CRIMINAL LAW — Theft — Legal Sufficiency Of Evidence — Permitted Inference Of Theft From Exclusive, Albeit Joint, Possession Of Recently Stolen Goods. Where property stolen eight days earlier was recovered from closet in master bedroom which appellant shared with lessee of apartment, and where appellant had keys to apartment, and where he listed it as his address with the Department of Transportation, the evidence was sufficient to sustain conviction for theft. pp. 262-265
STATUTES — Consolidated Theft Statute — Md. Ann. Code, Art. 27, § 342 — Proof Of Common Law Offense Of Receiving Stolen Goods Is Sufficient To Sustain Conviction Of Statutory Offense Of Theft Under Art. 27, § 342(c). p. 265
CRIMINAL LAW — CONFESSIONS — Removing From Appellant's Confession All References To Other Crimes, Before Its Introduction Into Evidence, Was Proper And Edited Version Did Not Distort The Essence Of Admission. pp. 265-266
EVIDENCE — CONFESSIONS — Admissibility Of Statement Of Accused After Invoking Miranda Rights At Initial Interrogation — Under Michigan v. Mosley, Statement As To Offense Separate From Subject Of Initial Interrogation Was Admissible Under Instant Facts, Including New Lead As To Subsequent Investigation, Different Interrogator, Lapse In Time, Change Of Location, New Advisement Of Rights, And Waiver Of Rights After New Advisement. pp. 269-274
CRIMINAL LAW — APPEAL — Standard Of Appellate Review Of Facts Found By Trial Court — Appellate Court Should Not Be Overly Rigid In Scrutiny Of Findings And Admissibility Ruling Of Trial Court But Should Pay Great Deference To Court Which Initially Heard Evidence. p. 273
F.F.L.
MOYLAN, J., delivered the opinion of the Court.
The appellant, Raymond Offutt, a/k/a Raymond Latour Williamson, was convicted by a Montgomery County jury, presided over by Judge Rosalyn B. Bell, of theft. Upon this appeal, he raises three contentions:
(1) That the evidence was not legally sufficient to sustain the conviction;
(2) That Judge Bell erred in permitting the introduction of his statement in edited form; and
(3) That Judge Bell erred in failing to suppress the statement on constitutional grounds.
On August 10, 1981, the home of Sheriff John Gue was broken into at some time between 8:40 a.m. and 5:20 p.m. Among the items stolen was a Browning over-and-under shotgun, valued at somewhere between $1,500 and $4,000. After the police recovered the shotgun, Sheriff Gue identified it as being the one stolen. The barrel of the gun, however, had been shortened from 28 inches to 13 inches since its disappearance.
On August 18, eight days after the housebreaking, Detective Slavin executed a search and seizure warrant at 12630 Viers Mill Road, Apartment 805. In the closet of the master bedroom, occupied by the appellant, Detective Slavin found the sawed-off shotgun. He also found a hacksaw in that same closet.
The official lessee of the apartment was Ms. Johnny Joppy. She testified that the appellant lived there with her between April, 1981 and his arrest on August 18, 1981. His belongings had been moved to the apartment and his clothes were in the closet in the master bedroom, where the shotgun and hacksaw were found. The appellant had keys to the apartment. The records of the Department of Transportation listed the appellant's address as 12630 Viers Mill Road, Apartment 805. Ms. Joppy denied all knowledge of the existence of the shotgun.
Legal Sufficiency of the Evidence
The appellant acknowledges, as he must, that the stolen gun was found in Apartment 805, which he occupied with his live-in companion, Ms. Johnny Joppy. He seeks solace from the fact that the stolen gun was not in his exclusive possession but, at worst, in the joint possession of him and Ms. Joppy. Sutton v. State, 8 Md. App. 285, 259 A.2d 561 (1969), upon which he relies, does not afford him such solace. Sutton provides that joint possession does not negate the notion of exclusive possession as that term is used in reference to the permitted inference that may be drawn from such possession. In the Sutton case, four separate persons were found in joint possession of stolen property, and the permitted inference of theft (and even of burglary) was permitted to flow from that recent and joint "exclusive possession." Sutton pointed out, at 8 Md. App. 297:
"In the instant case all four appellants are found in the joint possession of stolen merchandise approximately two hours after the time of the crime. This fact alone sufficiently supports the convictions of all appellants because the recent exclusive possession of stolen goods permits a rational inference of fact that they were the thieves or the burglars. McGlothlin v. State, 1 Md. App. 256, 229 A.2d 428, Anglin v. State, 1 Md. App. 85, 227 A.2d 364. Indeed they could have each been convicted of both charges since there was no merger."
