State v. Tate: Sufficiency Review Includes All Admitted Evidence, Even If Unpublished to the Jury

Introduction

In State v. Tate (Mo. banc Apr. 1, 2025), the Supreme Court of Missouri affirmed multiple convictions arising from a targeted shooting in a barbershop parking lot. After waiting in a Ford Edge, the defendant, Tate, fired 15 shots into a parked vehicle, killing one passenger (T.S.) and injuring two others (A.H. and M.E.). The State charged Tate with first-degree murder, two counts of first-degree assault, weapons offenses, and four counts of armed criminal action. A jury convicted Tate on all relevant counts, and the circuit court imposed a life-without-parole sentence plus consecutive armed criminal action terms.

The appeal presented two clusters of issues: (1) whether the evidence was sufficient to support class A first-degree assault convictions—specifically whether A.H. and M.E. suffered “serious physical injury” via “protracted loss or impairment” of bodily function; and (2) whether unpreserved claims about closing argument and alleged hearsay required plain-error relief.

Beyond the case-specific sufficiency analysis, the decision announces a significant appellate rule: for sufficiency review, Missouri courts must consider evidence admitted at trial without limitation even if it was not “published” (shown or read) to the jury. The Court disapproved contrary court-of-appeals precedent.

Summary of the Opinion

Sufficiency—serious physical injury: The Court held the evidence supported findings that both A.H. and M.E. suffered “serious physical injury” because their gunshot wounds caused protracted impairment of function (A.H.’s ambulatory impairment requiring brace/crutches; M.E.’s hand immobilization via splint and impairment related to knee injury).
Sufficiency—scope of “record evidence”: The Court held that medical records admitted in full without limitation became part of the “record evidence” for Jackson v. Virginia sufficiency review even though only one page from each record was published to the jury. To the extent State v. Hogan, State v. Castilleja, and State v. Cryderman held otherwise, “those cases should no longer be followed.”
Plain error—closing argument: Even assuming the prosecutor’s “only if you find him not guilty” description of lesser-included consideration resembled an impermissible acquittal-first argument under State v. Johnson, Tate failed to show manifest injustice because his defense was misidentification and the jury received correct instructions.
Plain error—detective testimony: The Court found no manifest injustice from the detective’s statements about how investigating the cousin implicated Tate; the record contained substantial independent evidence linking Tate to the shooting and weapon.

Analysis

Precedents Cited

1) Appellate sufficiency framework

The Court grounded its review in modern Missouri sufficiency principles:

State v. Boyd — reiterates the governing question: whether sufficient evidence permits a reasonable juror to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, while deferring to the factfinder.
State v. Minor — emphasizes viewing evidence and reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the verdict and ignoring contrary evidence and inferences; also supports the presumption jurors follow instructions.
State v. Nowicki — supplies the limiting principle: courts cannot supply missing evidence or indulge speculative or forced inferences.
Jackson v. Virginia and Musacchio v. United States — the Court used these federal authorities to articulate sufficiency review as a threshold inquiry into whether the proof was strong enough to go to the jury at all and whether any rational trier of fact could find the elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Jackson-Bey and State v. Shaw — the parties disputed wording (“adduced” vs. “presented”), and the Court used these cases to clarify that the substantive inquiry is about evidence admitted at trial.

2) “Serious physical injury” and “protracted loss or impairment”

The statutory definition of “serious physical injury” (section 556.061(28)) includes impairment causing “protracted loss or impairment of the function of any part of the body.” The Court drew heavily on Missouri court-of-appeals decisions applying that concept:

State v. Hall — provides a working definition of “protracted loss or impairment” as more than momentary, short of permanent, and evaluated case-by-case; also rejects a minimum-trauma threshold so long as impairment lasts beyond a brief duration.
State v. Ross — a drive-by shooting case holding that inability to walk without crutches for a week and multiple follow-up appointments sufficed to show protracted impairment of leg function.
State v. Baker — draws a key boundary: pain alone, without functional effect, is not “serious physical injury”; but movement-related stiffness affecting function may qualify.
State v. Bruce — supports the proposition that immobilization and tendon/nerve injury in a hand can constitute serious physical injury due to impaired function over time.

3) Evidence admitted but not “published” to the jury

The Court’s most doctrinally significant move was to resolve whether, in sufficiency review, an appellate court may consider evidence admitted at trial without limitation but not published to the jury. The Court answered yes and expressly rejected contrary intermediate authority:

State v. Taylor — used to distinguish limited-purpose evidence; if evidence is admitted with a limiting instruction, it can only be used for that purpose. Here, the hospital records were admitted with “no limitation placed on their use.”
State v. Hogan, State v. Castilleja, and State v. Cryderman — identified as court-of-appeals cases suggesting unpublished admitted evidence cannot be used for sufficiency analysis. The Supreme Court stated such cases “should no longer be followed,” effectively overruling them to that extent.

4) Plain error and unpreserved claims

For the unpreserved claims, the Court applied Missouri’s strict plain-error discipline:

Rule 30.20 — plain-error review is discretionary and requires a showing of manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice.
State v. Baxter — places the burden on the defendant to show manifest injustice.
State v. Wood — even if argument is improper, reversal requires showing it had a decisive effect on the verdict.
State v. Johnson — supplies the doctrinal label “impermissible acquittal-first argument” and explains the problem: a jury can reach a lesser-included offense not only by unanimous acquittal on the greater offense, but also by failure to unanimously agree on guilt for the greater offense.
State v. Perry and State v. Tisius — invoked to underscore that failure to object often reflects strategy, making sua sponte intervention less appropriate.

Legal Reasoning

1) Why the assault evidence was sufficient

The Court analyzed the “serious physical injury” element for class A first-degree assault under section 565.050.1 and .2 by focusing on the third statutory category: “protracted loss or impairment” under section 556.061(28).

