EGAN JR., J.
Betty J. Potenza, Highland, for Brian SS., appellant.
John A. Cirando, Syracuse, for Keri SS., appellant.
Heather D. Harp, Ulster County Department of Social Services, Kingston, for respondent.
Daniel Gartenstein, Kingston, attorney for the child.
Marian B. Cocose, Bearsville, attorney for the child.
Before: GARRY, J.P., EGAN JR., DEVINE, CLARK and MULVEY, JJ.
EGAN JR., J.Appeals from two orders of the Family Court of Ulster County (McGinty, J.), entered November 6, 2014, which, among other things, granted petitioner's applications, in two proceedings pursuant to Family Ct. Act article 10, to adjudicate the subject children to be neglected.
Respondent Brian SS. (hereinafter the father) is the biological father of Lillian SS. (born in 2010) and the stepfather of Lee TT. (born in 1997), and respondent Keri SS. is the biological mother of both children. In 1996, the father was convicted in North Carolina upon his plea of guilty of the crimes of taking indecent liberties with a child and crimes against nature after placing his penis in the mouth of his then two-year-old daughter. While on probation for those offenses, defendant was charged with raping his girlfriend's 18–month–old daughter and, in 1999, he entered an Alford plea to the crime of taking indecent liberties with a child. The father subsequently relocated to New York and, in March 2012, was classified as a risk level three sex offender.
During the course of the risk classification hearing, the father denied having committed any sex offenses—contending that he "made up [the] story" underlying the 1996 conviction and that the 1999 conviction stemmed from a simple probation violation.
In June 2012, Family Court (Mizel, J.) granted petitioner's application for temporary orders of protection prohibiting the father from having any contact with the subject children and directing the mother to comply with the terms thereof. That same month, petitioner separately commenced these proceedings—one against the mother, the other against the father—alleging that each parent had neglected the subject children. Following a lengthy fact-finding hearing, Family Court (McGinty, J.) adjudicated the subject children to be neglected—citing the father's "adamant and categorical denial of his prior sex offenses" and his corresponding failure to complete sex offender eye" to the father's offenses and to "[choose] her relationship with [the father] over the safety of her children." The father thereafter appealed from Family Court's fact-finding order, and this Court affirmed (118 A.D.3d 1079, 987 N.Y.S.2d 482 [2014], lv. dismissed 24 N.Y.3d 936, 993 N.Y.S.2d 547, 17 N.E.3d 1144 [2014] ).
The orders of protection were extended several times throughout the course of these proceedings, but certain of those subsequent orders afforded the father either supervised visitation with the children or supervised telephone or Skype contact with Lee.
In anticipation of the ensuing dispositional hearing, petitioner proposed written terms and conditions for an order of supervision, to which the mother consented. The father objected to the proposed order of supervision, and Family Court proceeded to conduct a dispositional hearing in that regard. At the conclusion of the lengthy hearing that followed, Family Court, among other things, released the children to the mother's custody subject to various terms and conditions. Noting the father's persistent denial of his sex offenses, Family Court further concluded that it would be in the children's best interests to suspend all visitation between the father and Lillian pending further order of the court and to limit the father's contact with Lee to supervised telephone access. The mother and the father each appeal from Family Court's individual dispositional orders.
Counsel for the mother indicated, however, that she would like to see more visitation between the father and the children.
Inasmuch as Lee reached the age of majority during the pendency of this appeal, Family Court no longer has jurisdiction over any custody or visitation issues relative to him (see Matter of Roth v. Messina, 116 A.D.3d 1257, 1258 n. 2, 984 N.Y.S.2d 221 [2014] ) but, in light of the consequences that could flow therefrom, the mother's challenge to the adjudication of neglect as to that child remains properly before us (cf. Matter of Shay–Nah FF. [Theresa GG.], 106 A.D.3d 1398, 1399 n. 1, 966 N.Y.S.2d 266 [2013], lv. denied 21 N.Y.3d 863, 2013 WL 4562343 [2013] ).