It is equally clear that the evidence with respect to the appellant's residence in the apartment (including keeping his clothes there, having his own keys, using it as his address of record with the Department of Transportation and sleeping in the very master bedroom wherein the stolen gun was found) was a legally sufficient predicate for a jury finding that he was, at the least, in joint possession of the stolen gun. With respect to such joint possession, we reasoned in Folk v. State, 11 Md. App. 508, 518, 275 A.2d 184 (1971):
"The common thread running through all of these cases affirming joint possession is 1) proximity between the defendant and the [stolen property], 2) the fact that the [stolen property] was within the view or otherwise within the knowledge of the defendant, 3) ownership or some possessory right in the premises or the automobile in which the [stolen property] is found, or 4) the presence of circumstances from which a reasonable inference could be drawn that the defendant was participating with others in the mutual use and enjoyment of the [stolen property]."
The evidence was legally sufficient to support the finding of guilt in two separate ways. The law is settled that at least two separate permitted inferences may follow from the predicate fact of possession of recently stolen goods. The Court of Appeals pointed out in Brewer v. Mele, 267 Md. 437, 449, 298 A.2d 156 (1972):
"We have long and consistently held that exclusive possession of recently stolen goods, absent a satisfactory explanation, permits the drawing of an inference of fact strong enough to sustain a conviction that the possessor was the thief . . .; or, under appropriate circumstances, that the possessor was a receiver of stolen goods . . .; or, where the theft was compounded, that the possessor was also the burglar . . . or the robber." (Citations omitted).
In the present case, the evidence was, therefore, legally sufficient to support a jury finding that the appellant was the thief within the contemplation of the common law of larceny. That is now one of the forms of criminal conduct rendering him eligible for conviction under Maryland's new Consolidated Theft Statute. Art. 27, § 342(a) provides:
"A person commits the offense of theft when he willfully or knowingly obtains control which is unauthorized or exerts control which is unauthorized over property of the owner, and [has the requisite intent]."
In the alternative, the evidence was also legally sufficient to support a jury finding that the appellant was a receiver of stolen goods within the contemplation of the common law of receiving. That is also now one of the alternative forms of criminal conduct rendering him eligible for conviction under Maryland's new Consolidated Theft Statute. Art. 27, § 342(c) provides:
"A person commits the offense of theft if he possesses stolen personal property knowing that it has been stolen, or believing that it has probably been stolen, and [has the requisite intent]."The Editing of the Statement
It strikes us as with extreme ill grace that the appellant pushes his second contention. When the apartment which the appellant shared was searched, stolen goods were recovered that implicated the appellant in a large number of burglaries and housebreakings. At least five other burglaries and housebreakings were involved, in addition to the one now in issue. On August 19, 1981, the appellant gave Detective Bendl a long and rambling statement, explaining how he came into possession of many items of stolen property and protesting that, although he may have been a receiver of stolen goods, he was not the thief. One reference among the many was to the stolen shotgun which was the sole object of the theft case now before us.
In an effort to sanitize the statement in this case, there was meticulously culled out all reference to all stolen property other than the shotgun and all reference to other burglaries or housebreakings. Indeed, it would have been improper to have tarnished the appellant in this case with admissions as to other crimes. Cross v. State, 282 Md. 468, 386 A.2d 757 (1978); Ross v. State, 276 Md. 664, 350 A.2d 680 (1976). The editing of a statement in the fashion done in this case is not only permitted but strongly recommended. Bell v. State, 234 Md. 254, 258, 198 A.2d 895 (1964). The edited admission that was introduced into evidence was as follows:
"I didn't steal any of that property. I was holding property for some people. I'll tell my lawyer about everything. I saw him sawing off the shotgun. I'll accept the receiving charge but no burglary charge."
The appellant now claims that the truncated statement was improperly received because the editing distorted its meaning. He argues that his words, "I'll accept the receiving charge but no burglary charge," may refer to some other item of stolen property and not the shotgun. Our observation is that the admission followed immediately on the heels of the preceding sentence, "I saw him sawing off the shotgun," and clearly refers to it. We simply do not see the distortion the appellant claims and cannot believe that the deletion of reference to other crimes did not work to his unquestioned benefit.
