Bermudez v. EOIR

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit ____________

No. 24-30617

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Emanuel Luzardo Bermudez, Plaintiff—Appellant,

versus

DOJ Executive Office For Immigration Review, Defendant—Appellee.

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Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Louisiana USDC No. 1:22-CV-1032

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Before Southwick, Higginson, and Wilson, Circuit Judges. Per Curiam:^*

Emanuel Luzardo Bermudez appeals the district court's denial of his motion for attorney fees under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). He contends not that the district court misapplied this court's governing precedent in weighing his FOIA motion for fees, but that this court's precedent has been implicitly overruled by the Supreme Court, such that the district court should not have applied it at all. We disagree and affirm. _____________________

* This opinion is not designated for publication. See 5th Cir. R. 47.5. United States Court of Appeals

Fifth Circuit

FILED

November 24, 2025 Lyle W. Cayce Clerk

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I.

In 2021, the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR) initiated removal proceedings against Bermudez. During those proceedings, Bermudez filed a FOIA request for his Record of Proceedings (ROP). On June 17, 2021, EOIR sent Bermudez's counsel an email acknowledging receipt of the request and advising that, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the complexity of the request, processing it might be delayed. Following that acknowledgement, no further correspondence was exchanged between the parties.

Behind the scenes, however, EOIR began assembling the documents constituting Bermudez's ROP. On August 13, 2021, an EOIR FOIA Center supervisor requested Bermudez's ROP from the New Orleans Immigration Court. When the file arrived at the EOIR FOIA Center, it was incomplete; to complete it, additional documents located at the Miami Immigration Court were needed. The EOIR FOIA Center requested those documents from the Miami Immigration Court on January 28, 2022.¹Those documents arrived at the EOIR FOIA Center on June 21, 2022, nearly five months later and a year after EOIR's email to Bermudez's counsel acknowledging his information request.

In the meantime, having received neither records nor updates from the agency, Bermudez filed a FOIA suit against EOIR in April 2022.²Even then, EOIR did not respond to his lawsuit until Bermudez moved for summary judgment in June 2022. At that point, EOIR appeared, announced _____________________

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it had gathered the requested records, and stated that the agency had turned them over to Bermudez without withholding any documents. The district judge subsequently denied his summary judgment motion as moot, resolving the underlying merits litigation.

Bermudez then moved for attorney fees under FOIA. See 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). He asserted that because EOIR did not produce the ROP until after he filed his lawsuit, it was his lawsuit that caused EOIR to change its position on releasing the documents. Thus, he reasoned, he had

"substantially prevailed" in the FOIA litigation, such that he was both eligible for, and entitled to, attorney fees. See id. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i) & (ii). The district court applied this circuit's Batton test for assessing requests for FOIA attorney fees, Batton v. IRS, 718 F.3d 522, 525 (5th Cir. 2013), and denied the motion. This appeal followed.

II.

We review a district court's decision on whether to award attorney fees under FOIA for abuse of discretion. Franklin v. United States, 49 F.4th 429, 438 (5th Cir. 2022); Batton, 718 F.3d at 525. FOIA allows a plaintiff who has "substantially prevailed" in a FOIA action against the federal government to recover "reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs."

5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(i). A plaintiff "substantially prevails" when he obtains information in a FOIA action through either "a judicial order, or an enforceable written agreement or consent decree," or "a voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency." Id. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii). In the Fifth Circuit, whether a plaintiff qualifies for a FOIA fee award is analyzed using our two-pronged Batton test, which first examines (1) fee eligibility, and then (2) fee entitlement. Franklin, 49 F.4th at 438 (citing Batton, 718 F.3d at

525).

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The eligibility prong asks whether a plaintiff has substantially prevailed via either a court order or a "voluntary or unilateral change in position by the agency." Batton, 718 F.3d at 525 (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(4)(E)(ii)(II)). If the latter, we apply the "catalyst theory" to assess whether the plaintiff substantially prevailed. Id. The catalyst theory requires the movant to show that "prosecution of the action could reasonably be regarded as necessary to obtain the information and that the action had a substantive causative effect on the delivery of the information." Id. (quoting Lovell v. Alderete, 630 F.2d 428, 432 (5th Cir. 1980)). The entitlement prong asks whether a movant who shows he is eligible for a fee award should actually receive one. Courts look to four factors to determine fee entitlement: "(1) the benefit to the public deriving from the case; (2) the commercial benefit to the complainant; (3) the nature of the complainant's interest in the records sought; and (4) whether the government's withholding of the records had a reasonable basis in law." Id. at 527 (quoting Texas v. ICC, 935 F.2d 728, 730 (5th Cir. 1991)).

III.

On appeal, Bermudez does not contend that the district court erroneously applied Batton. Instead, he asserts Batton should not have been applied at all, arguing that we should "overturn" it. Or, more specifically, that the Supreme Court already has done so, at least implicitly. Bermudez cites three recent Supreme Court cases he says compel this conclusion:

Lackey v. Stinnie, 604 U.S. 192 (2025), Food Marketing Institute v. Argus Leader Media (FMI), 588 U.S. 427 (2019), and Octane Fitness, LLC v. ICON Health & Fitness, Inc., 572 U.S. 545 (2014). But none of these cases addresses Batton's FOIA fee-award test, and none obliges us to depart from our precedent, which we must otherwise follow under this court's rule of orderliness.

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A.

