comprehensive-interpretation-of-&amp Case Commentaries

Clarifying the Dual Reasonableness Requirement in Visual Body-Cavity Searches – A Commentary on Hester v. Kelly (2d Cir. 2025)

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Clarifying the Dual Reasonableness Requirement in Visual Body-Cavity Searches: A Comprehensive Commentary on Hester v. Kelly (2d Cir. 2025) I. Introduction On 16 July 2025 the United States Court of...

Plotch v. U.S. Bank: Potential Re-Foreclosure Alone Cannot Bar Quiet Title & Condo-Lien Purchasers Are Not in Privity with the Association

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Plotch v. U.S. Bank: Potential Re-Foreclosure Alone Cannot Bar Quiet Title & Condo-Lien Purchasers Are Not in Privity with the Association Introduction Plotch v. U.S. Bank National Association, No....

Salinas Orellana v. Bondi: Re-defining “Intent” in CAT Prison-Condition Claims and Clarifying the “Likely to Alter the Result” Standard for Motions to Reopen

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Salinas Orellana v. Bondi: Re-defining “Intent” in CAT Prison-Condition Claims and Clarifying the “Likely to Alter the Result” Standard for Motions to Reopen 1. Introduction In its July 16, 2025...

Second Circuit Reaffirms Limited Duty to Reconcile Minor Statistical Sentencing Gaps and Upholds Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy as a Special Condition of Supervised Release – Commentary on United States v. Ramos-Acevedo

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Second Circuit Reaffirms Limited Duty to Reconcile Minor Statistical Sentencing Gaps and Upholds Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy as a Special Condition of Supervised Release – Commentary on United...

Alay v. Bondi: Clarifying “Individualized Assessment” and Evidence Review under the Exceptional-and-Extremely-Unusual-Hardship Standard

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Alay v. Bondi: Clarifying “Individualized Assessment” and Evidence Review under the Exceptional-and-Extremely-Unusual-Hardship Standard 1. Introduction On 16 July 2025 the United States Court of...

The Jackson Rule: Equity in Tax-Foreclosed Property Remains Protected When Government Uses Right-of-First-Refusal

Date: Jul 22, 2025

The Jackson Rule: Equity in Tax-Foreclosed Property Remains Protected When Government Uses the Right-of-First-Refusal Introduction In Louis Jackson v. Southfield Neighborhood Revitalization...

The “Zero-Surplus, Zero-Taking” Doctrine: Michigan Supreme Court’s Clarification in Yono v. County of Ingham (2025)

Date: Jul 22, 2025

The “Zero-Surplus, Zero-Taking” Doctrine: Michigan Supreme Court’s Clarification in Yono v. County of Ingham (2025) Introduction On 16 July 2025, the Supreme Court of Michigan delivered a unanimous...

Williams v. Fairfax County: The Fourth Circuit Clarifies that “Minor Discrepancies” Cannot Establish Pretext under Title VII

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Williams v. Fairfax County: The Fourth Circuit Clarifies that “Minor Discrepancies” Cannot Establish Pretext under Title VII Introduction The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals’ unpublished opinion in...

Fourth Circuit Clarifies Implied Indemnity Between Joint Tortfeasors in Strict Products Liability While Re-affirming the American Rule on Attorneys’ Fees

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Fourth Circuit Clarifies Implied Indemnity Between Joint Tortfeasors in Strict Products Liability While Re-affirming the American Rule on Attorneys’ Fees 1. Introduction The published opinion in...

No Scienter Necessary: The Fourth Circuit’s Landmark Ruling on Civil RICO “Unlawful-Debt” Claims in Williams v. Martorello

Date: Jul 22, 2025

No Scienter Necessary: The Fourth Circuit’s Landmark Ruling on Civil RICO “Unlawful-Debt” Claims in Williams v. Martorello Introduction Williams v. Martorello, decided on 16 July 2025 by the United...

