Dr. M.K Sharma, J.— These appeals are directed against the judgment and order dated 17-2-2002 passed by the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal, Eastern Bench, Kolkata in Appeals Nos. CRV-75 and 74 of 1999, whereby the Tribunal had allowed the appeal of the respondents and set aside the order passed by the Commissioner of Customs on the ground that butyl acrylate monomer i.e the chemical imported by the respondents can safely be held to be an adhesive and was covered by the advance licences produced by the respondents.
2. As per the facts on record the respondents, M/s Sanghvi Overseas imported 14 consignments of butyl acrylate monomer (hereinafter referred to as “BAM”) between April and December 1997 and cleared the same against advance licences by availing the benefit of Customs Notifications Nos. 203/92 and 79/95, without payment of duty. Another consignment of BAM was cleared by the respondents under the bill of entry dated 6-3-1998 and thereafter one more consignment was imported. The last two consignments were warehoused and not cleared by the Customs Authorities.
3. In all these consignments of BAM, the respondents declared the product as butyl acrylate monomer and claimed the classification under sub-heading 2916.12 The assessments were sought by the respondents as adhesives under the DEEC licence.
4. Enquiries were initiated by the Revenue against the respondents on the belief that the product imported by the respondents was a defined organic chemical and was not an adhesive. The appellant Revenue took a stand that the advance licences covering imports of adhesives submitted by the respondents for clearance of the consignments under the DEEC Scheme, availing the benefit of customs notification were not applicable in the matter of clearance of the goods in question inasmuch as the said licences were for import of adhesives and the product imported was not an adhesive. Accordingly, searches were conducted in the offices of the respondents and their statements were recorded. The customs clearing agent was also interrogated and efforts were made to find out as to whether the product in question was used as a bonding agent or not. Shri R.K Jain, in his statement, recorded during such investigations, deposed that the product was used as a bonding agent and on polymerisation the same becomes an adhesive.
5. The Revenue also drew the samples and sent them for testing. The Revenue also sought the opinion of the various experts as also the persons of the trade dealing in identical items. On the basis of the material collected during the investigation the Revenue formed an opinion that BAM was not an adhesive but was one of the raw materials used for adhesive formations. As such, the revenue was of the opinion that the exemption had been wrongly claimed by the respondents. In addition, the Revenue also disputed the value of the goods in question.
6. Accordingly, on the above basis the respondents were served with a show-cause notice proposing confirmation of demand of duty, as also confiscation of the imported product and imposition of personal penalties upon the various persons.
7. During the adjudication proceedings the respondents took a specific stand that BAM in question is a liquid which becomes adhesive on polymerisation upon coming into contact with light and heat. It was argued on behalf of the respondents that to prevent spontaneous polymerisation BAM is normally stabilised by some inhibitor and that since BAM polymerises readily without much requirement of processing and as after polymerisation the same shows adhesive properties it should be treated as an adhesive only. They also placed reliance on the manufacturer's printed literature and contended that it is clear that BAM is used as an adhesive.
8. The respondents clarified that BAM does not possess any adhesive properties in the monomer form, but the same is an adhesive in the polymer form, which process is undertaken naturally when the monomer form comes in contact with heat and light. The respondents pleaded that it is not feasible and practicable to import the item in polymer form as after polymerisation, the product immediately becomes an adhesive which does not have much shelf-life.
9. The respondents also pleaded their case on the point of time-bar by submitting that they had declared the goods in the bill of entry correctly and the clearances were given by the Customs Authorities after drawing samples and satisfying themselves that the product was an adhesive and squarely covered by the advance licences. Their advance licences were accordingly debited by the Customs Authorities. As such, they submitted that the longer period of limitation could not be invoked against them inasmuch as there was no misdeclaration on the part of the respondents.
10. The said show-cause notice culminated into the impugned order passed by the Commissioner, whereby, it was held that BAM was not an adhesive and the benefit of the advance licences and the notification in question was not available to the importer. Accordingly, the demand of duty was confirmed by invoking the extended and longer period of limitation in respect of the 14 bills of entries on the ground that the respondents had misdeclared the product in question.
11. It was also held by the Commissioner that the goods are liable to confiscation, but inasmuch as the same were not available, no redemption fine had been imposed by him. Penalty of equivalent amount was imposed upon M/s Sanghvi Overseas. The goods covered by the bills of entry dated 8-5-1997 and 19-3-1998 which were under seizure by the Revenue were confiscated with an option to the respondents to redeem the same on payment of redemption fine of Rs 6,00,000 (Rupees six lakhs). Further penalty of Rs 3,00,000 (Rupees three lakhs) was imposed upon M/s Sanghvi Overseas in relation to the importation of the goods under the above two bills of entries. A penalty of Rs 65,00,000 (Rupees sixty-five lakhs) was imposed on the second respondent, Shri R.K Jain on the findings that he was the main person behind the imports which led to evasion of a huge amount of customs duty and was an adviser to the importers. It was also observed that the evidence on record showed his active and financial involvement in the matter.
