Hon. Roger T. Benitez United States District Judge
ORDER GRANTING IN PART MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT FOR PIONEER HOTEL, INC. COUNTERCLAIM DEFENDANT, AGAINST CHARTWELL ADVISORY GROUP, LTD, COUNTERCLAIMANT [Dkt. # 532]
Now before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment of Pioneer Hotel, Inc. against Chartwell Advisory Group, Ltd, Counterclaimant.
Chartwell asserts three counterclaims against the Pioneer Hotel in its Second Amended Answer and Counterclaim: (1) breach of contract (twenty-second claim), (2) breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing (twenty-third claim), and (3) unjust enrichment (twenty-fourth claim). The Court finds there are no genuine issues of material fact as to the first two claims and grants summary judgment to the Counterclaim defendant. As to the unjust enrichment claim, however, genuine issues of material fact exist.
Background
This case concerns taxes owed to the State of Nevada when a gaming casino or restaurant provides a meal to a patron or an employee on a complimentary basis. Apparently, gaming makes people hungry, because tax refund requests for use taxes paid on those complimentary meals for just the years 2001 through 2008 totaled 233 million dollars. Chartwell, an accounting firm, saw a way early on to argue for refunds of the use tax collected on complimentary meals. So, Chartwell approached the Counterclaim defendants and many other Nevada casinos with a proposition: "Let us pursue a use tax refund for you and if we succeed, you pay us a percentage of the tax refund." Form contracts (titled Professional Services Agreement) were drafted by Chartwell and signed by casino clients. Chartwell went to work. Numerous use tax refund requests were submitted to the Nevada Department of Taxation. Lawsuits were filed to test the refund theory. In 2008, the Nevada Supreme Court ruled that the State of Nevada could not lawfully impose a use tax on complimentary meals. See Sparks Nugget Inc. v. State of Nevada ex rel. Dep't. of Taxation, 179 P.3d 570 (Nev. 2008). Chartwell cheered.
See e.g., N.R.S. 372.185 ("1. An excise tax is hereby imposed on the storage, use or other consumption in this State of tangible personal property purchased from any retailer on or after July 1, 1955, for storage, use or other consumption in this State at the rate of 2 percent of the sales price of the property. 2. The tax is imposed with respect to all property which was acquired out of state in a transaction that would have been a taxable sale if it had occurred within this State.").
However, while closing the window on the collection of use taxes, the Nevada Supreme Court opened a door for the collection of sales taxes on these same complimentary meals. Id. at n.15 ("Still, we do not foreclose the possibility that complimentary meals such as the ones at issue in this case may be subject to sales tax where consideration is properly demonstrated."). The State pushed through the new doorway. The Nevada Department of Taxation began assessing deficiency amounts for unpaid sales tax. Because the use tax was computed on the wholesale value of the meal, while sales tax is computed on the retail value of the meal, a casino or restaurant faced an even larger sales tax liability. Chartwell did not anticipate that tax twist. Neither did the PSA contracts. More litigation followed with varying results. In 2013, a grand industry-wide settlement was reached. Chartwell did not see that coming either. See Deviney Deposition, at 154-155, Exh. 2.2 to MGM & Pioneer Hotel Joint Appendix ("To jump to the chase, we never expected a settlement would take place. . . . We never envisioned that at this point in time. . . . We thought the state would ultimately agree with us or we would lose and we were wrong."). In essence, the casinos agreed to withdraw their use tax refund requests and the Nevada Department of Taxation agreed to withdraw its sales tax deficiencies, in expectation that the Nevada legislature would pass legislation creating a sales tax moratorium on complimentary meals through the year 2019. It was a "walk away" agreement. Legislation was passed. For the Pioneer Hotel, it was now clear sailing ahead until at least 2019. Chartwell invoiced its clients. The Pioneer Hotel declined to pay the professional services fee. All of this is essentially undisputed by the parties.
The use tax / sales tax dichotomy can be thought of as two sides of the same tax coin. "The Nevada use tax is complementary to the sales tax imposed on retail purchases made in this state." Harrah's Operating Co. v. State, Dep't of Taxation, 321 P.3d 850, 852 (Nev. 2014).
