Intra-Conspiracy Supplies Must Run Concurrently – A Commentary on Takawira & Williams v R [2025] EWCA Crim 1037

1. Introduction

The Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) in Takawira & Williams v R has refined the approach to sentencing large-scale drug conspiracies, particularly where a discrete count of supply occurs wholly within the factual ambit of the conspiracy itself. The decision clarifies the interaction between:

the Sentencing Council’s Definitive Guideline for Drug Offences;
the court’s discretion to step outside guideline ranges where the conspiracy is “of the most serious and commercial scale”; and
the principle of totality, holding that intra-conspiracy supply offences usually demand concurrent, not consecutive, terms.

The appellants, Luther Takawira and Kai Williams, challenged sentences of 15 years and 16½ years respectively for their roles in a conspiracy to supply at least 133 kg of high-purity cocaine orchestrated by Alex Male. Their appeals focused on:

whether the trial judge was entitled to leave the guideline table without prior warning;
whether Williams’ additional 18-month term for a separate supply count should run consecutively or concurrently; and
the adequacy of credit for guilty plea on a money-laundering count.

2. Summary of the Judgment

Mr Justice Wall, giving the judgment of the court, held:

The trial judge was entitled to depart from the guideline table because 133 kg “significantly exceeded” the 5 kg threshold for Category 1 and the operation was indisputably “serious and commercial”.
Williams’ complaint that he lacked full knowledge of the overall conspiracy failed; by acting as Male’s “right-hand man” he must have been aware of its scale.
However, the 18-month sentence for Williams’ supply to his co-conspirator Takawira should run concurrently, not consecutively, as it formed part of the same criminality. His total term therefore reduced from 18 years to 16½ years.
In Takawira’s case, the overall 15-year term was not manifestly excessive, but the judge had omitted the mandatory credit for his guilty plea on the money-laundering count. That sentence was lowered from 3 years to 2 years 3 months, and the administratively-added victim surcharge was quashed.

3. Analysis

3.1 Precedents & Guideline Authorities

Although the judgment’s narrative is largely self-contained, three strands of authority underpin the result:

Sentencing Council, Drug Offences Definitive Guideline (2012)
Step 2 expressly authorises sentences “of 20 years and above” where the enterprise is “on the most serious and commercial scale” and the quantity “significantly exceeds” Category 1. The Court of Appeal has previously endorsed departure in R v Castillo-Vasquez [2019] EWCA Crim 1984 and R v De Sousa [2023] EWCA Crim 412.
Totality Principle
Rooted in R v Millberry [2002] EWCA Crim 2891 and codified in the Sentencing Council Overarching Guidelines, totality aims to ensure the overall sentence is “just and proportionate”. The court applied Millberry to conclude that the additional intra-conspiracy supply count added nothing of separate criminality and therefore had to run concurrently.
Procedure on Departure from Guidelines
The “best practice” warning discussed derives from R v H (Chris) [2018] EWCA Crim 2867, where the court encouraged judges to flag intended departure during mitigation. Here, failure to warn was not fatal because the sentence was not manifestly excessive and counsel suffered no prejudice.

3.2 Legal Reasoning

The Court’s reasoning can be distilled into four key steps:

Scale of Criminality Justifies Guideline Departure
133 kg is more than 26 times the Category 1 benchmark. Combined with encrypted communication, cash tranches and direct evidence of multi-kilogram transactions, the conspiracy was the epitome of “most serious and commercial”. The judge’s pivot from the table (maximum starting point of 12 years for a leading role) to a starting point of 19–20 years was therefore legitimate.
Knowledge of the Conspiracy’s Scope
For Williams, the linchpin was the inference that being Male’s organiser/manager carried with it knowledge of the broader scale. The Court labelled it “inconceivable” that he could direct couriers, boast about forty-plus kilograms, and yet be unaware of the size of the enterprise.
Concurrent vs Consecutive Sentencing
Applying totality, the Court identified the hallmarks of an intra-conspiracy supply: same class of drug, same period, sourced from the same controller, and supplied between conspirators. Because the secondary count was “barely distinguishable” from the conspiracy, separate punishment would duplicate the criminality.
Credit for Guilty Plea
On the money-laundering count, the Court reinforced the automatic operation of the credit regime in s.73 of the Sentencing Code and the Council’s Reduction Guideline. Even where the adjustment does not affect release dates, it must be shown transparently and accurately.

3.3 Likely Impact

Concurrent Sentences for Overlapping Counts: Prosecutors are now on notice that adding discrete charges (e.g., a specific supply) to a global conspiracy count may not increase the effective sentence unless the incident is truly extraneous to the conspiracy.
Guideline Departure Protocol: Judges retain freedom to leave the guideline, but this case re-emphasises the importance of indicating the intention early. Defence advocates will be alert to seek clarification during mitigation.
EncroChat and Large-Scale Drug Cases: The decision confirms that defendants proved to be “right-hand” operatives via encrypted platforms will almost inevitably be treated as having knowledge of substantial quantities, attracting very high starting points.
Administrative Surcharges: Crown Court staff cannot retrospectively add a surcharge; only the sentencing tribunal (or the Court of Appeal on variation) has jurisdiction. Expect procedural tightening in court offices.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

Concurrent vs Consecutive: Concurrent sentences are served at the same time; consecutive sentences run one after the other, lengthening the total term. The choice depends on whether the offences arise from the same event or different episodes.
Manifestly Excessive: An appellate test asking whether the sentence “outstrips” what any reasonable judge could have imposed. It is a high threshold—mere harshness is insufficient.
Category 1 (Drug Guideline): The most serious band in the Sentencing Council table, triggered if the quantity is ≥5 kg for cocaine. Roles (leading, significant, lesser) then fix the starting point and range.
Totality Principle: Ensures the overall penalty is proportionate to the total offending behaviour, preventing “double counting”.
EncroChat: A now-defunct encrypted messaging platform widely used by organised criminals. Its hacked data has featured in UK prosecutions since 2020.
Credit for Guilty Plea: Sentences are reduced (up to one-third) when the defendant pleads early, incentivising admissions and sparing victims and witnesses from trial.

5. Conclusion

Takawira & Williams v R is a significant calibration of sentencing practice in major drug conspiracies. The Court of Appeal has:

endorsed robust departure from the guideline table for conspiracies vastly exceeding Category 1 quantities;
crystallised the rule that intra-conspiracy transactions do not justify consecutive terms, safeguarding the totality principle; and
reminded courts that even apparently “academic” plea discounts and statutory surcharges must be applied strictly and transparently.

Practitioners should note that organisers caught via encrypted communications can expect starting points approaching (or surpassing) two decades, but prosecutors should resist duplicative counts that will ultimately be absorbed concurrently. The judgment thereby promotes both severity where warranted and fairness in the aggregation of sentences.