior approval under Section 2 of the FC Act has been granted, provided the land is not part of a notified sanctuary or national park, in line with the 14-2-2000 order.
  • Gurgaon District Freeze: Because mining permissions in parts of Gurgaon were issued under delegated EP Act powers after 29-11-1999 and are governed by a 7-5-1992 notification, the Court halts all such mining “for the time being” pending CEC suggestions.
  • Disputed FC Act Areas: Where applicability of the FC Act is contested, mining is suspended until the dispute is resolved or approval is secured.
  • Punjab Land Preservation Act Lands: Even if notification periods have expired, land recorded as “forest” under Sections 4 and 5 PLPA requires FC Act approval before mining can occur.
  • State-Specific Modifications: The original blanket ban is relaxed for Rajasthan insofar as mining on non-forest land or on land with requisite approvals may proceed; conversely, the relaxation does not extend to the Alampur area in Haryana.
  • Future Input: The Court calls upon the Attorney General, Solicitor General, and the CEC to provide further assistance and recommendations, reserving the right to revisit the matter after these are received.

Holding and Implications

HOLDING: The Court modifies the blanket mining ban of 29-10-2002/30-10-2002. Mining may proceed only under stringent conditions: prior FC Act or EP Act approvals, absence of sanctuary/national-park status, and no disputed compliance. Mining in Gurgaon District remains stayed pending CEC review, and the relaxation for Rajasthan expressly excludes the Alampur area.

IMPLICATIONS: Immediate effect is a calibrated resumption of certain mining activities while maintaining environmental safeguards. The decision imposes a compliance framework requiring statutory approvals and CEC oversight, but sets no new doctrinal precedent beyond refining an existing interim order.

    T.N Godavarman Thirumulpad (61) v. Union Of India And Others

    Order

    IA No. 827

    1. Let the Central Empowered Committee file its response to the affidavit dated 14-12-2002 filed on behalf of the Ministry of Environment and Forests within three weeks. List on 14-2-2003.

    IA No. 798

    2. Reply by the respondent be filed within four weeks. List on 14-2-2003.

    IA No. 745

    3. Mr A.D.N Rao, learned counsel states that out of twenty-three accused in the murder of Sanjay Singh, some of them have been arrested and for remaining proceedings are being taken for declaration of proclaimed offenders and efforts made to apprehend them. List on 14-2-2003.

    IAs Nos. 782 to 784, 793 to 795 and 813 to 815

    4. The applications are referred to the Central Empowered Committee which will respond thereto within six weeks. List on 14-2-2003.

    IA No. 785

    5. The application is referred to the Central Empowered Committee for its suggestions.

    IA No. 786

    6. Issue notice to the Ministry of Environment. Mr Rao will respond to the application. List the application on 14-2-2003.

    IA No. 799

    7. Union of India will respond.

    8. List the application on 14-2-2003.

    IA No. 804

    9. We direct the Chief Secretary of the State of Madhya Pradesh to file reply on or before 20-12-2002.

    IAs Nos. 805-12

    10. Referred to the Central Empowered Committee for its suggestions.

    Contempt Petition No. 479 of 2002 with IA No. 1 in WP No. 202 of 1995

    11. The copy of the application be served on to the amicus curiae.

    IA No. 836

    12. Mr Himanshu Shekhar, learned counsel accepts notice on behalf of Respondent 4 and Mr Rao, learned counsel accepts notice on behalf of Respondents 1-3.

    13. Counter-affidavit be filed within four weeks. Rejoinder-affidavit, if any, be filed in another two weeks.

    14. Till further order, the operation of the order dated 20-8-2002 shall remain stayed.

    15. The above order will apply to similar other areas in the National Park. It would be the responsibility of the State Government to ensure the compliance with the same.

    Contempt Petition No. 193 of 2001

    16. We request the Central Empowered Committee to give recommendations on the aspects which have been highlighted in the report filed by the Principal Chief Conservator of Forests, Tamil Nadu within four weeks.

