Introduction

In State v. Romey, No. 127,299 (Kan. Dec. 5, 2025), the Kansas Supreme Court addressed a brutal matricide, a cluster of disputed jury instructions, evidentiary limits on a voluntary-intoxication defense, and significant sentencing issues involving criminal-history scoring and jail credit. The court affirmed Kyle Romey’s conviction for first-degree premeditated murder but vacated his sentence and remanded for resentencing because of errors in calculating his criminal history.

The decision is doctrinally important in at least four respects:

• It formalizes a mandatory rule that whenever a trial court gives a Bernhardt instruction on premeditation, it must also give the Stanley instruction clarifying premeditation’s cognitive component.
• It tightens the application of the cumulative-error doctrine by excluding unpreserved instructional issues that are not “clearly erroneous” from the cumulative-error calculus.
• It refines the law on criminal-history scoring by:
  • reaffirming that prior convictions under statutes later held unconstitutional cannot be used for criminal-history purposes; and
  • holding that Louisiana’s protective-order violation statute, La. Stat. Ann. § 14:79, is not “comparable” to K.S.A. 21-5924 under the Wetrich identical-or-narrower-elements test.
• It underscores the court’s reluctance to consider issues first raised in supplemental briefing, even when those issues concern jail-credit errors, while leaving room for correction on remand.

The case thus sits at the intersection of Kansas homicide doctrine, criminal procedure, and sentencing law, and also exposes an intra-court disagreement over the court’s willingness to exercise its inherent power to correct unpreserved sentencing errors.

Summary of the Opinion

A. Facts and Trial

In October 2021, Romey’s sister drove him to the trailer he shared with their mother after he cryptically told her he had “hurt Mama . . . bad” and expected to go to prison. His hand appeared swollen as if from punching. Inside the trailer, his mother lay dead amid blood and broken furniture, with extensive blunt-force injuries, including two skull fractures, numerous rib fractures, and a fractured elbow. Two blood-stained items – a hammer and an orange knife with a glass breaker – were recovered and tied by DNA to Romey and his mother.

Romey claimed a blackout, professed lack of memory, and later invoked his right to remain silent when arrested. Evidence at trial showed that after the killing and before his arrest, he smoked methamphetamine and drank “bong water” heavily laden with meth.

The district court:

• excluded bodycam-style footage of Romey’s post-arrest erratic behavior and a lab report showing methamphetamine in his blood later that day;
• instructed the jury on first-degree premeditated murder and lesser included offenses (second-degree intentional and reckless murder; involuntary manslaughter);
• gave the standard PIK premeditation instruction plus a Bernhardt instruction; and
• refused to instruct on voluntary manslaughter (sudden quarrel/heat of passion).

The jury convicted Romey of first-degree premeditated murder. Based on a criminal-history score of A, the court imposed a life sentence with no parole eligibility for 653 months (over 54 years), rather than the “hard 50,” and awarded 645 days of jail credit.

B. Issues on Appeal

Romey raised three groups of issues:

1. Conviction-related:
   • insufficient evidence of premeditation;
   • violation of his right to present a voluntary-intoxication defense by excluding the video and lab report;
   • instructional error:
     • using a Bernhardt premeditation instruction without a Stanley instruction; and
     • refusing to instruct on heat-of-passion/sudden-quarrel voluntary manslaughter;
   • cumulative error.
2. Sentencing-related:
   • miscalculation of criminal history (over-counting person felonies, including Kansas criminal-threat convictions and a Louisiana protective-order violation);
   • insufficient jail credit under the interpretation of K.S.A. 21-6615 in State v. Ervin, 320 Kan. 287, 566 P.3d 481 (2025).

