Clarifying “Social Distinction” in Asylum Law:
Ramirez-Gomez v. Bondi and the Limits of Gang-Resistance Social Groups

Introduction

Ramirez-Gomez v. Bondi, decided by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on 13 May 2025, concerns a Guatemalan petitioner who sought asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). The petitioner claimed past and feared future persecution by gang members for resisting recruitment, framing his fear around a proposed particular social group (“PSG”) of “young men from indigenous locations in Guatemala recruited by gang members who resist such recruitment.”

The central question was whether this proposed PSG satisfies the three well-established requirements—immutability, particularity, and social distinction—necessary for protection under U.S. asylum law. The Immigration Judge (“IJ”) rejected the claim, the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) affirmed (while declining to rely on an adverse credibility finding), and the Second Circuit denied the petition for review.

Summary of the Judgment

• Asylum & Withholding: The court held that the petitioner’s PSG lacked social distinction and particularity; therefore he failed to show persecution on account of a protected ground.
• CAT Relief: The court concluded that the record evidence did not compel a finding that Guatemalan officials would acquiesce to torture, so CAT protection was also unavailable.
• Petition Outcome: The petition for review was denied; all pending motions were denied and any stays were vacated.

Analysis

1. Precedents Cited and Their Influence

The panel drew heavily on an existing body of Second Circuit and BIA case law that structures PSG analysis and CAT claims:

• Paloka v. Holder, 762 F.3d 191 (2d Cir. 2014) – Re-confirmed the three-prong test for PSG: (i) immutable characteristic, (ii) particularity, (iii) social distinction.
• Matter of M-E-V-G-, 26 I.&N. Dec. 227 (BIA 2014) – The foundational BIA decision establishing “particularity” and “social distinction” terminology; followed extensively by the panel.
• Quintanilla-Mejia v. Garland, 3 F.4th 569 (2d Cir. 2021) – Clarified that a persecutor’s perception alone will not satisfy social distinction and explained the CAT acquiescence standard; quoted repeatedly.
• Ucelo-Gomez v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2007) – Emphasized that harms motivated by criminal incentives (e.g., extortion) do not automatically equal persecution on a protected ground.
• Ordonez Azmen v. Barr, 965 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2020) – Provided gloss on “particularity,” requiring societal consensus.
• Bhagtana v. Garland, 93 F.4th 592 (2d Cir. 2023) – Restated the scope of review when the BIA issues its own opinion.
• Several decisions (Xue Hong Yang, Y.C. v. Holder) guided the panel’s standards of review (substantial evidence and de novo for legal questions).

2. The Court’s Legal Reasoning

1. PGS Analysis
   The petitioner’s group satisfied immutability (one cannot change where one is “from”), but failed the other two criteria.
   • Social Distinction: The record lacked evidence that Guatemalan society, independently of gang members, views “young indigenous men who resist recruitment” as a discrete class.
   • Particularity: The group was amorphous—terms like “young” and “resistance” are inherently fluid and context-dependent. Without a “clear benchmark” the group is overbroad.
   • Persecutor’s motive alone is insufficient; evidence must show societal perception.
2. CAT Claim
   • The court evaluated whether the petitioner showed it was “more likely than not” he would be tortured with government acquiescence.
   • Evidence of police delay or corruption was considered but did not compel a finding of acquiescence; the State Department report also noted government anti-gang efforts.
   • The absence of prior police reports by the petitioner further weakened the claim.
3. Standard of Review Application
   • Legal conclusions: de novo review.
   • Factual determinations: substantial evidence; court asked whether any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to reach a contrary conclusion. It answered “no.”

3. Potential Impact

• PSG Framing Post-Decision: Applicants from Central America will need robust, society-focused evidence—beyond gang perceptions—when defining resistance-to-gang-recruitment social groups.
• Gang-Related Claims: The decision reinforces the Second Circuit’s reluctance to accept broad gang-resistance formulations absent proof of distinct societal recognition.
• CAT Litigation: The ruling underscores the evidentiary burden to show likely acquiescence, not merely governmental inefficacy.
• Practitioner Guidance: Lawyers must gather anthropological, media, or expert evidence demonstrating societal recognition of the proposed PSG and must document official complicity—not just incapacity—for CAT arguments.

Complex Concepts Simplified

Particular Social Group (PSG)

A collection of persons linked by an immutable trait; must be precisely defined (particularity) and recognized by society as distinct (social distinction).

Social Distinction

Society at large—not merely the persecutor—understands the group as a discrete class.

Particularity

The group boundaries are clear and objective; membership is neither subjective nor overly broad.

Substantial Evidence Standard

An appellate court must uphold agency fact-finding unless any reasonable fact-finder would be compelled to decide otherwise.

CAT “Acquiescence”

A government official knows of, or is willfully blind to, prospective torture and breaches the duty to intervene. Mere inability to prevent harm is insufficient.

Conclusion

Although issued as a non-precedential summary order, Ramirez-Gomez v. Bondi crystallizes two recurring themes in U.S. asylum jurisprudence:

1. The persecutor’s view of a group, on its own, cannot establish the “social distinction” requirement; applicants must marshal broader societal evidence.
2. For CAT protection, applicants must differentiate between state incompetence and acquiescence; only the latter meets the regulatory standard.

By reaffirming rigorous evidentiary standards, the Second Circuit signals that future asylum and CAT claims based on gang violence must be carefully constructed, fact-rich, and society-anchored. The decision therefore serves as a cautionary roadmap for practitioners and a clarifying reference on the contours of “social distinction” and governmental acquiescence in the realm of refugee and human-rights protection.