The mother's and the father's requests for a stay pending appeal were denied by a Justice of this Court. Additionally, during the pendency of these appeals, petitioner commenced separate proceedings against the mother and the father, alleging that each of them had violated various provisions of the respective dispositional orders. Neither the mother nor the father appeared at the scheduled fact-finding hearing and, at the conclusion thereof, Family Court, among other things, found the parents to be in willful violation of the prior dispositional orders, committed each of them to the Ulster County Jail for a period of six months and continued their placement under the supervision of petitioner until April 19, 2017.
We begin with the mother's challenge to Family Court's finding that she neglected the subject children. "The case law makes clear that a child may be adjudicated to be neglected within the meaning of Family Ct. Act § 1012(f)(i) when a parent knew or should have known of circumstances which required action in order to avoid actual or potential impairment of the child and failed to act accordingly. Determining whether a parent exercises the requisite minimum degree of care is evaluated by asking whether, under the circumstances, a reasonable and prudent parent would have so acted. In this regard, a finding of neglect does not require actual injury or impairment, but only an imminent threat that such injury or impairment may result" (Matter of Warren RR. [Brittany Q.], 143 A.D.3d 1072, 1076, 39 N.Y.S.3d 267 [2016] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Evelyn EE. v. Ayesha FF., 143 A.D.3d 1120, 1125, 40 N.Y.S.3d 212 [2016] ; Matter of Emmett RR. [Scott RR.], 134 A.D.3d 1189, 1190–1191, 21 N.Y.S.3d 740 [2015] ).
As the record before us reflects, the mother steadfastly refused to believe that the father had committed the sex offenses underlying his North Carolina convictions; she accepted—without question—the father's initial explanations regarding those offenses and, even after learning the true nature of the father's 1999 conviction, failed to inquire as to the details thereof, refused to "believe that he was guilty" of any sexual offense involving a child and acknowledged that there "[p]robably [was] not" anything that would make her change her opinion on that point. Although the mother testified that, in light of the father's past, a decision was made that she would be a stay-at-home mom in order to provide a "safety net" for the children, she also testified that she would be "comfortable" permitting the father to have unsupervised contact with Lillian (who at the time of the fact-finding hearing was less than three years old) and had no fears about the father being left alone with the children—again insisting that he was not guilty of the crimes of which he had been convicted. As to the need for the father to undergo sex offender treatment, the mother was indifferent; the father previously had advised the mother that he had completed whatever treatment was required of him during his incarceration and the mother believed him—even though she subsequently discovered that the facility where the father had been incarcerated did not offer sex offender treatment.
Aside from the father's vague and self-serving testimony that he participated in what he assumed was sex offender treatment while in prison, the record is bereft of any proof that he actually completed an appropriate sex offender treatment program and, as such, there is ample support for Family Court's finding that the father "posed an actual danger to the [subject] children"—a danger or imminent threat that the mother, in turn, either refused to acknowledge or chose to ignore. Simply put, in light of the mother's unwillingness to appreciate the risk of harm posed by the father's presence in her household, especially with respect to her infant daughter, we have no quarrel with Family Court's finding that the mother neglected the subject children (see Matter of Warren RR. [Brittany Q.], 143 A.D.3d at 1076, 39 N.Y.S.3d 267; Matter of Cashmere S. [Rinell S.], 125 A.D.3d 543, 544, 4 N.Y.S.3d 190 [2015], lv. denied 26 N.Y.3d 909, 2015 WL 6182303 [2015] ; see also Matter of Destiny EE. [Karen FF.], 90 A.D.3d 1437, 1443–1444, 936 N.Y.S.2d 703 [2011], lv. dismissed 19 N.Y.3d 856, 946 N.Y.S.2d 561, 969 N.E.2d 780 [2012] ).
In reaching this result, we are mindful that, given the testimony adduced at the fact-finding hearing, the finding of neglect as to Lee necessarily is derivative in nature. The case law makes clear, however, that "evidence of the abuse of one child can suffice to establish derivative abuse or neglect when the conduct at issue evidences fundamental flaws in the respondent's understanding of the duties of parenthood so profound as to place any child in his or her care at substantial risk of harm" (Matter of Joanne II. [Thomas II.], 100 A.D.3d 1204, 1205, 955 N.Y.S.2d 228 [2012] [internal quotation marks, brackets and citations omitted] ). In light of the mother's entrenched denial of the father's offenses, we are satisfied that this standard was met here and, as such, a finding of derivative neglect as to Lee is warranted.