Legal Standards
Summary judgment is appropriate when "there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a); see also Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48 (1986). "Credibility determinations, the weighing of the evidence, and the drawing of legitimate inferences from the facts are jury functions, not those of a judge . . . . The evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255 (citing Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157 (1970)). However, the inferences that may be drawn are not limitless. T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pac. Elec. Contractors Ass'n, 809 F.2d 626, 632 (9th Cir. 1987). Inferences must be based on specific facts and only "'rational' and 'reasonable'" inferences may be drawn. Id.; United Steelworkers of Am. v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 865 F.2d 1539, 1542 (9th Cir. 1989).
A moving party bears the initial burden of showing there are no genuine issues of material fact. Horphag Research Ltd. v. Garcia, 475 F.3d 1029, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc., 809 F.2d at 630). The moving party can do so by negating an essential element of the non-moving party's case, or by showing that the non-moving party failed to make a showing sufficient to establish an element essential to that party's case, and on which the party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 331 (1986). As this is the motion of the Counterclaim defendants, this is the approach the movants take here.
"Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment. Factual disputes that are irrelevant or unnecessary will not be counted." Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. As a general rule, the "mere existence of a scintilla of evidence" will be insufficient to raise a genuine issue of material fact; there must be evidence on which the jury could reasonably find for the non-moving party. Id. at 252. "Summary judgment procedure is properly regarded not as a disfavored procedural shortcut, but rather as an integral part of the Federal Rules as a whole, which are designed 'to secure the just, speedy and inexpensive determination of every action.'" Celotex Corp., 477 U.S. 327 (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 1).
Choice of Law - Nevada State Law
To determine the applicable substantive law, a federal court sitting in diversity must apply the choice-of-law rules of the forum. Narayan v. EGL, Inc., 616 F.3d 895, 898 (9th Cir. 2010). Nevada's choice-of-law principles allow parties "within broad limits to choose the law that will determine the validity and effect of their contract" so long as the fixed situs has a substantial relation with the transaction and is not contrary to the public policy of the forum. Progressive Gulf Ins. Co. v. Faehnrich, 752 F.3d 746, 751 (9th Cir. 2014). The contracts between Chartwell and the Counterclaim defendant Pioneer Hotel provide that the law of Pennsylvania is to be applied. However, Pennsylvania has a modest relationship the controversy. All of the substantial events took place in and with the State of Nevada. Therefore, the Court finds that Nevada law applies.
In the absence of a contract provision, Nevada courts apply the "substantial relationship" test. Consol. Generator-Nev., Inc. v. Cummins Engine Co., 971 P.2d 1251, 1253 (Nev. 1998). To determine whether a state has a substantial relationship with a contract, a court considers the following five factors: (1) the place of contracting; (2) the place of negotiation of the contract; (3) the place of performance; (4) the location of the subject matter of the contract; and (5) the domicile, residence, nationality, place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties. Id. at 1253-54.
Breach of Contract- the Twenty-second Counterclaim for Relief
Pioneer moves for partial summary judgment in that it challenges Chartwell's claims for amounts owed for non-gaming complimentary meals. (It does not address or concede liability for gaming-related complimentary meal refunds.) See Motion at n.1. Pioneer seems to confuse the two types of its own use tax payments in footnote 2 of its motion. Pioneer says it is not moving for summary judgment on "the non-gaming comp invoice." The Court finds that to the extent no money refund or credit was actually received, Pioneer is entitled to summary judgment on the contract-based claims.
To state a claim for breach of contract in Nevada, a plaintiff must demonstrate: (1) the existence of a valid contract; (2) that plaintiff performed or was excused from performance; (3) that the defendant breached the contract; and (4) that the plaintiff sustained damages. Calloway v. City of Reno, 1993 P.2d 1259, 1263 (2000). Interpreting an unambiguous contract is generally a question of law. Galardi v. Naples Polaris, LLC, 301 P.3d 364, 366 (Nev. 2013). In Nevada, contractual construction is a question of law and "suitable for determination by summary judgment." Ellison v. California State Auto. Ass'n, 797 P.2d 975, 977 (Nev. 1990). "It has long been the policy in Nevada that absent some countervailing reason, contracts will be construed from the written language and enforced as written." Id. On the other hand, summary judgment is improper if the court must use extrinsic evidence to determine the meaning of an ambiguous term within the contract. Dickenson v. State, Dep't of Wildlife, 877 P.2d 1059, 1061 (Nev. 1994).