C. Holdings

• Premeditation: The evidence was sufficient. The extended, violent assault and apparent shift from fists to weapons (or vice versa) permitted a rational jury to infer both temporal and cognitive premeditation.
• Excluded intoxication evidence: The post-arrest video and blood-test results were not probative of Romey’s intoxication at the time of the killing, given the several-hour gap and his intervening meth use; excluding them did not violate his right to present a defense.
• Premeditation instructions:
  • The court erred in giving a Bernhardt instruction without an accompanying Stanley instruction; Stanley is mandatory when Bernhardt is used.
  • However, because Romey did not request the Stanley instruction, the omission is reviewed for “clear error” and is not reversible; the court is not firmly convinced the verdict would have been different.
• Voluntary manslaughter instruction: Factually inappropriate. There was no evidence of “legally sufficient provocation” by the victim; disorder and injuries showed a struggle, not provocation.
• Cumulative error: Inapplicable. Unpreserved instructional errors that are not clearly erroneous cannot be aggregated under the cumulative-error doctrine due to K.S.A. 22-3414(3).
• Criminal history:
  • Romey’s prior Kansas criminal-threat convictions could not be used for scoring because they arose under a statute later held partially unconstitutional in State v. Boettger, 310 Kan. 800, 450 P.3d 805 (2019), and K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(9) bars such use.
  • His Louisiana misdemeanor conviction for violating a protective order (La. Stat. Ann. § 14:79) is not comparable to K.S.A. 21-5924 under the Wetrich identical-or-narrower standard, and therefore cannot be aggregated into a person felony under K.S.A. 21-6811(a).
  • Without those convictions, Romey’s criminal-history score is B, not A. The sentence is illegal and must be vacated; the case is remanded for resentencing.
• Jail credit: The court declines to reach the merits because the issue was raised for the first time in supplemental briefing, after argument, and Ervin did not constitute a “change in law” unknown to Romey earlier. However, because the entire sentence is vacated, the district court on remand may and must recalculate jail credit under current controlling law.

Justice Stegall concurred, agreeing that the court has inherent discretion to reach unpreserved issues but supporting the majority’s choice not to exercise that discretion here. Justice Standridge, joined by Justice Rosen, dissented as to jail credit, arguing that Ervin materially changed the law, that miscalculated jail credit renders a sentence illegal, and that the court should correct the error now rather than rely on remand.

Analysis

I. Premeditation Doctrine and Sufficiency of the Evidence

A. The Two-Component Model of Premeditation

Building on State v. Stanley, 312 Kan. 557, 478 P.3d 324 (2020), and State v. Coleman, 318 Kan. 296, 543 P.3d 61 (2024), the court reiterates that “premeditation” has two distinct components:

• Temporal component: The intent to kill must arise before the act causing death; it cannot be simultaneous with the final lethal act.
• Cognitive component: The defendant must actually engage in some “thoughtful, conscious reflection and pondering,” beyond mere impulse, sufficient to allow a change of mind before the final act of killing.

The court quotes and adopts the Stanley formulation as a general statement of law (and later mandates it as an instruction when Bernhardt is used):

Premeditation requires more than mere impulse, aim, purpose, or objective. It requires a period, however brief, of thoughtful, conscious reflection and pondering—done before the final act of killing—that is sufficient to allow the actor to change his or her mind and abandon his or her previous impulsive intentions.

B. Moving Beyond the “Five Factors” – The Dotson Clarification

Traditionally, Kansas courts have recited five circumstantial “factors” that may support an inference of premeditation:

1. Nature of the weapon used;
2. Lack of provocation;
3. Defendant’s conduct before and after the killing;
4. Prior threats or declarations by the defendant; and
5. Infliction of lethal blows after the victim was rendered helpless.

Relying on State v. Dotson, 319 Kan. 32, 551 P.3d 1272 (2024), the court expressly warns against mechanical use of these factors. They are illustrative, not mandatory elements. The reviewing court’s task is instead:

[T]o determine whether a rational juror could have found beyond a reasonable doubt that the case-specific circumstances, viewed in a light most favorable to the State, established the temporal and cognitive components of premeditation.

