Nonfinality of Rule 4(i)(1) Service-of-Process Dismissals: No Appellate Jurisdiction When Claims May Be Refiled

1. Introduction

In Robert Taylor v. Arkansas Post-Prison Transfer Board and Arkansas Division of Correction, 2025 Ark. 176, the Arkansas Supreme Court dismissed a pro se inmate’s appeal after the circuit court dismissed his petition for declaratory judgment and mandamus. Taylor challenged the denial of parole for two years, alleging the Arkansas Post-Prison Transfer Board (APPTB) and the Arkansas Division of Correction (ADC) acted outside statutory authority and contrary to APPTB policy. The circuit court, however, did not reach the merits; it dismissed the petition on the ground that Taylor failed to perfect service of process.

The central appellate issue was not whether parole was improperly denied, but whether the Supreme Court had appellate jurisdiction to review a dismissal grounded in defective or incomplete service—particularly where the dismissal was (by rule and by the order’s silence) “without prejudice,” leaving Taylor free to refile.

2. Summary of the Opinion

The court held that Taylor’s failure to accomplish valid service of process deprived the circuit court of personal jurisdiction over APPTB and ADC. Because the case was dismissed without reaching the merits, and because the dismissal was effectively without prejudice under Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 4(i)(1) (and was not shown to be a second dismissal), the order was not a final, appealable order. Lacking a final order, the Supreme Court lacked appellate jurisdiction and dismissed the appeal.

Disposition: Appeal dismissed.

3. Analysis

A. Precedents Cited

Ligon v. Bloodman, 2021 Ark. 124 — Cited for the foundational jurisdictional rule: valid service of process is necessary to give a court jurisdiction over a defendant. The majority uses it to frame service as a threshold requirement; without service, the court cannot proceed to the merits.
Nooner v. Hobbs, 2021 Ark. 204 (per curiam) — Cited for the proposition that without a final order on the merits, the Supreme Court lacks appellate jurisdiction. It supports dismissal of appeals where the underlying order does not finally resolve the parties’ rights.
Jefferson v. Payne, 2023 Ark. 83 — Directly on point: dismissal for failure to perfect service within 120 days is not a final order. The court uses it as a close analogue to Taylor’s situation to reinforce the jurisdictional outcome (dismissal of the appeal).
Middlebrooks v. Graves, 2022 Ark. 107 — Used to interpret the effect of an order dismissing under Rule 4(i)(1) without specifying “with prejudice” or “without prejudice.” Middlebrooks supplies the rule that such a dismissal is treated as without prejudice, thus permitting refiling.
McCullough v. Kelley, 2018 Ark. 78 — Supports the “refiling equivalence” rationale: when a plaintiff may refile after a dismissal without prejudice for failure of service, the posture is like a voluntary nonsuit; consequently, the order lacks the finality needed for appellate review.
Bevans v. Deutsche Bank Nat'l Tr. Co., 373 Ark. 105, 281 S.W.3d 740 (2008) — Cited (through McCullough) as authority on finality principles: if the plaintiff can refile, the order is not final and appealable.
Nooner v. Kelley, 2019 Ark. 80, 568 S.W.3d 766 — Mentioned in a footnote to explain the “second dismissal” rule: a second dismissal for failure to serve valid process (after a prior voluntary or involuntary dismissal) must be with prejudice, which would change both preclusive effect and—under the majority’s approach—finality.
Perry v. Payne, 2022 Ark. 1 1 2 (Womack, J., dissenting) — Cited in the concurrence to argue sovereign immunity should be the basis for dismissal: suits barred by sovereign immunity deprive courts of jurisdiction.
Thurston v. League of Women Voters of Ark., 2 02 2 Ark. 32, 639 S.W.3d 319 (Womack, J., dissenting) — Also cited in the concurrence to reinforce the view that sovereign immunity is jurisdictional and thus should have controlled the disposition.
Lawrence v. City of Texarkana, 3 64 Ark. 466, 221 S.W.3 d 3 70 (2006) — Cited by the concurrence for the proposition that if the circuit court lacks jurisdiction, the Supreme Court likewise lacks jurisdiction.
Griffin v. Ark. Bd. of Corrections, 2025 Ark. 81, 711 S.W.3d 784 — Central to the dissent’s critique: generally, a dismissal without prejudice can be appealed; if affirmed, it “converts” to a dismissal with prejudice.
Robinson v. Felts, 2025 Ark. 67 — Cited by the dissent as further articulation of the general “appeal-or-plead-further” rule and the conversion effect upon affirmance.
Orr v. Hudson, 2010 Ark. 484, 374 S.W.3d 686; Born v. Hosto & Buchan, PLLC, 2010 Ark. 292, 372 S.W.3d 324; Sluder v. Steak & Ale of Little Rock, Inc., 368 Ark. 293, 245 S.W.3d 115 (2006); Ratliff v. Moss, 284 Ark. 16, 678 S.W.2d 369 (1984) — A line of cases marshaled by the dissent to support the view that Arkansas appellate practice commonly treats certain “without prejudice” dismissals as appealable, and that affirmance can supply finality through conversion to “with prejudice.”