We turn now to the father's claim that he was denied the right to counsel during the course of the dispositional hearing, which commenced on April 3, 2013. On the fourth day of the hearing (September 25, 2013), the father rested his case and the hearing was adjourned pending testimony from an expert retained by the attorney for the child. When the hearing reconvened on February 28, 2014, the father filed a "motion to reconsider and vacate" seeking, among other things, to compel Family Court to recuse itself from these proceedings and indicating that the legal services provided by assigned counsel, who had represented the father throughout the course of the fact-finding and dispositional hearings, "no longer [were] needed." Upon inquiry by Family Court, the father indicated that he was requesting the appointment of new counsel or, alternatively, an adjournment to afford him sufficient time to find another attorney. Family Court denied the father's requests as untimely, noting that he had ample time in advance of the hearing date to seek the requested adjournment or to discharge assigned counsel and obtain another attorney. When the father refused to go forward with assigned counsel, Family Court—after cautioning the father on the perils of proceeding pro se—continued the hearing with assigned counsel serving as a legal advisor to the father. In so doing, the father now argues, Family Court denied him his right to counsel. We disagree.
"While a respondent in an abuse and neglect proceeding has a right to counsel, including the right to have counsel assigned if indigent, there is no right to have assigned counsel of one's choice" (Matter of Ashley D., 268 A.D.2d 803, 805, 702 N.Y.S.2d 209 [2000] [citations omitted], lv. denied 94 N.Y.2d 763, 708 N.Y.S.2d 51, 729 N.E.2d 708 [2000] ; see Matter of Daniel K.L. [Shaquanna L.], 138 A.D.3d 743, 745, 29 N.Y.S.3d 436 [2016] ; cf. Matter of Zulme v. Maehrlein, 133 A.D.3d 608, 609, 18 N.Y.S.3d 552 [2015] ; Matter of Ryan v. Alexander, 133 A.D.3d 605, 607, 18 N.Y.S.3d 717 [2015] ; Matter of DeMichiel v. DeMichiel, 66 A.D.3d 894, 895, 886 N.Y.S.2d 643 [2009], lv. denied 14 N.Y.3d 704, 899 N.Y.S.2d 128, 925 N.E.2d 932 [2010] ). To that end, "[a]n indigent party is entitled to new assigned counsel only upon a showing of good cause for substitution" (Matter of Daniel K.L. [Shaquanna L.], 138 A.D.3d at 745, 29 N.Y.S.3d 436 ; see Matter of Blake T.L. [Robert L.], 141 A.D.3d 525, 526 35 N.Y.S.3d 262 [2016], lvs. denied 28 N.Y.3d 906, 2016 WL 6433270 [2016], 28 N.Y.3d 907, 45 N.Y.S.3d 375, 68 N.E.3d 104 [2016]; Matter of Zulme v. Maehrlein, 133 A.D.3d at 609, 18 N.Y.S.3d 552 ; Matter of Brendan N. [Arthur N.], 79 A.D.3d 1175, 1178, 912 N.Y.S.2d 706 [2010], lv. dismissed 14 N.Y.3d 934, 905 N.Y.S.2d 556, 931 N.E.2d 540 [2010], lvs. denied 15 N.Y.3d 701, 905 N.Y.S.2d 803, 931 N.E.2d 1059 [2010], 16 N.Y.3d 702, 735, 917 N.Y.S.2d 99, 942 N.E.2d 310 [2011] ). "In determining whether good cause exists, a trial court must consider the timing of the ... request, its effect on the progress of the case and whether present counsel will likely provide ... meaningful assistance. Good cause determinations are necessarily case-specific and therefore fall within the discretion of the trial court" (People v. Linares, 2 N.Y.3d 507, 510, 780 N.Y.S.2d 529, 813 N.E.2d 609 [2004] ; see People v. Orminski, 108 A.D.3d 864, 865, 968 N.Y.S.2d 266 [2013], lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 958, 977 N.Y.S.2d 189, 999 N.E.2d 554 [2013] ). Notably, "[s]ubstitution of counsel is an instrument designed to remedy meaningful impairments to effective representation, not to reward truculence with delay" (People v. Linares, 2 N.Y.3d at 512, 780 N.Y.S.2d 529, 813 N.E.2d 609 ). For that reason, when confronted with a request to change retained or assigned counsel, the trial court must insure that such request "does not serve to delay or obstruct the ... proceedings" (People v. Orminski, 108 A.D.3d at 865, 968 N.Y.S.2d 266 [internal quotation marks and citation omitted] ).