This emphasis encourages litigants and trial courts to frame premeditation in terms of time and cognition, not checklists of indicia.

C. Application to Romey: Extended Assault and Change of Methods

The court acknowledges that this is not a classic “strong premeditation” case – there was no direct evidence of advance planning, no identified motive, and no prior threats. Nonetheless, the circumstantial evidence supports both components:

• Temporal component: The mother’s widespread injuries (from head to legs), multiple fractures, and the bloody, disordered scene permit a reasonable inference of an extended assault. That period gave Romey time, at least briefly, to think before delivering lethal blows.
• Cognitive component: The evidence suggests a shift in methods of attack:
  • Romey’s visibly swollen hand and abrasions indicate punching.
  • The hammer and knife, bearing blood and relevant DNA, coupled with the medical examiner’s testimony that one skull fracture was consistent with a weapon, support an inference that at least one weapon was used.
  Switching from fists to a weapon (or vice versa) requires a pause, selection of a different means, and a decision to continue. The court treats that transition as circumstantial evidence of the requisite cognitive reflection, not merely an opportunity to reflect.

The court carefully distinguishes opportunity to reflect (temporal component) from actual reflection (cognitive component), explicitly rejecting any suggestion that “time to have thought the matter over” alone constitutes premeditation – an error noted in Coleman.

This is significant: the court signals that in extended, multi-method assaults, a jury may infer premeditation from the very fact that the defendant chose to escalate or alter the means of attack, even in the absence of other classic factors.

D. Practical Impact

For prosecutors, Romey confirms that:

• Detailed forensic evidence (injury patterns, weapon DNA, scene reconstruction) can be central to proving premeditation.
• Emphasizing method-switching in closing argument fits comfortably within Kansas’s two-component framework for premeditation.

For defense counsel:

• Extended struggles and multiple injuries may no longer be easily characterized as “heat of the moment” absent more focused rebuttal of the inference of cognitive reflection.
• To challenge sufficiency on premeditation, it will be increasingly important to show either:
  • that the sequence could plausibly be continuous and impulsive despite multiple blows and methods; or
  • that some evidence (e.g., intoxication, mental impairment) undermines the inference that the defendant had capacity for “thoughtful, conscious reflection.”

II. Right to Present a Defense and Exclusion of Intoxication Evidence

A. Relevance and the Voluntary-Intoxication Defense

Under Kansas law, voluntary intoxication can negate the formation of specific mental states (such as premeditation) if the intoxication so impairs the defendant’s faculties that he cannot form the required intent. See State v. Morris, 311 Kan. 483, 463 P.3d 417 (2020).

Romey argued that the video of his erratic post-arrest behavior and the blood test showing methamphetamine supported his voluntary-intoxication defense, by corroborating his alleged blackout and impaired mental state.

The court applies the well-established two-prong test for relevance:

• Materiality: Whether the evidence relates to a fact genuinely in dispute.
• Probative value: Whether the evidence tends to prove that fact.

Materiality was not contested: Romey’s mental state at the time of the killing was central. The dispute was probative value, reviewed for abuse of discretion.

B. The Timeline Breaks the Link

The majority’s reasoning hinges on the timeline and intervening conduct:

• Mother’s death: ~6:00 a.m.
• Romey at sister’s house: ~8:30 a.m., where he smokes meth and drinks highly concentrated “bong water.”
• Arrest: ~1:30 p.m.
• Blood draw: ~6:30 p.m.

Because Romey ingested large quantities of methamphetamine after the killing and before the arrest and blood draw, the court holds the video and lab report are not probative of his mental state at the time of the killing. They are probative only of his later, self-induced intoxication, which cannot be retroactively projected back past substantial, intervening drug use without more specific scientific or temporal linkage.

Consequently, excluding the evidence did not infringe Romey’s constitutional right to present a defense, which extends only to admissible, relevant, noncumulative evidence integral to the defense theory. See State v. Robinson, 306 Kan. 431, 394 P.3d 868 (2017).