B. Legal Reasoning

Service of process is jurisdictional. The majority treats valid service as a prerequisite to personal jurisdiction. Because Taylor did not properly serve APPTB and ADC, the circuit court could not adjudicate the dispute, including Taylor’s statutory and policy arguments about parole denial.
Rule 4(i)(1) defaults the dismissal to “without prejudice.” Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 4(i)(1) requires service within 120 days (absent extension) and directs that noncompliance results in dismissal “without prejudice.” The majority emphasizes that the record did not show a second dismissal and that the circuit court did not label the dismissal “with prejudice.”
Ability to refile defeats appellate finality. The key move is the court’s finality analysis: because Taylor may refile, the order does not finally determine the parties’ rights and thus is not a final, appealable order. The court analogizes Taylor’s position to that of a plaintiff who voluntarily nonsuits.
Jurisdictional consequence: the Supreme Court must dismiss. Without a final order, the Supreme Court concludes it lacks appellate jurisdiction and therefore cannot reach Taylor’s arguments (including his claims about Rule 4(g), timeliness of the motion to dismiss, and the assistant attorney general’s authority).

C. Impact

Reinforces a strict “refile = nonfinal” approach for Rule 4(i)(1) dismissals. Litigants whose cases are dismissed for lack of timely/valid service should expect that an immediate appeal may be dismissed if refiling remains available.
Directs procedural strategy toward curing service defects rather than appealing them—particularly for pro se litigants suing state entities where service rules can be exacting.
Highlights unresolved tension in Arkansas finality doctrine. The dissent argues the majority undercuts a “common-sense” line of cases permitting appeals from dismissals without prejudice (with conversion to prejudice upon affirmance). Future litigants may invoke the dissent’s cited authorities to argue that certain “without prejudice” dismissals should still be appealable.
Sovereign-immunity overlay remains a live issue. The concurrence signals that, at least for some justices, sovereign immunity should be addressed early as an independent jurisdictional bar even when other threshold defects (like service) exist—potentially affecting pleading and motion practice against state actors.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

Service of process: The formal steps (summons and complaint/petition delivery in the manner the rules require) that notify a defendant of the lawsuit. If service is defective, the court generally cannot exercise power over the defendant.
Personal jurisdiction: The court’s authority over the parties. Even if a court has power over the subject matter, it cannot bind a defendant without proper service (or waiver of service).
Rule 4(i)(1) dismissal: A dismissal triggered by failing to serve within 120 days (absent an extension). The rule states it is “without prejudice,” meaning the plaintiff can usually file again.
Final, appealable order: An order that ends the case in a way that leaves nothing for the trial court to do but execute judgment. The majority treats an order as nonfinal if the plaintiff may refile.
“With prejudice” vs. “without prejudice”: “With prejudice” typically bars refiling (claim is precluded). “Without prejudice” typically allows refiling. The dissent stresses that these labels primarily govern preclusion, not whether an order ends the current case.
Sovereign immunity: A doctrine limiting lawsuits against the State. The concurrence views it as jurisdictional—meaning if it applies, courts have no power to hear the claim at all.
Mandamus and declaratory judgment: Mandamus is an extraordinary order compelling a public actor to perform a ministerial duty; declaratory judgment is a binding statement of legal rights. Both can be blocked by jurisdictional defects like improper service (and potentially sovereign immunity).

5. Conclusion

2025 Ark. 176 solidifies a procedural takeaway: when a case is dismissed for failure to perfect service of process under Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 4(i)(1), and the plaintiff remains free to refile (i.e., the dismissal is not a second dismissal and is not “with prejudice”), the Arkansas Supreme Court will treat the order as nonfinal and dismiss any appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction. The concurrence and dissent underscore two fault lines likely to recur: whether sovereign immunity should control jurisdictional dispositions against state entities, and whether Arkansas’s “conversion to prejudice upon affirmance” cases should make some “without prejudice” dismissals appealable despite the theoretical availability of refiling.