Here, despite having had—quite literally—months within which to request substitute counsel, the father, who already had rested his case, waited until the morning of the long-scheduled dispositional hearing—then in its fifth day—to express his dissatisfaction with assigned counsel's services We reach a similar conclusion with respect to the denial of the father's request for an adjournment. Although Family Ct. Act § 1048(a) permits the court to adjourn a dispositional hearing "for good cause shown," such determination lies within "the sound discretion of the hearing court upon a balanced consideration of all relevant factors" (Matter of Natalia T. [Michael T.], 115 A.D.3d 966, 966, 982 N.Y.S.2d 576 [2014] ). Here, given the length of time that elapsed between the scheduled hearing dates, the father's corresponding failure to seek an adjournment—or attempt to obtain new counsel—in a timely fashion and the absence of good cause for the substitution of counsel in the first instance, we cannot say that Family Court abused its discretion in denying the father's request for an adjournment (see Matter of Sara KK., 226 A.D.2d 766, 767, 640 N.Y.S.2d 328 [1996], lv. denied 88 N.Y.2d 808, 647 N.Y.S.2d 165, 670 N.E.2d 449 [1996] ; compare Matter of Stephen L., 2 A.D.3d 1229, 1231–1232, 770 N.Y.S.2d 207 [2003] ).
Having concluded that the father's requests for an adjournment and/or substitute counsel were properly denied, we are left to consider whether the father's de facto decision to proceed pro se constituted a knowing, intelligent and voluntary waiver of the right to counsel. To be sure, the father did not unequivocally express a desire to proceed pro se; he did, however, make clear that he did not wish to go forward with assigned counsel—even in an advisory capacity—and, when questioned as to his desire to proceed pro se, the father refused to answer Family Court directly, insisting instead that he be given time to obtain counsel of his own choosing. The hearing proceeded as scheduled, with the father representing himself and assigned counsel acting as his legal advisor. At the conclusion of the February 2014 hearing, Family Court reminded the father to advise the court should he elect to retain counsel in advance of the next scheduled hearing date but, when the father returned to court for that hearing two months later, he continued to represent himself—with assigned counsel standing by as a legal advisor.
Contrary to the representations made by counsel during oral argument, the father did not repeatedly refuse to proceed pro se. Rather, the father refused to choose between proceeding with assigned counsel or proceeding pro se—opting instead to continue to insist that he be provided with counsel of his own choosing.
While Family Court arguably could have conducted a more detailed inquiry, the court was faced with a recalcitrant parent who steadfastly refused to accept either of the reasonable options available to him, i.e., to continue with assigned counsel or to affirmatively respond to Family Court's repeated inquiries as to his desire to proceed pro se, opting instead to attempt to counsel of his choosing. Further, Family Court was not required to follow a specific formula in ascertaining the voluntariness of the father's decision to proceed pro se; rather, the record need only "demonstrate that the [father] was aware of the dangers and disadvantages of proceeding without counsel" (Matter of Ryan v. Alexander, 133 A.D.3d at 606, 18 N.Y.S.3d 717 [internal quotation marks and citations omitted]; see Matter of Graham v. Rawley, 140 A.D.3d 765, 767, 33 N.Y.S.3d 371 [2016], lv. dismissed and denied 28 N.Y.3d 955, 38 N.Y.S.3d 524, 60 N.E.3d 420 [2016] ) and that he was competent to make that decision (see Matter of Graham v. Rawley, 140 A.D.3d at 767, 33 N.Y.S.3d 371). Upon reviewing the colloquy between the father and Family Court on this point, wherein Family Court apprised the father of the perils and pitfalls of proceeding pro se, we are satisfied that the father knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived his right to counsel.