A contract is ambiguous if its terms may reasonably be interpreted in more than one way, but ambiguity does not arise simply because the parties disagree on how to interpret their contract." Galardi, 301 P.3d at 366. "Rather, an ambiguous contract is an agreement obscure in meaning, through indefiniteness of expression or having a double meaning." Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In other words, once this Court initially determines that "the language of the contract is clear and unambiguous, the contract is enforced as written." Am. First Fed. Credit Union v. Soro, 359 P.3d 105, 106 (Nev. 2015). "[I]f no ambiguity exists, the words of the contract must be taken in their usual and ordinary signification." Traffic Control Servs., Inc. v. United Rentals Nw., Inc., 87 P.3d 1054, 1059 (Nev. 2004) (internal quotation marks omitted).
According to the ordinary significance of the terms of the contract, Chartwell would earn a fee equal to a percentage of the "Total Refund" recovered by the casino client. For example, in the PSA between Chartwell and Pioneer Hotel and Gambling Hall (dated December 11, 2002), Article 4.A states that: "For complimentary items, Chartwell's fee for services rendered to Client shall be forty percent (40%) of the Total Refund." See Joint Appendix Exh. 15. "Total Refund" is defined in Article 1.G as follows: "The Total Refund shall include all sales and use, hotel, business . . . taxes, plus interest and penalties refunded as a result of the efforts of Chartwell."
"Refund" has a plain meaning. According to Black's Law Dictionary (Ninth edition), the first meaning of the term "refund" is: "the return of money to a person who overpaid, such as a taxpayer who overestimated tax liability or whose employer withheld too much tax from earnings." The second meaning is similar: "the money returned to a person who overpaid." A refund is a return of money. This much is plain. And because it is plain, the term may be interpreted by a court without resort to extrinsic evidence. A tax refund of a fixed amount of money is the basis upon which the professional services fee was to be calculated: "Chartwell's fee for services shall be forty percent (40%) of the Total Refund." Without a tax refund of a specific amount, there was no fee to be calculated. This is a typical agreement with typical contingency fee terms based on a typical expectation of likely events. The contract makes clear that Chartwell's fee is dependent upon recovering refund money for its client: "It is understood and agreed that the services rendered by Chartwell are upon a contingent fee basis and, if no amounts are recoverable, Client shall not be indebted to Chartwell for any fees or costs whatsoever." Article 2.B.
The evidence is undisputed as to the Pioneer Hotel that no tax refund was received in the form of money returned or even a formal credit against future taxes. What they did receive is the benefit of a sales and use tax moratorium until at least 2019. Whether that benefit was due to Chartwell's efforts or independent actors and events, or a mixture of both, is the subject of the unjust enrichment claim. The benefit may be worth a significant amount of money. A tax moratorium though, however beneficial, is not encompassed within the contract definition of a Total Refund. Because no tax refund was received in the form of money or credit, no fee for services was due under the agreement.
Chartwell offers no evidence to the contrary. Instead, it argues that the economic reality is the equivalent of a refund; that its efforts to pursue use tax refunds, and the resulting events that culminated in the industry-wide settlement agreement and tax moratorium, changed reality such that these Counterclaim defendants did receive a refund. It is the economic equivalent of a refund upon which their fees are due, according to Chartwell. While it may be an economic reality, this type of a "refund" is beyond the contract definition of the "Total Refund." The legal reality is that the Counterclaim defendants did not receive a refund of use or sales taxes paid on gaming-related complimentary meals. Because they received no money refund, no genuine issue of material fact remains. No professional services fee was earned.
Chartwell advances several arguments to the contrary. First, it argues that the Pioneer Hotel exchanged their right to a money refund for legislative relief. But it was never finally determined that the Pioneer Hotel were entitled to a cash tax refund of any amount. What it did exchange is the uncertainty of litigation over use vs. sales taxation on gaming-related complimentary meals, on the one hand, for the certainty of no additional liability looking backward or looking forward at least until 2019.