Clarifying Primary vs. Secondary Fault: Fourth Circuit Recognizes Implied Indemnification Between Joint Tortfeasors in Maryland Strict-Liability Actions, But Reaffirms the American Rule on Attorneys’ Fees

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Clarifying Primary vs. Secondary Fault: Fourth Circuit Recognizes Implied Indemnification Between Joint Tortfeasors in Maryland Strict-Liability Actions, But Reaffirms the American Rule on Attorneys’...

Foreign Insolvency as a Decisive Factor: Tiber Creek Partners, LLC v. Ellume USA LLC and the Fourth Circuit’s Refined Test for Dismissing a Citizen-Plaintiff’s Home-Forum Suit on Forum Non Conveniens Grounds

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Foreign Insolvency as a Decisive Factor: Tiber Creek Partners, LLC v. Ellume USA LLC and the Fourth Circuit’s Refined Test for Dismissing a Citizen-Plaintiff’s Home-Forum Suit on Forum Non Conveniens...

Probable Cause Through Layered Suspicion: The “Vallejos Framework” for Warrantless Automobile Searches & Non-Custodial Traffic-Stop Questioning

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Probable Cause Through Layered Suspicion: The “Vallejos Framework” for Warrantless Automobile Searches & Non-Custodial Traffic-Stop Questioning Introduction United States v. Vallejos, No. 24-2065...

Clarifying the Burden of Proving Trademark-Use Authorization in Gray-Market Goods: A Commentary on AL Infinity LLC v. Spalter (2d Cir. 2025)

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Clarifying the Burden of Proving Trademark-Use Authorization in Gray-Market Goods: A Commentary on AL Infinity LLC v. Spalter (2d Cir. 2025) 1. Introduction The Second Circuit’s summary order in AL...

Clarifying the Futility Exception: Mukhtorova v. Bondi and the “Unwilling-or-Unable” Test in U.S. Asylum Law

Date: Jul 22, 2025

Clarifying the Futility Exception: Mukhtorova v. Bondi and the “Unwilling-or-Unable” Test in U.S. Asylum Law 1. Introduction Mukhtorova v. Bondi, No. 24-279 (2d Cir. July 15, 2025) is a summary order...

“Beyond the Four Corners”: Florida Supreme Court Affirms Actionability of Implied Covenants in Public-University Contracts

Date: Jul 19, 2025

“Beyond the Four Corners”: Florida Supreme Court Affirms Actionability of Implied Covenants in Public-University Contracts 1. Introduction Anthony Rojas, a graduate student at the University of...

Post-Reprimand Statements and the Duty of Candor: The New Rokita Rule

Date: Jul 19, 2025

Post-Reprimand Statements and the Duty of Candor: The Indiana Supreme Court’s “Rokita II” Framework for Attorney Discipline Introduction In In the Matter of Theodore Edward Rokita (“Rokita II”), the...

Matter of Santos: Second Department Reaffirms Consent Discipline Parameters and a One‑Year Suspension Baseline for Attorney Neglect Coupled with Client Deception

Date: Jul 17, 2025

Matter of Santos: Second Department Reaffirms Consent Discipline Parameters and a One‑Year Suspension Baseline for Attorney Neglect Coupled with Client Deception Introduction In Matter of Santos...

Interplay of SSL §409‑h and FCA §1055‑c Clarified: Courts Must Prove Actual Unavailability of Less Restrictive Placements Before Approving QRTPs

Date: Jul 17, 2025

Interplay of SSL §409‑h and FCA §1055‑c Clarified: Courts Must Prove Actual Unavailability of Less Restrictive Placements Before Approving QRTPs Introduction This commentary analyzes the Appellate...

Eleventh Circuit Validates “Good-Cause” Tenure for Administrative Law Judges – Commentary on Walmart, Inc. v. King (2025)

Date: Jul 17, 2025

Eleventh Circuit Validates “Good-Cause” Tenure for Administrative Law Judges A Commentary on Walmart, Inc. v. Chief ALJ (OCAHO), 24-11733 (11th Cir. 2025) 1. Introduction In Walmart, Inc. v. King,...

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