Clarifying the Criticality of Corroboration and Issue Preservation in Asylum Litigation:
A Commentary on Pina-Pina v. Bondi (2d Cir. 2025)

1. Introduction

In Pina-Pina v. Bondi, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reviewed a Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision upholding the denial of asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture (“CAT”) relief to two Ecuadorian nationals—Esther Janneth Pina-Pina and her minor daughter. The petitioners claimed persecution on account of their Indigenous background and alleged police inaction in Ecuador. Central to the appeal were questions surrounding sufficiency of corroborative evidence, exhaustion of administrative remedies, and the distinct legal requirements of CAT protection.

2. Summary of the Judgment

• Petition Denied. The court denied the petition for review.
• Corroboration Finding Unchallenged. Petitioners did not contest the Immigration Judge’s dispositive finding that their testimony lacked adequate corroboration; abandonment of that argument doomed the asylum and withholding claims.
• Due-Process Claim Unexhausted. A new argument that the “expedited docket” violated due process was unexhausted and, even if considered, failed for lack of prejudice.
• CAT Relief Properly Denied. The agency reasonably found no likelihood of government-acquiesced torture; petitioners’ brief offered only a perfunctory challenge.

3. Detailed Analysis

3.1 Precedents Cited and Their Influence

1. Debique v. Garland, 58 F.4th 676 (2d Cir. 2023). Invoked for the rule that issues not raised in an appellant’s brief are abandoned. This authority sealed the fate of the asylum and withholding claims once corroboration was left uncontested.
2. Pinel-Gomez v. Garland, 52 F.4th 523 (2d Cir. 2022). Reinforced that even credible testimony may be insufficient absent specific corroborating detail.
3. INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24 (1976). Restated the principle that courts need not resolve issues unnecessary to the outcome—hence the panel did not address alternative persecution arguments.
4. Punin v. Garland, 108 F.4th 114 (2d Cir. 2024). Guided the exhaustion analysis: arguments must be “closely matched up” with those made to the BIA.
5. Garcia-Villeda v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 141 (2d Cir. 2008) and Debeatham v. Holder, 602 F.3d 481 (2d Cir. 2010). Both supply the “cognizable prejudice” requirement for due-process claims.
6. Scarlett v. Barr, 957 F.3d 316 (2d Cir. 2020). Cited for contrasting persecution’s “unable or unwilling to control” test with CAT’s stricter “consent or acquiescence” standard.

3.2 Core Legal Reasoning

1. Abandonment of Corroboration Issue. Because petitioners’ brief never contested the IJ/BIA finding that the record lacked corroborative affidavits or documentation, Debique and settled waiver principles required dismissal of asylum and withholding claims. The panel emphasised that credibility alone does not carry the day when corroboration is reasonably expected.
2. Exhaustion Doctrine. The due-process challenge to the “expedited docket” appeared, for the first time, in the court of appeals. Relying on Punin, the court refused to reach an unexhausted argument. The court alternatively held that even on the merits, petitioners showed no prejudice after having six months to gather evidence.
3. CAT Distinction. Petitioners conflated CAT’s “acquiescence” requirement with the lesser “unable or unwilling to control” standard governing asylum persecution. The panel reaffirmed that CAT demands proof that public officials will be aware of and acquiesce in the torture—not merely fail to prevent private harm.
4. Limited Review under Summary-Order Protocol. The court issued a non-precedential “summary order” under Local Rule 32.1.1. It nonetheless clarified important procedural points that, while formally non-binding, influence litigants and lower tribunals.

3.3 Potential Impact on Future Litigation

• Heightened Attention to Corroboration. Practitioners must treat corroborative evidence as indispensable—even when the applicant’s testimony appears credible.
• Meticulous Issue Preservation. Failure to attack every adverse finding at the administrative stage, and again in the court of appeals, risks automatic forfeiture.
• Due-Process Claims Require Concrete Prejudice. Allegations of rushed dockets or inadequate preparation time must be coupled with a showing that specific, obtainable evidence would likely alter the outcome.
• Re-drawing CAT Boundaries. The decision underscores a doctrinal cleavage: government inability to prevent harm suffices for asylum persecution but not for CAT relief, which mandates some form of governmental approval or acquiescence.
• Non-precedential Orders Still Guide Practice. Although summary orders lack formal precedential value, they shape day-to-day litigation strategies within the Second Circuit.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

Asylum

Protection available to foreign nationals who show a “well-founded fear of persecution” on a protected ground (race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or particular social group).

Withholding of Removal

A related but narrower relief requiring proof that persecution is “more likely than not” upon return—but with different legal standards and no discretionary component.

CAT Relief

Protection against torture, defined as intentional infliction of severe pain by or with acquiescence of a public official; requires a “more likely than not” showing.

Corroboration

Independent documents or testimony that substantiate an applicant’s own narrative; the REAL ID Act compels adjudicators to demand it when reasonably available.

Exhaustion

The procedural rule that litigants must raise arguments before the BIA before turning to federal court, allowing the agency first crack at the issue.

Summary Order

An unpublished disposition lacking precedential force but citable under Fed. R. App. P. 32.1; often used for cases turning on well-settled law.

5. Conclusion

Pina-Pina v. Bondi serves as a cautionary tale for immigration advocates. The Second Circuit’s summary order, though non-precedential, reinforces three perennial lessons: (1) do not neglect corroborative evidence; (2) preserve every argument both administratively and on appeal; and (3) appreciate the nuanced, stricter framework governing CAT claims. For future litigants, meticulous preparation and issue preservation will be vital to surmount the formidable procedural hurdles illuminated by this decision. While the petitioners’ substantive claim of Indigenous-based persecution may have had sympathetic resonance, procedural missteps proved fatal—underscoring that in immigration law, process often dominates substance.