    17. List the matter for hearing on 7-3-2003 at 2.00 p.m

    IAs Nos. 828, 833-35, 837-40 and 846-47

    18. One of the aforesaid applications has been filed by the State of Rajasthan seeking modification or clarification to the effect that the order dated 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337 would be applicable only to illegal mines in the Aravalli Hills. IA No. 840 has been filed by M/s Gurgaon Sohna Mineral and another seeking similar relief. Applications have also been filed by the State of Haryana and other parties.

    19. We have heard learned counsel. On 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337 this Court prohibited and banned the mining activities in the entire Aravalli Hills. This ban, it was directed, is not limited only to the hills encircling Kote and Alampur Villages but extends to the entire hill range of Aravalli from Haryana to Rajasthan. The Chief Secretaries, State of Haryana and State of Rajasthan were directed to ensure that no mining activity in the Aravalli Hills is carried out, especially in that part which has been regarded as forest area or protected under the Environment (Protection) Act.

    20. On consideration of the report of the Central Empowered Committee dated 14-12-2002, we issue the following further directions:

    (1) Mining may be permitted in forest areas where specific prior approval under Section 2 of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 has been accorded by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India. However, in view of this Court's order dated 14-2-2000 (2002) 10 SCC 634 passed in IA No. 548 no mining activity is permitted within areas which are notified as sanctuary, national park under Sections 18, 35 of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 or any sanctuary, national park or game reserve declared under any other Act or rules made thereunder even if prior approval have been obtained from MoEF under the FC Act in such an area.
    (2) Under Notification dated 29-11-1999 issued under Section 23 of the Environment (Protection) Act for certain districts including Gurgaon District in the State of Haryana, the Ministry has delegated power to grant approval for mining purposes to the State. The mining activities are being regulated under the Notification dated 7-5-1992 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (Annexure A-1 in IA No. 833). We direct that, for the time being, no mining shall be permitted within the areas of Gurgaon District in the State of Haryana where mining is regulated under the Notification dated 7-5-1992 issued under Section 3 of the Environment (Protection) Act, pursuant to permission granted after 29-11-1999.
    Meanwhile, the Central Empowered Committee which is examining the matter will give its suggestions within a period of six weeks. On the receipt of those suggestions, the prayers made by the applicants for modification of the order dated 29-10-2002/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337 insofar as Gurgaon District is concerned, will be considered.
    (3) No mining activity would be permitted in respect of areas where there is a dispute of applicability of the FC Act, till such time the dispute is resolved or approval under the FC Act is accorded, in addition to order already passed in Writ Petition No. 4677 of 1985.

    21. For the present, no mining will be permitted in the areas for which notification under Sections 4 and 5 of the Punjab Land Preservation Act, 1900 has been issued for regulating the breaking up of the land, etc. and such lands are or were recorded as “forest” in government records even if the notification period has expired, unless there is approval under the FC Act.

    22. Learned Attorney General and Solicitor General will assist the Court on the aforesaid aspects on the next date of hearing.

    23. In respect of Suggestions 7 and 8, the Union of India will respond on the next date of hearing.

    24. The order dated 29/30-10-2002 (2008) 16 SCC 337, prohibiting and banning the mining activity in Aravalli Hills from Haryana to Rajasthan is modified insofar as the State of Rajasthan is concerned to the following effect:

    Wherever requisite approval/sanctions in the said State have been obtained under the FC Act and EP Act, and the mining is not prohibited under the applicable Acts or notifications or orders of the Court, mining can continue and to such mining the order aforesaid will not apply.

    25. This order will be applicable to non-forest land covered for the period prior to the date of modification of the order dated 29-11-1999 in the State of Haryana.

    26. This variation will not apply to the area in Alampur District in the State of Haryana.

    27. List the matter on 7-2-2003 at 2 o'clock.

    WPs (C) Nos. 672 of 1998 and 603 of 2000

    28. Adjourned to 7-2-2003.

    Court Masters

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    Comments

    T.N Godavarman Thirumulpad (61) v. Union Of India And Others
    (Dec 16, 2002)