No-Inducement Standard for North Carolina Referral-Sales Claims
Jackson v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. (N.C. 2025)

I. Introduction

Jackson v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. is the North Carolina Supreme Court’s latest—and most consequential—decision interpreting the State’s little-litigated “referral-sales” provision, N.C.G.S. § 25A-37. The plaintiff, George Jackson, purchased a RainSoft water-treatment system through Carolina Water Systems (an authorized Home Depot provider) and later mounted a putative class action claiming the defendants’ referral incentive violated § 25A-37. The trial court certified a multistate class; defendants appealed directly to the Supreme Court under N.C.G.S. § 7A-27(a)(4).

The case presented two pivotal issues:

1. Does § 25A-37 require a buyer to prove that the unlawful referral program induced the purchase?
2. Can the same class encompass North Carolina purchasers (governed by § 25A-37) and South Carolina purchasers (governed by S.C. Code § 37-2-411, which does contain an inducement element)?

Answering “no” to the first and “no” to the second, the Court set a new precedent: inducement is not an element of a North Carolina referral-sales claim. Yet, because South Carolina claims do require inducement, the class as certified failed the predominance test and the certification order was vacated and remanded.

II. Summary of the Judgment

• The Court unanimously vacated the class-certification order.
• A majority (per Dietz, J.) held that:
  • § 25A-37’s plain language voids any sale made while an illegal referral promotion is in effect—whether or not the promotion influenced the buyer.
  • Because South Carolina’s parallel statute expressly requires inducement, including South Carolina purchasers would swamp common issues with individualized ones, defeating class predominance.
• The case was remanded for:
  • re-assessment of the class definition (potentially limiting it to N.C. residents),
  • evaluation of whether the mandatory “tender” remedy and the UDTPA claim are manageable on a class basis, and
  • ultimate reconsideration of superiority.
• Newby, C.J., concurred in part and dissented, arguing that past Court of Appeals authority (Chapel Hill Spa v. Goodman, 1988) and legislative acquiescence do embed an inducement element in § 25A-37.

III. Analysis

A. Precedents Cited & Their Influence

1. Surgeon v. TKO Shelby, LLC, 385 N.C. 772 (2024) – Restated the multipart test for class certification and the abuse-of-discretion appellate standard. Jackson relies heavily on these guideposts when analysing predominance and superiority.
2. Beroth Oil Co. v. N.C. Dep’t of Transportation, 367 N.C. 333 (2014) – The Court again quotes Beroth’s warning that individualized, fact-intensive issues can cause a class action to “degenerate into a series of mini-trials.” Beroth supplies the doctrinal backbone for striking the multistate class.
3. Chapel Hill Spa Health Club, Inc. v. Goodman, 90 N.C. App. 198 (1988) – Prior Court of Appeals case that had assumed inducement was required. The majority distinguishes rather than overrules Goodman; the concurrence/dissent would follow it.
4. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc. v. Jackson, 587 U.S. 435 (2019) – The U.S. Supreme Court decision that returned the litigation to state court, showing the case’s procedural odyssey.
5. Wynn v. Frederick, Sturdivant v. DPS, Dickson v. Rucho, State v. McLymore – All employed for canon-of-construction principles: plain-language primacy, absurd-result exception, and respect for legislative word choice.

B. Legal Reasoning

1. Statutory Construction of § 25A-37
   The Court parsed the statute into two clauses: (1) conduct proscribed, and (2) remedies. The unlawful conduct is an “advertisement” or “actual sale” that offers any consideration contingent on referrals. The remedy clause voids “any obligation of a buyer … under such a sale.” The majority found no textual trace of inducement, noting that other states added inducement expressly (e.g., SC, TN). By negative implication the omission is deemed intentional.
2. Predominance & Multistate Conflict
   Because South Carolina requires inducement, each SC claimant would need a buyer-specific mini-trial, eviscerating predominance. Also, choice-of-law and extraterritoriality principles make North Carolina’s statute an awkward fit for sales consummated in South Carolina homes.
3. Ancillary Remand Guidance
   (a) The statutory refund remedy requires physical tender of the goods; whether that can be proven en masse is doubtful.
   (b) Unfair-and-Deceptive-Trade-Practices claims (UDTPA) still require proof of actual injury and proximate cause—again threatening predominance.
   (c) The trial court must revisit “superiority” after the class is possibly pared down or converted to individual actions.

C. Likely Impact

• Substantive Law – Jackson establishes for the first time that § 25A-37 creates a strict-liability consumer-protection regime: purchasers need show only that an illegal referral program existed during their purchase. Businesses using “bring-a-friend” rebates are now exposed to rescission and refund claims even by buyers who never heard of the incentive.
• Class-Action Practice – The decision tightens North Carolina’s predominance analysis where multistate subclasses invoke materially different laws. Plaintiffs’ counsel will likely cabin future classes to North Carolina residents or craft separate subclasses upfront.
• Legislative Response – The Court invites legislative correction if the strict-liability reading is unintended. In light of Chief Justice Newby’s dissent and business outcry, the General Assembly may amend § 25A-37 to re-insert an inducement element.
• Referral-Marketing Industry – Any seller operating in North Carolina must reevaluate customer referral or rebate schemes; even passive, undisclosed incentives can void contracts.

IV. Complex Concepts Simplified

• Referral Sale: A transaction where the seller promises the buyer a discount or payment if the buyer provides future customer leads.
• Inducement: A causal link—the illegal incentive drove (or helped drive) the consumer’s decision to purchase.
• Predominance (class actions): Common questions must outweigh individual ones; if each class member needs a mini-trial, certification fails.
• Tender (in § 25A-37): Returning the purchased goods to the seller as a pre-condition to a refund.
• Legislative Acquiescence: When the legislature leaves a judicial interpretation untouched for years, courts presume agreement with that interpretation.
• Extraterritoriality Principle: A state’s statutes generally apply only to conduct occurring within its borders.

V. Conclusion

Jackson v. Home Depot resets the landscape for referral-marketing disputes in North Carolina. The Supreme Court swept aside a 37-year-old intermediate-court inference and held that inducement is not required under § 25A-37, effectively imposing strict liability on sellers who dangle referral incentives. Simultaneously, the Court reminded trial judges to scrutinize multistate classes where divergent state laws might swamp common issues. On remand, the class definition, remedies, and UDTPA theories all hang in the balance. Whether the legislature will tolerate—or trim—this new no-inducement standard remains to be seen, but for now, Jackson stands as the authoritative interpretation of North Carolina’s referral-sales statute and a cautionary tale for marketers across the State.