High Watch Recovery Center Rule: Competitors Lack Standing to Appeal Connecticut Certificate-of-Need Approvals

Introduction

On 5 August 2025 the Supreme Court of Connecticut delivered its opinion in High Watch Recovery Center, Inc. v. Department of Public Health et al., 352 Conn. 697 (2025). The judgment resolves a long-running administrative dispute between two substance-abuse treatment providers—High Watch Recovery Center (the plaintiff) and Birch Hill Recovery Center (the applicant for a new facility)—with the Department of Public Health (DPH) as the regulator.

The central question was standing: did High Watch, as an existing facility and as an intervenor in the administrative hearings, have the right to appeal DPH’s decision approving Birch Hill’s certificate of need (CON) application, which was reached through a post-hearing settlement? The trial court dismissed the plaintiff’s appeal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction; the Supreme Court has now affirmed, setting a precedent that market competitors are neither statutorily nor classically “aggrieved” under General Statutes §19a-639 and therefore may not contest CON approvals merely because of increased competition or claimed procedural unfairness.

Summary of the Judgment

The Court (D’Auria, J.) unanimously held:

High Watch was not statutorily aggrieved because §19a-639(a) does not place existing health-care providers within the statute’s “zone of interests.” The statute focuses on statewide health-care need, not financial protection of competitors.
High Watch was not classically aggrieved; mere intervenor status and allegations of secret settlement negotiations do not create a “specific, personal and legal interest” sufficient for standing.
Accordingly, the Superior Court lacked jurisdiction and properly dismissed the administrative appeal.

Analysis

1. Precedents Cited

Light Rigging Co. v. DPUC, 219 Conn. 168 (1991) – held that existing motor-carrier certificate holders had standing because §16-286 expressly required the agency to consider “the effect upon existing carriers.” High Watch relied on this decision; the Court distinguished it because §19a-639 lacks parallel wording.
New England Rehabilitation Hosp. v. CHHC, 226 Conn. 105 (1993) – denied competitor standing where the governing statute referenced public need but not impact on existing facilities. Used here as persuasive authority that public-need language alone is insufficient.
United Cable Television Services Corp. v. DPUC, 235 Conn. 334 (1995) – similar result in cable-franchise context; public -interest focus of statute meant no competitor standing.
Med-Trans of Connecticut, Inc. v. DPHA, 242 Conn. 152 (1997) – competitor ambulance service, already licensed, lacked aggrievement to challenge a rival’s new license; cited to show that even existing license holders are not automatically aggrieved.
Administrative-law principles on aggrievement: Lewis v. P&Z Commission, 275 Conn. 383 (2005); Mayer v. Historic District Commission, 325 Conn. 765 (2017); and others clarified the classical/statutory distinction.

2. Legal Reasoning

The Court’s reasoning unfolds in two layers:

a) Statutory Aggrievement and Zone-of-Interests Test

Under Conn. Gen. Stat. §4-183(a) (UAPA) a “person aggrieved by a final decision” may appeal. The Court read §19a-639(a) to ascertain whether legislative intent encompassed competitor interests:

The statute directs DPH to weigh factors such as statewide health-care plans, clear public need, financial strength of the health-care system in the state, access for Medicaid/uninsured patients, duplication of services, etc.
No clause parallels the explicit “effect on existing facilities” language of §16-286. Accordingly, competitor financial interests fall outside the protected zone.
The Court reaffirmed the common-law rule that “competition itself is not an injury” for standing purposes absent express legislative protection.

b) Classical Aggrievement

To be classically aggrieved, a litigant must show (1) a specific, personal, legally protected interest, and (2) a special injury to that interest.

High Watch’s claimed interests were general (loss of market share, alleged unfair process) rather than personal legal rights.
Intervenor status in the administrative hearing confers participation rights, not an automatic right to judicial review.
The “secret settlement” allegations did not amount to denial of due process: the Uniform Administrative Procedure Act expressly allows contested cases to be resolved “by stipulation, agreed settlement, or consent order,” Conn. Gen. Stat. §4-177(c).

3. Potential Impact

Barrier to Competitor Appeals: Existing providers in Connecticut will rarely have standing to challenge a rival’s CON or other license unless the legislature amends the relevant statute to include explicit competitor-protection language.
Regulatory Predictability: DPH and applicants gain certainty that once a CON is issued, competitor litigation risk is minimal, encouraging investment and streamlined approvals.
Policy Considerations: The decision may prompt legislative review—similar to land-use reforms cited by the Court (§8-8(n))—if lawmakers wish to create participatory or appeal rights for existing providers.
Administrative Settlements: Agencies can negotiate settlements without fear that non-party intervenors can undo them, provided due-process basics at the hearing stage are met.
Broader Standing Doctrine: Reinforces Connecticut’s adherence to a strict, two-tiered aggrievement analysis; could be cited in non-health-care contexts wherever competitor challenges arise.

Complex Concepts Simplified

Certificate of Need (CON) – A regulatory mechanism, common in many states, requiring state approval before certain health- care facilities may expand, relocate, or initiate new services.
Aggrievement – Connecticut’s term for standing in administrative appeals. It comes in two forms: statutory (created by specific legislation) and classical (judicially developed, requiring personal legal interest plus special injury).
Zone-of-Interests Test – A way to decide whether the plaintiff’s asserted interest is the type the legislature intended to protect; borrowed conceptually from federal administrative law & tort duty analysis.
Intervenor – A person or entity allowed to participate in an agency hearing with rights to present evidence and cross-examine, but not necessarily entitled to appeal.
Settlement Agreement in Administrative Law – Agencies may dispose of contested cases through negotiated agreements; unlike court settlements, these do not always require notice to all intervenors unless the governing statute so mandates.
Sovereign Immunity – The state’s default protection from being sued; statutory appeal provisions (e.g., §4-183) are construed narrowly because they act as waivers of that immunity.

Conclusion

High Watch Recovery Center establishes a clear doctrinal line: absent explicit legislative language, Connecticut courts will not recognize competitive harm as a basis for standing in administrative appeals of certificate-of-need decisions. Intervenor participation does not overcome this barrier, and agencies may settle contested cases without offering opponents a subsequent forum in the courts. The ruling brings Connecticut in line with a majority trend toward limiting competitor challenges, enhances regulatory certainty, and underscores the legislature’s role in defining the boundaries of judicial review.

Practitioners representing health-care entities in Connecticut should now focus less on litigation strategies based on competitive standing and more on active participation during the administrative process itself—or on pursuing legislative change where broader appellate rights are desired.