“Beyond the Jailhouse Door” – Washington Supreme Court Outlaws Pat-Down, Handcuff, and Detention Procedures for Finger-Printing Pre-Trial Releasees

Introduction

State v. Evans (Wash. Sup. Ct. 2025) presented a seemingly mundane logistical question: may King County march a felony defendant who appears voluntarily in court straight into the jail, pat him down, cuff him, and hold him in a cell for up to two hours simply to capture digital fingerprints and photographs? The County called this “administrative booking.” Defendant Kyle Evans – charged by information, but never arrested – called it an unconstitutional search and seizure. Two superior-court judges had issued conflicting rulings, creating practical chaos between the Seattle and Kent courthouses.

On direct, interlocutory review, the Washington Supreme Court unanimously held that the practice violates article I, section 7 of the Washington Constitution. The decision clarifies, for the first time, the privacy rights of pre-trial releasees (persons charged with crimes but not in custody) and erects a bright-line rule: the State may take required identification data, but it may not pat-down, handcuff, or detain the person absent a warrant or some other valid authority of law.

Summary of the Judgment

Holding: King County’s administrative booking process – involving pat-down searches, handcuffing for transport, and up-to-two-hour detention in the jail’s secure perimeter – constitutes a disturbance of a pre-trial releasee’s “private affairs” and is unsupported by “authority of law,” in violation of article I, section 7.
The court affirmed the Kent trial court, rejected the State’s reliance on older Fourth Amendment doctrine, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with its opinion.
Gunwall: Reiterated that a Gunwall analysis is not a prerequisite to independent state constitutional interpretation in article I, section 7 cases.
Rejected every proffered basis for authority of law: no warrant; no applicable warrant exception; RCW 10.98.050 (finger-printing statute) is silent on method/location; and the Olsen balancing test (probation searches) does not extend to un-convicted persons.

Detailed Analysis

A. Precedents Cited and Their Influence

Blomstrom v. Tripp (2017) – Recognized that compulsory urine tests for DUI pre-trial releasees intrude on private affairs; provided analytical template the court relied on for the two-step inquiry.
State v. Surge (2007) – Source of the two-step article I, §7 framework (“disturbance” then “authority of law”).
State v. Gunwall (1986) – Historical multi-factor test for when state constitutional analysis diverges from federal law; court here narrowed its importance, sharpening a modern trend.
State v. Olsen (2017) – Allowed warrantless probation searches if “narrowly tailored” to a “compelling interest”; State urged extension, but court confined Olsen to convicted persons serving sentences.
State v. Winterstein (2009) – Rejected the “inevitable discovery” exception under article I, §7; cited here to rebuff the State’s argument that it could have arrested and booked Evans.
Puapuaga (2008), Mayfield (2019), Sum (2022) – Cases exploring the meaning of “private affairs” and the continuing vitality of independent state law.

B. The Court’s Legal Reasoning

Step 1 – Disturbance of Private Affairs
The court distinguished between pre-trial releasees (in the community) and pre-trial detainees (in physical custody). Because Evans was never arrested, he retained the same privacy expectations as an ordinary citizen, save for the minimal statutory obligation to be fingerprinted. Pat-down searches, handcuffing, and detention are “highly intrusive” and typically “akin to arrest.” Therefore, they disturb private affairs.
Step 2 – Authority of Law
a. No applicable warrant or warrant exception – The “search-incident-to-arrest” doctrine fails because Evans was not arrested; the court again refuses to recognize a broad “special needs” or “administrative search” exception.
b. Statutory silence – RCW 10.98.050 authorizes taking fingerprints, but says nothing about method or location. A statute cannot, by implication, erode constitutional limits.
c. Olsen balancing rejected – Probationers are convicted; pre-trial releasees are not. Even assuming a compelling governmental interest, the County’s method was not “narrowly tailored,” because a less intrusive Livescan machine already exists in the public courthouse lobby (and other counties use lobby-based devices).
Gunwall – The opinion explicitly reconfirms that Washington courts may proceed directly to article I, §7 analysis without undertaking a separate Gunwall factor evaluation.
Categorical Rule Announced
Pre-trial releasees cannot be treated as though they are in custody for purposes of routine identification collection. Such defendants may be ordered to provide prints, but they may not be searched, cuffed, or jailed absent independent lawful justification.

C. Impact on Future Cases and the Broader Legal Landscape

Statewide Administrative Practice: Every county that houses its Livescan machine behind a secure perimeter must either move the device or adopt a non-custodial protocol.
Privacy Baseline Clarified: “Pre-trial releasee” now enjoys essentially full article I, §7 privacy protection unless diminished by explicit, narrowly tailored release conditions.
Gunwall Diminution: The decision continues the jurisprudential shift away from mandatory Gunwall briefing, streamlining state constitutional litigation.
Potential Legislative Response: The Legislature may specify permissible booking procedures (e.g., courthouse-sited fingerprint kiosks), but any statute must respect the new constitutional floor.
Technology and Resources: Counties must budget for publicly accessible, secure fingerprint devices or contract with third-party vendors; the voters’ 2025 property-tax levy for King County’s devices is cited as a funding model.
Criminal Procedure Doctrine: The decision may influence challenges to other routine but intrusive practices (e.g., blanket shackling, DNA swabs from arrestees without warrant), reinforcing that efficiency cannot trump article I, §7.

Complex Concepts Simplified

Article I, Section 7: Washington’s express privacy clause: “No person shall be disturbed in his private affairs, or his home invaded, without authority of law.” It often provides greater protection than the federal Fourth Amendment.
Pre-trial Releasee vs. Detainee: A releasee remains in the community after arraignment; a detainee is held in jail. The distinction is pivotal because custody justifies certain searches.
Gunwall Factors: Six factors traditionally applied to decide when Washington courts interpret the state constitution independently. The court is increasingly skipping this step for article I, §7.
Livescan Device: A digital machine that captures fingerprints, palm-prints, and booking photographs, automatically uploading them to state and federal databases.
Olsen Balancing Test: Allows warrantless searches of probationers if (1) the State has a compelling interest and (2) the conditions are narrowly tailored – now limited to convicted persons.

Conclusion

State v. Evans decisively separates the procedural convenience of the criminal justice system from the constitutional rights of individuals who have yet to be tried. Fingerprinting may be legislatively mandated, but the State must accomplish that task in ways that respect the “private affairs” of Washington residents. Pat-downs, handcuffs, and jail-cell detentions are no longer permissible as a matter of routine for out-of-custody defendants. The ruling clarifies privacy doctrine, streamlines state‐constitutional analysis, and compels counties to modernize booking logistics. Going forward, the decision will stand as a robust shield for pre-trial liberty in Washington and a persuasive roadmap for courts in other jurisdictions debating similar technological and custodial practices.