"It is a well-settled Fifth Circuit rule of orderliness that one panel of our court may not overturn another panel's decision, absent an intervening change in the law, such as by a statutory amendment, or the Supreme Court, or our en banc court." Jacobs v. Nat'l Drug Intel. Ctr., 548 F.3d 375, 378 (5th Cir. 2008). "[E]ven if a panel's interpretation of the law appears flawed, the rule of orderliness prevents a subsequent panel from declaring it void." Id.; see U.S. v. Traxler, 764 F.3d 486, 489 (5th Cir. 2014). We have "specifically rejected the idea that later Supreme Court and other decisions that were not directly on point could alter the binding nature of our prior precedent." Traxler, 764 F.3d at 489 (citing Jacobs, 548 F.3d at

378). "For a Supreme Court decision to override a Fifth Circuit case, the decision must unequivocally overrule prior precedent; mere illumination of a case is insufficient." Gahagan v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 911 F.3d 298, 302 (5th Cir. 2018) (alteration adopted) (quoting United States v. Petras,

879 F.3d 155, 164 (5th Cir. 2018)). And the rule of orderliness applies "even when a party raises 'new arguments that were not presented to a prior panel.'" United States v. Wilkerson, 124 F.4th 361, 368 (5th Cir. 2024) (quoting Mendez v. Poitevent,

823 F.3d 326, 335 (5th Cir. 2016)). "[A]n earlier panel decision binds even if that panel's opinion does not explicitly address arguments presented to the later panel." United States v. Berry, 951 F.3d 632, 636 (5th Cir. 2020). "This rule is strict and rigidly applied." In re Bonvillian Marine Serv., Inc., 19 F.4th 787, 792 (5th Cir. 2021).

B.

Mindful of our rule of orderliness, the argument that FMI and Octane Fitness overruled the Batton test cannot survive contact with Franklin, which applied that test well after the Supreme Court handed down those cases. See Case: 24-30617 Document: 80-1 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/24/2025

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Franklin, 49 F.4th at 438 (applying Batton three years after FMI and eight years after Octane Fitness). Thus, our court has at least tacitly rejected the notion that the Supreme Court has overridden Batton and has instead continued to employ its framework.

Relevant to this case, Franklin considered whether a plaintiff who had sued the United States and the IRS Commissioner under FOIA could recover attorney fees. Id. at 434. In deciding the question, both the district court and this court expressly applied the Batton test and determined that the plaintiff was eligible for attorney fees but not entitled to them. Id. at 438-39. By doing so, our court confirmed Batton's test as controlling FOIA fee-award cases. See id. at 438. If nothing else, Franklin's approach shows that Batton remains binding and controls the result in this case as well. Id.; see Mendez, 823 F.3d at 335.

Bermudez mostly ignores Franklin, arguing that his case is actually this court's first chance to address FOIA fee awards "in light of FMI and Octane Fitness." That argument is unpersuasive. As noted, Franklin postdates FMI and Octane Fitness, see 49 F.4th at 438, and the fact that Franklin did not address the arguments Bermudez now raises does not undermine the fact that our court nonetheless applied Batton in materially similar circumstances. See Berry, 951 F.3d at 636 (earlier panel decisions are binding even if they do not address arguments raised before later panels). Nor is it remarkable that Franklin did not address FMI and Octane Fitness:

Neither case addresses the FOIA statute at issue here.³In the end, Bermudez's assertions about FMI and Octane Fitness devolve to new arguments "that were not presented to [the Franklin] panel" but could have _____________________

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been. See Mendez, 823 F.3d at 335. And on the merits of Bermudez's position, neither FMI nor Octane Fitness forms a basis for us to disregard the Franklin panel's more recent approach and overturn Batton—neither case constitutes an intervening change in the law specific to FOIA attorney fee requests, and Franklin indicates that our precedent was left undisturbed. Though Lackey was handed down after Franklin was decided, Lackey does not change this conclusion. There, the Supreme Court discussed whether a class of Virgina drivers should be considered prevailing parties eligible for attorney fees under § 1988(b). See 604 U.S. at 199-202. Bermudez makes three arguments concerning Lackey: First, that courts must respect the statutory text of fee-award provisions; second, that Lackey advises that fee-award holdings should "follow naturally" from prior Supreme Court precedent; and third, that the Supreme Court values "straightforward, bright-line rule[s]" for fee-award provisions. But none of these arguments, whatever their merits, shows that Lackey supplanted the Batton test. That result is unsurprising, because Lackey, just like FMI and Octane Fitness, addressed a different statute and a set of facts that bear no resemblance to the ones here. Thus, Lackey also left Batton undisturbed, and the district court was correct to apply its fee-award test.

Bermudez thus fails to show that any Supreme Court case has

"alter[ed] the binding nature of our prior precedent," Traxler, 764 F.3d at 489, or "unequivocally overrule[d] [our] prior precedent" concerning the award of FOIA attorney fees, Gahagan, 911 F.3d at 302 (quoting Petras, 879 F.3d at 164). And our court's recent FOIA cases have continued to apply Batton's test. While Bermudez asserts that the test is inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent and generally unfair, he ultimately provides no convincing basis for this panel to overturn it, either under our rule of orderliness, or on the merits. Cf. Alejos-Perez v. Garland, 93 F.4th 800, 808 (5th Cir. 2024) (holding that arguments that the realistic-probability test was Case: 24-30617 Document: 80-1 Page: 7 Date Filed: 11/24/2025

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"inconsistent with Supreme Court precedent and generally unfair" were

"foreclosed by the rule of orderliness").

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For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED.

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