For A.H., the Court pointed to contemporaneous video showing abnormal gait and weight-shifting immediately after the shooting, plus medical treatment (bandaging, bullet left in leg, brace, crutches). Drawing on State v. Ross, the Court treated the need for ambulation aids as strong evidence of diminished leg function that is more than momentary.

For M.E., the Court relied on the gunshot wound above the knee (pain on range-of-motion testing, sutures, retained fragments) and especially the hand injury involving exposed tendons and immobilization via splint with fingers fully extended. Under State v. Bruce, immobilization and tendon-related impairment plausibly show protracted impairment of hand function.

2) The new clarification: “admitted” evidence counts for sufficiency, regardless of publication

Tate attempted to narrow sufficiency review to what was actually displayed to jurors (the State published only one page of each voluminous hospital record). The Court rejected this framing by returning to first principles in Jackson v. Virginia and Musacchio v. United States: sufficiency asks whether “record evidence” could permit a rational factfinder to convict.

The Court then drew an evidentiary line that matters in practice:

Once evidence is offered and admitted “without limitation,” it becomes part of the case record and is available for sufficiency analysis.
The verbs “presented” and “adduced” in earlier Missouri sufficiency formulations do not impose a publication requirement; they refer to what was admitted into evidence at trial.
Where evidence is admitted for a limited purpose (State v. Taylor), sufficiency analysis must respect that limitation. But absent such limitation, the entire exhibit counts.

The Court’s express instruction that State v. Hogan, State v. Castilleja, and State v. Cryderman “should no longer be followed” removes a line of authority that had incentivized appellate disputes over what the jury physically saw versus what the court admitted.

3) Plain-error claims: why no manifest injustice

On closing argument, even accepting that the prosecutor’s “only if” language tracks the concern described in State v. Johnson, the Court found no manifest injustice because Tate’s theory was mistaken identity rather than a gradation dispute over mental state or degree. In other words, the jury’s central task was “who did it,” not “which degree fits.” The Court also emphasized that correct jury instructions were given and presumed followed (State v. Minor).

On the detective’s testimony, the Court treated any alleged hearsay/ultimate-issue problem as non-decisive given the independent evidence: surveillance, distinctive clothing and hand marking, flight during traffic stop, recovery of the gun in a backpack, ballistic confirmation, and social media posts. Under State v. Baxter and State v. Wood, Tate did not carry the burden to show decisive effect or manifest injustice.

Impact

1) Appellate review: “record evidence” now clearly includes all admitted, unlimited exhibits

The decision’s most durable effect is procedural and systemic: sufficiency review in Missouri now squarely encompasses evidence admitted into the record without limitation, even if the parties did not publish it to the jury during trial presentation. This reduces incentives to litigate sufficiency based on “publication” and shifts attention back to core evidentiary admission and limiting-instruction practice.

2) Trial practice consequences

Defense counsel: If an exhibit (especially voluminous records) contains harmful material, the key moment is admission. Failure to object or request limitation may allow the entire exhibit to support sufficiency on appeal even if the jury never saw most pages.
Prosecutors: The State may rely on properly admitted records to satisfy elements without the additional risk that non-publication will undermine sufficiency on appeal—though prudence still favors clear publication to the jury to reduce factfinding uncertainty and avoid other claims (e.g., instructional or argument issues).
Trial judges: The importance of ruling on scope and limitations at admission is heightened; where a limitation is appropriate, State v. Taylor becomes the governing constraint.

3) Plain-error discipline reaffirmed

The decision reinforces that even recognized doctrinal problems (like acquittal-first phrasing discussed in State v. Johnson) will not yield relief absent a concrete, outcome-linked showing of manifest injustice under Rule 30.20. It also signals continued skepticism toward sua sponte interventions in closing argument where silence may reflect strategy (State v. Perry; State v. Tisius).

Complex Concepts Simplified

“Sufficiency of the evidence”: An appellate test asking whether the proof in the trial record, viewed most favorably to the verdict, could allow any rational juror to find every element beyond a reasonable doubt (Jackson v. Virginia). It is not a re-trial and does not reweigh credibility.
“Serious physical injury” (protracted impairment): Under section 556.061(28), an injury can qualify if it causes a body part to work worse for more than a brief period—even if not permanent. The question is functional: did the injury diminish how the body part works (walking, grasping), not merely cause pain (State v. Hall; State v. Baker).
“Published” vs. “admitted” evidence: “Admitted” means the judge accepted it as evidence in the case record; “published” means it was shown or read to jurors. This opinion holds that for sufficiency review, what matters is admission without limitation—because it is part of the record evidence the jury could consider.
“Acquittal-first” argument: A statement suggesting jurors may consider a lesser offense only after unanimously finding “not guilty” of the greater. Missouri law allows jurors to move to lesser options if they cannot unanimously agree the defendant is guilty of the greater, so “only if you find not guilty” can be misleading (State v. Johnson).
“Plain error”: A narrow safety valve for unpreserved mistakes. The defendant must show the error created manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice; discretionary review is not a substitute for contemporaneous objections (Rule 30.20; State v. Baxter).

Conclusion

State v. Tate both affirms serious-injury assault convictions under a functional impairment theory and—more importantly— clarifies Missouri sufficiency doctrine: appellate courts may consider all evidence admitted at trial without limitation, even if it was not published to the jury, and contrary court-of-appeals cases (State v. Hogan, State v. Castilleja, and State v. Cryderman) should no longer be followed. The opinion simultaneously reinforces the demanding nature of Rule 30.20 plain-error relief, especially where the defense theory does not hinge on the complained-of gradation or where independent evidence strongly supports the verdict.