“From Pattern to Episode” – The Seventh Circuit’s Landmark Re-definition of Title IX Liability in Isabelle Arana v. Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin

1. Introduction

On 11 July 2025 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit radically expanded the circumstances in which federally funded educational institutions may be exposed to damages under Title IX. Reversing a summary judgment for the University of Wisconsin, the majority (Judge Jackson-Akiwumi, joined by Judge Rovner) held that:

a single, egregious episode of sexual assault can be “severe, pervasive and objectively offensive” for purposes of Title IX; and
a plaintiff need not prove that additional harassment occurred after the school had notice – it is enough that the school’s response left her “vulnerable” to further harm.

These holdings overturn earlier district-court practice in the circuit, depart from the Sixth and Eighth Circuits, and create an express inter-circuit split. Judge Kirsch dissented at length.

2. Summary of the Judgment

Student Isabelle Arana alleged that the University of Wisconsin was deliberately indifferent when, after expelling football star Quintez Cephus for sexually assaulting her, it hastily readmitted him following his criminal acquittal. The district court dismissed because (1) the assault was a single incident and therefore not “pervasive,” and (2) Arana ultimately graduated with a strong GPA.

Reversing, the Seventh Circuit ruled that:

One violent sexual assault may, by itself, satisfy the “severe, pervasive, and objectively offensive” prong;
Proof of post-notice harassment is not an essential element if the school’s response rendered the survivor “vulnerable” to future harassment;
There were triable disputes over whether the University’s readmission decision was “clearly unreasonable,” driven by donor and fan pressure, and enforced by an ineffectual no-contact order; and
Arana introduced evidence of concrete educational deprivation—avoidance of campus facilities, dropped courses, delayed graduation—even without a GPA decline.

The case was remanded for jury trial.

3. Detailed Analysis

3.1 Precedents Cited and Their Treatment

Davis v. Monroe Cnty. Bd. of Educ., 526 U.S. 629 (1999) – cornerstone for peer-harassment liability. The majority read Davis’s famous dictum disparaging “single-incident” liability as non-binding, aligning instead with the 1st and 4th Circuits (Fitzgerald; Fairfax Cty. Sch. Bd.), and rejecting the contrary 6th/8th Circuit line (Kollaritsch; K.T.). The dissent insisted Davis’s language was controlling.
Gebser v. Lago Vista I.S.D., 524 U.S. 274 (1998) – re-affirmed that Title IX reaches only the institution’s own conduct (“deliberate indifference”).
Johnson v. N.E. Sch. Corp., 972 F.3d 905 (7th Cir. 2020) & C.S. v. Madison M.S.D., 34 F.4th 536 (7th Cir. 2022) (en banc) – used by the dissent to argue schools can adopt intermediate measures (e.g., no-contact orders) without liability; the majority distinguished them on factual grounds (vigorous enforcement absent here).
Out-of-circuit authority – 1st, 4th, 5th, 10th, 11th Circuits cited by majority for “vulnerability” standard; 6th, 8th, 9th cited by dissent for “further-harassment” requirement.

3.2 The Court’s Legal Reasoning

a) Severe-Pervasive Standard

The majority reasoned that a violent sexual assault is inherently life-altering and can permeate the victim’s educational experience even if it happened once. Emphasising the purpose of Title IX—“broad sweep”—it treated the adjective “pervasive” as satisfied by the continuing impact of a single event, not the numeric frequency of misconduct.

b) “Subjecting” vs. “Making Vulnerable”

Relying on Davis’s phrase “or make them liable or vulnerable to it,” the majority held that deliberate indifference can be actionable even without subsequent assaults. It adopted the minority (1st/4th/10th/11th Circuits) view that exposure to an unreasonable risk suffices.

c) Deliberate Indifference

Although UW initially conducted a thorough investigation, the majority found evidence from which a jury could deem the Chancellor’s flash reconsideration “clearly unreasonable.” Key facts:

decision rendered in eight days under heavy donor/fan pressure, right before football season;
failure to obtain the criminal-trial transcript or consult the complainants about “new evidence”;
a prior documented violation of the no-contact directive and diminished enthusiasm for enforcement after readmission.

d) Educational Deprivation

The majority broadened measurable injury beyond GPA/absences, recognising that self-protective avoidance, dropped advanced courses and delayed graduation constitute loss of educational benefit.

3.3 Impact of the Judgment

Circuit Split Deepened. The Seventh Circuit now sides with the First/Fourth/Tenth/Eleventh in permitting single-incident, pre-notice claims and “vulnerability” theory, squarely at odds with the Sixth, Eighth and Ninth.
Increased Institutional Exposure. Universities within the Seventh Circuit (Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin) can face jury trials—and damages—after any egregious assault if a plaintiff shows the school’s follow-up response was “clearly unreasonable,” even absent subsequent misconduct.
Policy & Procedure Overhaul. Expect schools to:
- include complainant input in readmission/appeal phases;
- document rationale for disciplinary reversals;
- maintain demonstrable enforcement of protective measures.
Strategic Litigation. Plaintiffs’ counsel may re-file previously dismissed single-incident cases; defendants will press for Supreme Court clarification.
Potential Supreme Court Review. The sharp disagreement within and among circuits, highlighted by Judge Kirsch’s dissent, makes certiorari likely.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

Title IX – federal statute banning sex discrimination in education programmes receiving any federal funds.
Deliberate Indifference – not mere negligence; a response so unreasonable that the institution can fairly be said to have decided to permit the discrimination.
Severe, Pervasive, and Objectively Offensive – the Supreme Court’s test (from Davis) for actionable peer harassment; in plain English: bad enough, widespread/continuing enough, and offensive enough that it effectively shuts the victim out of school life.
No-Contact Order – an internal directive prohibiting any direct or indirect interaction; enforceable by school discipline, not police, unless violated in a way that breaks criminal law.
Pervasive via Impact – under this decision, an act can be “pervasive” because of its rippling educational impact, even if it occurred once.
Vulnerability Standard – liability attaches if the school’s conduct leaves a student exposed to further harm, whether or not the harm materialises.

5. Conclusion

Arana v. Board of Regents marks the most significant expansion of Title IX liability since Davis. By transforming “pervasive” to include single assaults and dispensing with the need for post-notice harassment, the Seventh Circuit aligns itself with the broader, prophylactic reading of Title IX. Educational institutions must now treat every egregious assault as potentially “systemic,” ensuring transparent, balanced, and fully documented responses—even during readmission appeals—to avoid a jury’s scrutiny. Whether the Supreme Court will restore uniformity, or whether Congress will clarify statutory expectations, remains to be seen; for now, “From Pattern to Episode” is the guiding mantra in the Seventh Circuit.