C. Implications

The ruling underscores:

• Voluntary-intoxication evidence must be temporally tethered to the offense. Evidence of intoxication hours later, especially after additional consumption, may be excluded as nonprobative.
• Defense counsel asserting intoxication should, where possible, marshal:
  • evidence of intoxication before and during the offense (witness observations, admissions, contemporaneous testing);
  • expert testimony explaining how later toxicology can be extrapolated backward notwithstanding intervening use.

III. Jury Instructions on Premeditation: Mandatory Coupling of Bernhardt and Stanley

A. Background: PIK, Bernhardt, and Emerging Confusion

The standard PIK Crim. 4th 54.150 instruction defines premeditation as having “thought the matter over beforehand” and notes it requires more than an instantaneous, intentional act.

In State v. Bernhardt, 304 Kan. 460, 372 P.3d 1161 (2016), the court approved a supplemental instruction clarifying the temporal aspect: premeditation need not predate a fight; it may develop during a violent struggle and does not require planning or scheming in advance.

However, as Stanley recognized, these clarifications risk blurring the line between intent and premeditation. If jurors are told that premeditation can form in the middle of a fight and need not involve planning, they may conflate any intentional killing with premeditated killing unless the cognitive dimension is also highlighted.

B. Stanley’s Solution – Now Mandatory in Romey

In Stanley, the court crafted language emphasizing that premeditation requires:

a period, however brief, of thoughtful, conscious reflection and pondering—done before the final act of killing—that is sufficient to allow the actor to change his or her mind and abandon his or her previous impulsive intentions.

In Romey, the court makes a critical move: it elevates what some had characterized as a “best practice” into a mandatory pairing rule:

When giving an instruction clarifying the temporal aspect of premeditation, the court must also instruct the jury with this [Stanley] language.

This is reflected in Syllabus ¶ 3 and reinforced in the body of the opinion. The court expressly rejects the State’s attempt to treat Stanley as merely advisory when a Bernhardt instruction is given.

C. Error, But Not Clear Error

The trial court gave:

• the PIK definition; and
• a Bernhardt-type instruction (premeditation need not precede a fight, need not be planned, and may form during a struggle).

It did not give the Stanley instruction. The Supreme Court holds this was legally erroneous because the combination of PIK + Bernhardt is incomplete and risks conflating intent with premeditation.

However, Romey did not request a Stanley instruction. Under K.S.A. 22-3414(3) and cases like State v. Crosby, 312 Kan. 630, 479 P.3d 167 (2021), this triggers clear-error review:

The court must be firmly convinced that the jury would have reached a different verdict had the instruction been given.

Given the sufficiency of the evidence for premeditation and the jury’s rejection of multiple lesser-included homicide options, the court is not firmly convinced and declines to reverse.

D. Doctrinal and Practical Impact

The new rule is straightforward but important:

• Any time a trial court gives a Bernhardt (or equivalent temporal) instruction on premeditation, it must also give the Stanley cognitive-clarification instruction.

Practically:

• Judges should treat the PIK + Bernhardt + Stanley trio as the standard package whenever there is a serious dispute about premeditation.
• Prosecutors should request the Stanley instruction whenever they ask for Bernhardt; failing to do so may invite reversible error in a close case.
• Defense counsel should:
  • preserve an objection by requesting the Stanley instruction if the court uses Bernhardt (so that any omission is reviewed under the more favorable harmless-error standard); and
  • consider arguing that without Stanley, the jury is effectively instructed that any intentional killing committed during a fight can be deemed premeditated.

IV. Voluntary Manslaughter Instructions: Objective Provocation Requirement

A. Legal Framework

Voluntary manslaughter under K.S.A. 21-5404(a)(1) covers killings committed “upon a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion.” Kansas decisions treat this as a partial mitigation where:

• the defendant “knowingly” kills; and
• does so under legally sufficient provocation.