12. Aggrieved by the abovementioned order, the respondents filed an appeal before the Customs, Excise and Gold (Control) Appellate Tribunal, Kolkata submitting that BAM in question can be classified as an adhesive and the respondents had rightly claimed clearance of the goods on the basis of the advance licences which allowed adhesive to be cleared duty-free. It was pointed out that the Revenue also drew samples before clearance of the goods and it is only thereafter that the clearances were permitted by them. The Tribunal by its order dated 17-2-2003 allowed the appeals of the respondents stating that BAM can be rightly classified as an adhesive and therefore, the respondents had rightfully claimed the clearance of goods on the basis of advance licences. Hence, the present special leave petitions have been preferred by the appellant.
13. The learned counsel appearing for the appellant submitted before us that the Tribunal made a fundamental error in ignoring the fact that BAM was required to undergo a further industrial process to become an adhesive, and thus the imported item under no circumstances could be classified as an adhesive. The contention is that the imported chemical is a monomer organic chemical, which is one of the raw materials used in the manufacture of adhesives, the opinion which has been substantiated by various experts from the field of the adhesive industry. The appellant has alleged that the imported material i.e BAM (inhibited), is a colourless liquid, lighter than water, monomer organic chemical having wide use in paint, textile and leather industry as raw material and can in no way be compared with other polyurethane adhesives of well-known brands.
14. It was further contended that in the product literature submitted before the Tribunal, the portion specifying that BAM was used as a raw material for the adhesive industry was erased by the respondent importers. He also refuted the respondents' claim that BAM in the monomer form on coming in mere contact with heat and light undergoes self-polymerisation and au contraire it was submitted that it requires a specific industrial process.
15. The next contention was that the Tribunal also failed to take into account that the difference in value between acrylates and products obtained after polymerisation is one-and-a half times to three times which means polymerisation involves complicated technical and industrial processes. It has been contended that various experts in the fields from industry as well as renowned institutions have categorically opined that BAM is not an adhesive. It was also argued that taking into account the product literature of M/s LG Chemicals Ltd., a manufacturer of the imported product, which was part of the appeal petition, revealed that BAM was a raw material for adhesive. It was claimed that BAM in inhibited state is quite different from the product obtained after emulsion polymerisation through an industrial process. Thus the form in which the goods were imported could not be termed as an adhesive.
16. The learned counsel for the respondents refuted all the contentions raised by the appellant and submitted that “BAM” is used as an adhesive in the leather industry and that during transportation and storage it is kept in a manner which would restrict it from self-polymerisation. It was thus submitted that when the chemical BAM is packed, an inhibitor is used to keep the goods in storage condition and that as and when the container is opened and the chemical comes into contact with air, light and heat at room temperature, BAM starts self-polymerisation by itself and suo motu and gets the properties of an adhesive. He also pointed out the fact that there is no dispute with regard to the fact that BAM when polymerised becomes an adhesive.
17. The dispute in short is whether BAM can be said to be an adhesive for the purpose of allowing the duty-free clearances against the advance licence issued under the DEEC Scheme. Goods in packed condition are of no use. It can only be used when it is opened and put to use. We are, therefore, to consider as to whether for all practical purposes BAM is an adhesive. It is admitted in the show-cause notice that the end use of BAM is as an adhesive in the leather industry. However, a distinction is sought to be made in the present case that until monomer becomes polymer, it is not an adhesive. It is alleged that in monomer form, BAM is not an adhesive. By putting such an interpretation, an attempt has been made by the appellant to divest BAM from the coverage of adhesive. The issue is whether the requirement of opening the container, allowing BAM to come in contact with air, light and heat and even putting a catalyst could detract from its being an adhesive.
18. Admittedly, the expression “adhesive” is not defined in the Act. It is now well settled that the words and expressions, unless defined in the statute have to be construed in the sense in which persons dealing with them understand i.e as per trade and understanding and usage.
19. The word “adhesive” was mentioned in the ex-bond bill of entry inasmuch as the appellant sought for release of goods under advance licences allowing adhesive as duty-free import. In any event goods were chemically tested in the Customs House and goods were cleared after satisfaction of the proper officer that BAM is an adhesive. The Department was very much conscious that goods were claimed as an adhesive and they were so satisfied after examination of the goods and deliberation made in this regard. Therefore, the 14 consignments referred to in Para 4 of the show-cause notice were cleared on the basis of advance licence under Customs Notification No. 203/92-Cus. or 79/95-Cus. The Customs Authorities cleared the goods with consciousness and knowing fully well that BAM is an adhesive. There is no question of suppression of any fact before the Customs Authorities because no fact was concealed. Each of the consignments were tested and chemically examined.
20. Therefore, the counsel appearing for the respondents submitted before us that the allegation made by the Customs Authorities in the show-cause notice cannot be allowed to stand on two counts. Firstly, the goods imported were very much covered by the licence and secondly, assuming, though denying that the goods were not covered under the licence even then the Customs Authorities cannot change their stand inasmuch as after debiting of the licence, the position becomes irreversible. The licence cannot be restored to its original position. The valid order of clearances made under Section 47 of the Customs Act cannot be disturbed because of the irreversible situation. Acceptance of advance licences for clearance of BAM as an adhesive stands absolute and it cannot be repudiated as the licences have been debited by the Customs Authorities. The assessment orders already made cannot be disturbed in the facts and circumstances of the case. These are important factors and areas which are required to be kept in mind while deciding the issue falling for our consideration.