Of the remaining arguments raised by respondents, only two warrant discussion. As to the specific terms of the dispositional order, the father contends that Family Court abused its discretion in denying him contact with Lillian pending further order of the court. Again, we disagree. "The dispositional order must reflect a resolution consistent with the best interests of the child[ ] after consideration of all relevant facts and circumstances, and must be supported by a sound and substantial basis in the record" (Matter of Alaina E., 33 A.D.3d 1084, 1087, 823 N.Y.S.2d 227 [2006] [citations omitted] ). To that end, "whether visitation is appropriate is a matter left to Family Court's sound discretion and its findings, to which deference is to be accorded, will not be disturbed on appeal unless they lack a sound basis in the record. While denial of visitation to a biological parent must be based on compelling reasons and substantial evidence that such visitation would be detrimental or harmful to the child's welfare, the rights of a parent are subordinate to the policy of protecting a child from a parent who is incapable or unwilling to perform his or her parental responsibilities. Accordingly, the paramount issue in determining whether visitation should be permitted by a parent who has committed neglect is the best interests of the child[ ], and an inquiry into the child['s] best interests involves consideration of ... any potential threat of future abuse or neglect" (Matter of Hobb Y., 56 A.D.3d 998, 999, 868 N.Y.S.2d 335 [2008] [internal quotation marks, brackets, ellipsis and citations omitted]; see Matter of Duane FF. [Harley GG.], 135 A.D.3d 1093, 1094–1095, 24 N.Y.S.3d 421 [2016], lv. denied 27 N.Y.3d 904, 2016 WL 1739465 [2016] ; Matter of Telsa Z. [Denise Z.], 90 A.D.3d 1193, 1194, 934 N.Y.S.2d 574 [2011], lv. denied 18 N.Y.3d 806, 2012 WL 446103 [2012] ).
Here, the attorney for the child called Rebecca Arp, a against Lillian. Such testimony, in our view, fully supports Family Court's finding that visitation between the father and Lillian would not be in the child's best interests. To the extent that Christopher Farrell, the clinical coordinator of sex offender services for the Ulster County Probation Department, offered testimony to the contrary, any conflict in the testimony presented a factual and credibility issue for Family Court to resolve (see generally Matter of Shana SS. v. Jeremy TT., 111 A.D.3d 1090, 1092, 976 N.Y.S.2d 252 [2013], lv. denied 22 N.Y.3d 862, 2014 WL 642795 [2014] ).
When questioned as to the possibility of supervised visitation for the father, Arp testified that such supervision should be provided by an appropriate agency or someone who, in addition to being able to be objective, had been trained to look for certain red flags—such as whispering or lap sitting during visits. According to Arp, the mother would not be an appropriate supervisor for such visits "given her level of denial."
We do, however, find merit to the mother's claim that a specific provision in the dispositional order—requiring her to reside in Ulster County—is invalid as no such requirement was embodied in Family Court's written decision. "[A] written order must conform strictly to the court's decision, and ... when there is a conflict between the two, the decision controls" (Zebrowski v. Zebrowski, 28 A.D.3d 883, 884, 813 N.Y.S.2d 803 [2006] [internal quotation marks and citations omitted] ). Here, Family Court's written decision following the dispositional hearing does not include any requirement that the mother and Lillian reside in Ulster County—indeed, the residency requirement was not included in the proposed terms and conditions of supervision to which the mother consented, and a review of the hearing transcript reflects that petitioner was well aware that supervision of the mother would be undertaken by an agency in the county in which the mother then was residing. Accordingly, Family Court's dispositional order entered with regard to the mother must be modified accordingly. Respondents' remaining contentions, including their respective ineffective assistance of counsel claims, have been examined and found to be lacking in merit.
Counsel for the respective parties advised this Court at oral argument that neither the mother nor the father currently reside in New York—much less in Ulster County. According to counsel, the mother and the children reside in Pennsylvania, and the father resides in North Carolina. That said, Family Court retains jurisdiction over these proceedings, and counsel for petitioner indicated that petitioner has retained responsibility for supervising the parents' compliance with the dispositional orders.
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ORDERED that the order entered November 6, 2014 with regard to respondent Brian SS. is affirmed, without costs.
ORDERED that the order entered November 6, 2014 with regard to respondent Keri SS. is modified, on the law, without costs, by reversing so much thereof as required said respondent to reside in Ulster County with the minor children; such provision is stricken from the subject order; and, as so modified, affirmed.
ARRY, J.P., DEVINE, CLARK and MULVEY, JJ., concur.
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