Recent cases reaffirm that provocation has an objective component

• The question is whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s situation would have lost self-control and acted from extreme emotion rather than reason. See State v. Garcia, 315 Kan. 366, 508 P.3d 394 (2022); State v. Thille, 320 Kan. 435, 570 P.3d 18 (2025).
• The defendant’s subjective belief or anger alone is insufficient.

B. No Evidence of Provocation in Romey’s Record

Romey requested a voluntary-manslaughter instruction based on the chaotic scene: broken furniture, disarray, injuries to both him and his mother, all suggesting a fight.

The court finds this evidence shows an “extended struggle” but not provocation:

• There is no evidence of what the mother did or said to provoke Romey.
• Romey did not testify, and no other witness described a triggering event.
• Defense theory at trial was that a third party might have attacked Romey, rendered him unconscious, and then killed his mother – a theory that undercuts any claim that the mother herself provoked him.

Without some specific, objectively significant provoking conduct by the victim, the court concludes a voluntary-manslaughter instruction would be speculative and thus factually inappropriate.

C. Implications

The opinion underscores:

• Defense counsel must identify evidence – not mere possibility – of provocation: threats, attacks, discovery of infidelity, serious abuse, etc.
• Alternative defense theories (e.g., third-party culpability) may foreclose a provocation-based manslaughter theory where they imply the victim did not provoke the defendant at all.
• Courts must be careful not to equate “fight” with “provocation”; the latter is a legal term of art tied to a reasonable-person standard.

V. Cumulative Error and the Status of Unpreserved Instructional Issues

A. Limiting Cumulative Error Under K.S.A. 22-3414(3)

Kansas recognizes the cumulative-error doctrine: multiple trial missteps, each harmless alone, can collectively deny a fair trial. But Romey emphasizes an important limitation drawn from K.S.A. 22-3414(3) and State v. Waldschmidt, 318 Kan. 633, 546 P.3d 716 (2024):

• An unpreserved jury-instruction issue that does not rise to “clear error” cannot be treated as “error” for purposes of cumulative error analysis.

In Romey, the only identified misstep was failing to give a Stanley instruction. Because that omission was unpreserved and not clearly erroneous (under the stringent clear-error standard), it could not be aggregated into a cumulative-error claim. And no other trial errors were found.

B. Practical Consequences

Defense counsel should:

• preserve as many viable instruction challenges as possible at trial to avoid being locked into clear-error review; and
• recognize that unpreserved, non-clear-errors will not contribute to a cumulative-error argument on appeal.

VI. Sentencing and Criminal History: Unconstitutional Statutes and Out-of-State Convictions

A. Excluding Prior Convictions Under Unconstitutional Statutes

K.S.A. 21-6810(d)(9) provides:

Prior convictions of a crime defined by a statute that has since been determined unconstitutional by an appellate court shall not be used for criminal history scoring purposes.

Romey had three prior Kansas criminal-threat convictions. In State v. Boettger, 310 Kan. 800 (2019), the court held the reckless-threat portion of the criminal-threat statute unconstitutional on First Amendment grounds. In State v. Smith, 320 Kan. 62, 563 P.3d 697 (2025), the court applied 21-6810(d)(9) to bar use of such convictions in criminal-history scoring.

Applying Smith, the court holds that the State failed its burden under K.S.A. 21-6814(c) to show that Romey’s criminal-threat convictions were based on the surviving, constitutional portion of the statute. They therefore cannot be counted in his history.

B. Comparability of Out-of-State Convictions – The Wetrich Standard

For out-of-state convictions, K.S.A. 21-6811(e)(2)(B) (at the time of Romey’s offense) allowed counting only when the out-of-state crime is “comparable” to a Kansas offense. State v. Wetrich, 307 Kan. 552, 412 P.3d 984 (2018), defined “comparable” to mean the out-of-state statute’s elements must be identical to or narrower than the Kansas statute’s elements.