21. So the undisputed picture which emerges is that the imported chemical is in its monomer form and becomes an adhesive on self-polymerisation. The respondents' case is that the self-polymerisation, which is nothing but an increase in the molecular weight that takes place on the chemical coming out of the container. The question is that whether the solution in its monomer form can be considered as an adhesive or not. According to the respondents it is not practical and feasible to import the product in its polymerised form and the same is always stored in its monomer form. In fact inhibitors are added to avoid self-polymerisation of the product during storage.
22. It is the case of both the sides that the monomer form becomes polymer form of the chemical suited to be used as adhesives, when it comes in contact with nature. It is only that in some cases where bulk polymerisation is required, extra heat i.e more than the heat provided by the nature is required to increase the process of polymerisation, as has been opined in the opinions of the experts brought on record by the Revenue. As such, the Tribunal was of the view that butyl acrylate monomer, which undergoes self-polymerisation on coming in contact with the atmosphere, can be safely held to be an adhesive and covered by the various advance licences in question.
23. It is also noted that in the technical literature given by the manufacturer, use of the product has been shown as an adhesive. Even though the Revenue has disputed that the said literature produced by the respondents is not correct and is manipulated inasmuch as the same is different than the manufacturer of identical product in India, however, no concrete evidence to that effect has been led by the Revenue. The Tribunal has given a finding that the literature produced by the respondents is of the Korean manufacturer and is given in English language as well as Korean language and there is no reason to doubt the veracity of the said literature. Inasmuch as the manufacturers themselves have shown the use of butyl acrylate as adhesive as well as textile binders, we see no reason to take a different view.
24. Under the DEEC Scheme, the word “adhesives” has not been defined. Under the exemption notification, the word “materials” has been defined as under:
“(a) Raw materials, components, intermediates, consumables, computer software and parts required for manufacture of export products.”
Therefore “materials” permissible, are not only raw materials but also intermediates for such raw materials, which are required for manufacture of export products specified in the licences, which in this case are “leather industry” products. The term used as “material” required for manufacture of export products would encompass such entities also which are not only directly used or usable as such in the manufacturing processes but also those which could be used with same processing.
25. From Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, 4th Edn. published by John Wiley and Sons, it is found for acrylate esters as in the present case it prescribes:
“Emulsion Polymerisation: Emulsion polymerisation is the most important industrial method for the preparation of acrylic polymers. The principal markets for aqueous dispersion polymers made by emulsion polymerisation of acrylic esters are the print, paper, adhesives, textile, floor polish, and leather industries, where they are used principally as coatings or binders. Copolymers of either ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate with methyl methacrylate are most common. (Vol. 1, p. 328)”
From this authoritative book, it is apparent and can be concluded, that BAM, which is an acrylate ester, can be polymerised by using water to prepare the “aqueous emulsion dispersion” which is used in the “leather industry” as a “coating or binder” to be an adhesive. The aqueous preparation of this emulsion would not require any elaborate use of technology. There is no reason why BAM which on aqueous dispersion, even if classified under Sub-heading 2916.12, can be used as a binder in “leather industry” as per this authoritative encyclopaedia on technology, should be denied the benefit of considering the same as adhesives.
26. The appellant has placed reliance on the judgment passed by Cegat, Mumbai in Pioneer Embroideries Ltd. v. Commr. of Customs (2004) 178 ELT 933 (Tri). We have gone through the said judgment, however, the same is not applicable to the present case both on facts and law.
27. When it is found that the licences produced entitle the respondents to clear the ex-bond goods free of duty, there are no reasons for them to have misdeclared the values since the goods are duty-free. There appears no incentive to do so. There is no allegation that the licences produced will not cover the quantity of values, even after the alleged loading of values as declared. Therefore, this Court upholds the decision of the Tribunal.
28. It is also observed that the demand is hit by the bar of limitation inasmuch as the respondents had cleared the goods in question after declaring the same in the bills of entries and giving correct classification of the same. Availing of benefit of a notification, which the Revenue subsequently formed an opinion was not available, cannot lead to the charge of misdeclaration or misstatement, etc. and even if an importer has wrongly claimed his benefit of the exemption, it is for the Department to find out the correct legal position and to allow or disallow the same.
29. In the instant case the respondents had declared the goods as butyl acrylate monomer with correct classification of the same and the word “adhesive” was added in the ex-bond bill as per the respondents' understanding that BAM is an adhesive. In these circumstances it was for the Revenue to check whether BAM was covered by the expression “adhesive” or not and if even after drawing of samples they have allowed the clearances to be effective as an adhesive the respondents cannot be held responsible for the same and subsequently, if the Revenue has changed their opinion as regards the adhesive character of BAM, extended period cannot be invoked against them. As such, we are of the view that the demand of duty in respect of the 14 consignments is also barred by limitation.
30. Therefore, the present appeals are dismissed but without any orders as to costs.