Chartwell simply argues that the Sparks Nugget decision required the Department of Taxation to pay the use tax refund to the Pioneer Hotel. But with this argument, Chartwell overlooks the significance of the Department of Taxation's deficiency assessments for unpaid sales tax. Where Chartwell's client wins the right to a use tax refund, but as a result faces an equal or larger sales tax liability, it cannot be said that the client received any benefit of the contracted-for bargain. To interpret the professional services fee provision based on only one side of the taxation equation would clearly render the contractual promise illusory. Obviously, obtaining a refund right, only to face an equal or greater tax liability, against which the refund will be offset, would gain nothing for the Pioneer Hotel. That Chartwell would ask to be paid for obtaining such a result would have as its basis an unenforceable illusory promise. The illusory promises doctrine "instructs courts to avoid constructions of contracts that would render promises illusory because such promises cannot serve as consideration for a contract." M & G Polymers USA, LLC v. Tackett, 135 S. Ct. 926, 936 (2015) (citing 3 Williston § 7:7 (4th ed. 2008)). That the Department of Taxation would offset a use tax refund against its concomitant sales tax deficiency was no pipe dream. In Harrah's litigation against the State, the Nevada state district court ruled that "the State can offset any refund of use tax due to Harrah's with sales tax that was imposed pursuant to a timely deficiency determination." Harrah's Entertainment Inc. Group, et al. v. Nevada, et al., slip op. at *7, Case No. 12 C 264 1B (1st Judicial District Court of Nevada Apr. 25, 2013) (Tab "I," Chartwell's Combined Appendix). Consequently, any potential right to a use tax refund for the Pioneer Hotel had potentially little or no value. Whatever value it had, it was not contemplated by the contract. If it were included in the terms of the contract (which it is not), it would be an unenforceable illusory contract term.
The argument oversimplifies the legal questions facing the courts. See e.g., Sparks Nugget, 179 P.3d 570 at n.31 ("Moreover, this case is far more complex than the dissent suggests because it requires not only our interpretation of Nevada's constitutional directive exempting food from use taxation, but also our understanding of the ever-elusive use tax's application."). --------
Chartwell also argues that this Court has already ruled that the term "refund" is ambiguous in the ruling on the motion to dismiss by the Hon. Richard F. Boulware, II. (p. 22:5-11, Tab "O," Chartwell's Combined Appendix). However, that ruling concerned whether it was at least plausible that the settlement agreement benefits constituted a refund. It was a plausible theory. However, it was a conclusion without the benefit of an evidentiary record. That ruling for purposes of a motion to dismiss does not bind the Court now for summary judgment. Moonin v. Nevada ex rel. Dept. of Public Safety Highway Patrol, 2015 WL 4113289, *6 (D. Nev. 2015) (citing Pearson v. Dennison, 353 F.2d 24, 28 (9th Cir.1965)). Now, it is clear that there is no evidence to support the theory. There is no evidence that the contract contains other terms that state or imply that a settlement agreement and a future tax moratorium would be included in the contractual concept of a Total Refund.
The motion for summary judgment is granted on the breach of contract claim in favor of the Pioneer Hotel.
Breach of the Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing - the Twenty-third Counterclaim for Relief
Every contract in Nevada contains an implied duty of good faith and fair dealing and essentially forbids arbitrary, unfair acts by one party that disadvantage the other. Frantz v. Johnson, 999 P.2d 351, 362 n. 4 (Nev. 2000); Hilton Hotels, Inc. v. Butch Lewis Prods., 862 P.2d 1207, 1209 (Nev. 1993). "A breach of the covenant arises where the terms of a contract are literally complied with but one party to the contract deliberately countervenes the intention and spirit of the contract." Gunter v. United Fed. Credit Union, No. 15cv483-MMD-WGC, 2016 WL 3457009, at *2 (D. Nev. June 22, 2016) (citation omitted).
Chartwell asserts that the Pioneer Hotel evaded the spirit of the contract and interfered with Chartwell's performance. Specifically, the Pioneer Hotel did so by settling the refund claims with the Department of Taxation. In Chartwell's view, the settlement relieved the State from making a cash payment but allowed the Pioneer Hotel to realize the economic value of Chartwell's work.
In support of its claim, Chartwell points to no particular bit of evidence. The problem with Chartwell's argument is that the settlement was desired by the State of Nevada, encouraged by Chartwell (as suggested by Exh. 30), and required the independent approval of the state legislature in the form of tax moratorium legislation. The State of Nevada desired a global settlement of all use tax refund cases. The legality of imposing sales tax deficiencies to offset use tax refunds was uncertain. Test cases had been instituted and decisions had been issued at the trial court level. The Nevada appellate courts had yet to weigh in. Statute of limitations issues existed. The State of Nevada might have ultimately won approval of its sales tax deficiency program. In that case it would have traded the right to collect use taxes for the right to impose even higher sales taxes and completely offset any refund liability. Or it could have lost. (After all, justifying a sales tax on a meal that is given away is not the most robust taxation theory.) Had the state lost in the appellate courts, the 233 million dollar use tax refund liability would remain and would have grown even larger due to accumulating interest over time.