Romey’s criminal history included three person misdemeanors aggregated into a person felony under K.S.A. 21-6811(a); one of these was a Louisiana misdemeanor conviction for violating a protective order, La. Stat. Ann. § 14:79(A)(1)(a).

C. Why La. Stat. § 14:79 Is Broader than K.S.A. 21-5924

The potentially comparable Kansas offense is K.S.A. 21-5924(a)(4): knowingly violating a pretrial-release condition restricting direct or indirect contact with another person. Crucially, Kansas has an explicit attorney-contact exception:

This section shall not apply to contacts by an attorney or an attorney’s representative made in the course of representation of the defendant. K.S.A. 21-5924(c).

By contrast:

• La. Stat. Ann. § 14:79(A)(1)(a) criminalizes “willful disobedience” of a criminal stay-away order.
• Louisiana Code Crim. Proc. art. 335.1(A)(1) permits orders prohibiting the defendant from “contacting the victim in any manner whatsoever.”
• There is no statutory exception similar to Kansas’ attorney-contact carve-out.

The majority reasons that under Louisiana’s “any manner whatsoever” language, a defendant could be forbidden to have any contact with the victim, including indirect contact via an attorney, and violation of that order would be punishable under § 14:79. In Kansas, the identical conduct – defense counsel contacting the victim at the defendant’s direction for legitimate representation purposes – would fall within the attorney exception and not be criminal.

Thus, Louisiana’s offense covers a wider range of conduct than Kansas’ offense. Under the Wetrich identical-or-narrower test, the Louisiana statute is not “comparable” and cannot be used to enhance criminal history.

D. Effect on Romey’s Criminal History Score

Before correction, the district court counted six person felonies in Romey’s history:

• three Kansas criminal-threat convictions;
• one Kansas aggravated-battery conviction;
• one Oklahoma domestic-assault/battery conviction; and
• one aggregated person felony derived from three person misdemeanors, including the Louisiana protective-order violation.

Once:

• the three criminal-threat convictions are removed under 21-6810(d)(9) and Smith; and
• the Louisiana misdemeanor is excluded as non-comparable and thus cannot contribute to the aggregated felony under K.S.A. 21-6811(a);

Romey is left with only two person felonies (Kansas aggravated battery and Oklahoma domestic assault), placing him in criminal-history category B, not A. See K.S.A. 21-6809.

Because K.S.A. 21-6620(c)(1)(B) links the off-grid mandatory minimum to the grid-based presumptive range when that range exceeds 50 years, the change from A to B reduces the minimum parole-eligibility period. The court therefore vacates the sentence and remands for resentencing with a corrected criminal-history score.

E. Broader Sentencing Implications

For sentencing practice:

• Defense counsel should carefully scrutinize:
  • whether any prior convictions arise under statutes later held unconstitutional; and
  • whether out-of-state offenses truly satisfy the strict Wetrich “identical-or-narrower” standard, especially when Kansas has unique statutory exceptions (such as the attorney-contact exception here).
• Prosecutors must be prepared to prove that prior convictions used for scoring:
  • stem from constitutional statutory subsections; and
  • reflect elements no broader than the analogous Kansas statute.

VII. Jail Credit, Preservation, and the Court’s Inherent Authority

A. Hopkins and Ervin: The Evolution of Jail-Credit Law

Before 2023, Kansas applied the “solely on account of” rule from Campbell v. State, 223 Kan. 528, 575 P.2d 524 (1978): jail credit under K.S.A. 21-6615 was limited to time spent in custody solely on the charge being sentenced.

In State v. Hopkins, 317 Kan. 652, 537 P.3d 845 (2023), the court overruled Campbell, holding that the statute’s plain language requires credit for “all time spent in custody pending the disposition of [the] case,” regardless of other holds or cases. Hopkins involved a single case, so it did not directly address how credit operates across multiple concurrent or consecutive sentences.

