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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

In an earlier order dated 14 May 2015 (reported at 2015 6 SCC 332), the Supreme Court held that Mr. Ranjit Sinha, then Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), had acted inappropriately by meeting persons accused in the coal-block allocation cases without the presence of the investigating officers. Concerned that such meetings might have influenced ongoing investigations and the filing of charge-sheets or closure reports, the Court sought assistance from the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) and, during the pendency of the matter, appointed a committee headed by Mr. M. L. Sharma, IPS (Retd.), to inquire into the allegations.

Mr. Sharma submitted his report on 4 March 2016, which was supplied to the learned Attorney General. The Court thereafter heard submissions from all counsel, including Mr. Vikas Singh for Mr. Ranjit Sinha, and considered the further course of action in light of the report.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether a prima facie case existed warranting investigation into the alleged abuse of authority by Mr. Ranjit Sinha in relation to the coal-block allocation cases.
  2. If an investigation was warranted, whether the Special Investigating Team (SIT) should comprise officers from an external agency or be constituted within the CBI itself.

Arguments of the Parties

The opinion does not contain a detailed account of the parties' legal arguments.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Order dated 14 May 2015, (2015) 6 SCC 332 Held that ex-CBI Director Ranjit Sinha’s meetings with accused persons, without investigators present, were inappropriate and required further inquiry. Formed the factual and legal foundation for deciding whether a fresh investigation into Mr. Sinha’s conduct was necessary.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

After a detailed perusal of Mr. M. L. Sharma’s report, the Court concluded that a prima facie case for investigation into Mr. Ranjit Sinha’s alleged abuse of authority had been established. The Court accepted the second prayer in the interlocutory application, which sought direction for an SIT investigation into whether Mr. Sinha attempted to “scuttle enquiries, investigations and prosecutions” in the coal-block allocation matters.

In determining the composition of the SIT, the Court weighed the option of appointing an external investigative body but decided against it, citing a “change of guard” at the CBI and expressing continued faith in the agency’s impartiality. Consequently, the Court directed that:

  • The SIT be led by the current Director, CBI.
  • Two additional CBI officers, nominated by the Director and intimated to the Court, may assist the investigation.
  • The Director, CBI must keep the Chief Vigilance Commissioner informed of the progress.
  • Mr. R. S. Cheema, already serving as Special Public Prosecutor in the coal-block matters, will provide legal assistance to the SIT.

The Court expressly refrained from commenting on the merits of the allegations or the contents of Mr. Sharma’s report, limiting its observations to the necessity of an impartial investigation.

Holding and Implications

Holding: The Supreme Court directed the formation of a Special Investigating Team within the CBI, led by the Director, to investigate the prima facie abuse of authority by former CBI Director Ranjit Sinha in relation to the coal-block allocation cases.

Implications: The order initiates an internal yet Court-supervised probe of significant public importance. It obliges the CBI Director to constitute a team, consult the CVC, and report back on the team’s composition and timeline. No broader legal precedent is set beyond the immediate direction to investigate.

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    Common Cause And Others v. Union Of India And Others

    Madan B. Lokur, J.— In our order dated 14-5-2015 (2015) 6 SCC 332 we had held that it was completely inappropriate for Mr Ranjit Sinha (then Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation or CBI) to have met persons accused in the coal block allocation cases without the investigating officer being present or without the investigating team being present. We were also of opinion that in view of this, it would be necessary to enquire whether any one or more such meetings that Mr Sinha had with the accused persons had any impact on the investigations and subsequent charge-sheets or closure reports filed by CBI.

    2. We had requested assistance from the Central Vigilance Commission in this regard and during the pendency of the proceedings, we had also appointed a Committee headed by Mr M.L Sharma, IPS (Retired), former Special Director CBI and former Central Information Commissioner to look into the allegations and give us a report.

    3. Mr Sharma submitted a report on 4-3-2016, a copy of which was handed over to the learned Attorney General with a request to consider the report and assist us as to the further course of action. Thereafter, we heard the submissions of all the learned counsel including Mr Vikas Singh appearing on behalf of Mr Ranjit Sinha.

    4. We have perused the detailed report given by Mr M.L Sharma and express our gratitude to him for the invaluable assistance rendered by him and his team. We would not like to make any comment on the contents of the report but on a careful perusal thereof, we do think it necessary to accept the second prayer made in the IA which is to the following effect:

    “Direct an SIT appointed by this Hon'ble Court to investigate the abuse of authority committed by CBI Director in order to scuttle enquiries, investigations and prosecutions being carried out by CBI in coal block allocation cases and other important cases”.

    5. We have considered the issue whether an outside body of investigators should be appointed as the Special Investigating Team. However, in our considered opinion, since there has been a change of guard in CBI, we would continue to repose our faith in the impartiality of CBI to look into the report prepared by Mr M.L Sharma and other relevant documents and conduct an investigation (as a Special Investigating Team) into the abuse of authority prima facie committed by Shri Ranjit Sinha with a view to scuttle enquiries, investigations and prosecutions being carried out by CBI in coal block allocation cases.

    6. The Special Investigating Team led by the Director, CBI may take the assistance of two officers of CBI nominated by the Director with due intimation to this Court. The Director, CBI will also take the Chief Vigilance Commissioner into confidence in respect of the investigations. Since the Director, CBI will undoubtedly require the assistance of somebody well conversant with the law, we request Mr R.S Cheema who is already a Special Public Prosecutor in the coal block allocation cases to assist the Director, CBI and his team on legal issues.

    7. We make it clear that we have not expressed any opinion on the merits of the allegations made by the petitioner or make any comment on the contents of the report prepared by Mr M.L Sharma and his team except to say that a prima facie case has definitely been made out for investigation into the abuse of authority by Mr Ranjit Sinha in terms of the report.

    8. A copy of this order may be provided to the Director, CBI who will indicate on the next date of hearing the composition of his team and the time required to complete the investigations. We need hardly emphasise that the matter is of considerable public importance and should be taken up with due earnestness by the Director, CBI.

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    Common Cause And Others v. Union Of India And Others
    (Jan 23, 2017)