Instead of upping the ante on a high stakes legal bet, the State of Nevada sought to settle the uncertainty of the past taxation issues. To make it work, the casinos withdrew their use tax claims and the State withdrew its sales tax deficiency claims and its right to offset one against the other. Perhaps the casinos were more willing to gamble on a favorable outcome in the appellate courts, so the State offered additional value. The Governor's Office used its persuasion on the Legislature to pass a tax moratorium until 2019. That offered potential value to the casinos and restaurants going forward, making the global settlement more attractive. In short, it was a global settlement at the instigation of the State. It required the agreement of the State. It required legislation to be considered and passed by the Legislature. There is no evidence that it was a settlement at the instigation of the Pioneer Hotel. Nor is there evidence that it was something the Pioneer Hotel could have accomplished on their own just to frustrate Chartwell's ability to collect its contingency fee. There is no evidence that demonstrates the Pioneer Hotel evaded the spirit of the Chartwell contracts or interfered with Chartwell's performance.
Finally, the contracts provided that the Pioneer Hotel were free to stop pursuing use tax refunds at any time without owing Chartwell a fee. There is no genuine issue of material fact to support Chartwell's claim of breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing. The motion for summary judgment is granted on the breach of the duty of good faith and fair dealing in favor of the Pioneer Hotel.
Unjust Enrichment - the Twenty-Fourth Counterclaim for Relief
Unjust enrichment occurs when one party confers a benefit on a second party which accepts and retains the benefit under circumstances such that it would be inequitable to retain the benefit without paying for its value. Certified Fire Prot. Inc. v. Precision Constr., 283 P.3d 250, 257 (Nev. 2012) ("Unjust enrichment exists when the plaintiff confers a benefit on the defendant, the defendant appreciates such benefit, and there is acceptance and retention by the defendant of such benefit under circumstances such that it would be inequitable for him to retain the benefit without payment of the value thereof."). It reaches beyond retention of money. Id. (The benefit "can include services beneficial to or at the request of the other, denotes any form of advantage, and is not confined to retention of money or property."). "The doctrine of unjust enrichment or recovery in quasi contract applies to situations where there is no legal contract but where the person sought to be charged is in possession of money or property which in good conscience and justice he should not retain but should deliver to another or should pay for." Leasepartners Corp. v. Robert L. Brooks Trust Dated Nov. 12, 1975, 942 P.2d 182, 187 (Nev. 1997) (quoting 66 Am. Jur. 2d Restitution § 11 (1973)). Here, there is evidence that the tax moratorium is a valuable benefit enjoyed by the Pioneer Hotel, conferred upon them at least in part by Chartwell's work in pursuing use tax refunds industry wide, pursuing litigation favorable to casinos, and assisting the State of Nevada in structuring a global settlement and persuading the manifold casinos with refund claims to accept the settlement.
The Pioneer Hotel argue that Chartwell cannot pursue the unjust enrichment claim as a matter of law where there is also an existing contract. McKesson HBOC, Inc. v. New York State Common Ret. Fund, Inc., 339 F.3d 1087, 1091 (9th Cir. 2003) (a party cannot seek recovery under an unjust enrichment theory if a contract is the measure of the plaintiff's right); Leasepartners Corp., 942 P.2d at 187 (action based on theory of unjust enrichment not available where there is an express, written contract, because no agreement can be implied when the agreement is express). Chartwell argues that Nevada courts permit unjust enrichment claims where a contract has expired, or where the benefit conferred was different from the benefit for which the contract was formed. Here, it appears Nevada law would permit an unjust enrichment claim since the benefit conferred (the industry-wide pursuit of tax relief, the facilitation of a global settlement agreement, and the resulting multi-year tax moratorium) was vastly different in scope and kind from the contracted-for benefit of a tax refund for only the Pioneer Hotel.
The evidence creates genuine issues of material fact concerning whether the Pioneer Hotel received a valuable benefit in the form of the State settlement agreement and tax moratorium conferred upon them by the efforts of Chartwell and for which it would be unjust to retain without payment to Chartwell. The motion for summary judgment is denied on the unjust enrichment claim against the Pioneer Hotel.
Conclusion
Summary judgment is granted in favor of the Counterclaim defendant Pioneer Hotel on the Twenty-second and Twenty-third Counterclaims based on contract. Summary judgment is denied on the Twenty-fourth Counterclaim based on unjust enrichment. DATED: December 16, 2016
/s/_________
Hon. Roger T. Benitez
United States District Judge
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