In State v. Ervin, 320 Kan. 287 (2025), the court extended Hopkins to multiple cases with consecutive sentences, rejecting earlier prohibitions on “duplicative” credit (as in Lofton and Davis). Ervin held that a sentencing judge must award credit in each case for all days in custody pending that case, even if the same days are also credited in another case.

B. Romey’s Jail-Credit Claim and the Majority’s Preservation Ruling

Romey was jailed for months on a parole-violation warrant while the murder case was pending. The sentences were consecutive. The Department of Corrections credited that time only to the parole-violation case, not the murder sentence, mirroring the pre-Hopkins, pre-Ervin practice.

After briefing closed but before oral argument, this court decided Ervin. Shortly before argument, Romey sought supplemental briefing to raise a jail-credit challenge, which the court ultimately allowed, asking the parties to also address preservation.

The majority holds:

• Issues raised for the first time in supplemental briefing are generally not considered. See Syllabus ¶ 7 and Zaragoza v. Board of Johnson County Comm’rs, 320 Kan. 691, 571 P.3d 545 (2025).
• Ervin did not “change the law” but merely applied Hopkins to a new fact pattern. Since Hopkins predated Romey’s sentencing, he “knew or should have known” of the legal basis for his claim and should have raised it sooner (either in the district court or in his initial appellate brief).
• State v. Williams, 311 Kan. 88, 456 P.3d 540 (2020), which allowed a new sentencing issue to be raised via supplemental brief, is limited to:
  • petitions for review from the Court of Appeals (where Rule 8.03(b)(6)(C)(i) applies); and
  • claims clearly within the illegal-sentence statute, K.S.A. 22-3504.
• It is unsettled whether a miscalculated jail-credit award renders a sentence “illegal” within 22-3504; Romey did not frame his claim that way or brief the conflicting authority (Lofton vs. Harper), so the court declines to treat it as an illegal-sentence issue.
• Although the court has inherent authority to raise and resolve unpreserved issues sua sponte, it elects not to do so here, in part because Romey will receive a new sentencing hearing where the district court can correctly apply controlling jail-credit law (Hopkins/Ervin).

C. The Dissent: Ervin as a Material Change and Jail Credit as an Illegal Sentence

Justice Standridge, joined by Justice Rosen, disagrees sharply:

• She characterizes Ervin as a material change in Kansas jail-credit law, because it extended Hopkins into the consecutive-sentences arena and, in effect, overruled preexisting caselaw that barred duplicative credit.
• She argues that Romey could not reasonably be expected to anticipate this doctrinal extension before Ervin; demanding such foresight is akin to requiring “clairvoyance.”
• She would hold that miscalculated jail credit produces a sentence that fails to “conform to the applicable statutory provision” (K.S.A. 21-6615), and thus is an illegal sentence correctable “at any time” under K.S.A. 22-3504(c)(1).
• Citing cases where the court has raised sentencing issues sua sponte, she urges the court to exercise its inherent authority to correct a manifest injustice – keeping a defendant imprisoned beyond what the statute allows.

The dissent views the majority’s strict preservation stance as “perpetuat[ing] injustice,” though the majority counters that remand for resentencing will allow full correction at the district-court level.

D. Practical Takeaways

For practitioners:

• Jail credit must be raised early: Given the majority’s reluctance to entertain new jail-credit arguments in supplemental briefing, defense counsel should:
  • raise jail-credit issues in the district court at sentencing, and
  • include them in opening appellate briefs whenever there is a plausible basis under Hopkins/Ervin.
• Consider illegal-sentence framing: Until the court squarely resolves whether jail-credit errors create an “illegal sentence,” counsel should explicitly argue that a sentence without statutorily required credit fails to conform to K.S.A. 21-6615 and is therefore illegal under K.S.A. 22-3504.
• Remand may be enough: Where sentencing is vacated for other reasons (as here), counsel should be prepared to fully litigate jail-credit issues in the new sentencing hearing; the appellate court’s refusal to address them may not prejudice the defendant if the district court correctly applies current law.