The appellant's reliance upon Hadder v. State, 238 Md. 341, 209 A.2d 70 (1965), and Williams v. State, 205 Md. 470, 109 A.2d 89 (1954), is totally misplaced. The appellant relies specifically on the following passage from Hadder, at 238 Md. 353-354:
"The law, briefly stated, is that if a confession be admissible, the accused may insist upon it being offered in its entirety, and not simply selected portions thereof; but, after it has once been admitted, the weight to be given the several parts thereof, inculpatory and exculpatory, is for the triers of the facts to determine."
The short answer to the contention is that the appellant simply did not request that the entire statement be introduced in unedited form. It would have been an absurdly self-destructive thing to do, but he could have done it. He rather took the editing as an accepted starting point and argued from it that the statement, as then distorted, should not have been introduced at all in edited or unedited form. Hadder and Williams do not stand for any such ridiculous proposition.
What was done here was for the unquestioned benefit of the appellant and worked to the unquestioned benefit of the appellant. His protest, under the circumstances, falls on unreceptive ears.
The Admissibility of the Statement
The key contention raised by the appellant is that the brief admission excised from the long and rambling statement should not have been received in evidence because it violated his rights under Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 86 S.Ct. 1602, 16 L.Ed.2d 694 (1966), as interpreted by Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 101 S.Ct. 1880, 68 L.Ed.2d 378 (1981). We do not agree. Indeed, we find the factual situation at bar to be one which is clearly controlled by Michigan v. Mosley, 423 U.S. 96, 96 S.Ct. 321, 46 L.Ed.2d 313 (1975), rather than by Edwards v. Arizona. Edwards v. Arizona drew a qualitative distinction between the two rights of a suspect which Miranda seeks to protect — the right to silence and the right to an attorney. The distinction deals with the manner in which those respective rights may be waived. The waiver of the right to silence is judged by traditional voluntariness standards, that once controlled confession law generally and still control the voluntariness of a consensual search. 451 U.S. at 482-484; Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 93 S.Ct. 2041, 36 L.Ed.2d 854 (1973).
The waiver of the right to counsel, on the other hand, has traditionally been determined by the Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464, 58 S.Ct. 1019, 82 L.Ed. 1461 (1938), standard of "a knowing and intelligent relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege." 451 U.S. at 482. By way of implementing that waiver standard, Edwards v. Arizona went on to require that once a suspect has evidenced his desire for a lawyer, interrogation must cease and may not resume "unless the accused himself initiates further communications, exchanges, or conversations with the police." Id. at 485.
Maryland has dutifully followed the command of Edwards v. Arizona. Bryant v. State, 49 Md. App. 272, 431 A.2d 714 (1981). Although more recent interpretations have significantly mellowed the apparent initial rigor of Edwards v. Arizona, most especially, Wyrick v. Fields, U.S. , 103 S.Ct. 394, 74 L.Ed.2d 214 (1982); Oregon v. Bradshaw, U.S. , 103 S.Ct. 2830, 77 L.Ed.2d 405 (1983), it is still required that the suspect do something that can at least loosely be interpreted as "a desire on the part of an accused to open up a more generalized discussion relating directly or indirectly to the investigation." Oregon v. Bradshaw, supra.
All of this, however, whether relating to the right to silence or to the right to an attorney, has been decided within the context of a unitary investigation of a single crime or criminal episode and not in the context of separate investigations of separate crimes (and perhaps by separate teams of investigators).
It is Michigan v. Mosley that controls that phenomenon involving separate investigations of separate crimes. The appellant seeks to slip out from under the controlling authority of Michigan v. Mosley by pointing out that the specific right invoked in the initial interrogation in Michigan v. Mosley was only the right to silence, whereas the right invoked in the initial interrogation in this case was the more-difficult-to-waive right to counsel. That coincidentally happens to be very true, but it is not the doctrinal hinge on which Michigan v. Mosley pivoted. The Supreme Court did not deal with what would be required properly to resume an interrogation, following the invocation of either right, with respect to a single case but went to great lengths to point out the separate natures of the two investigations and consequently of the two interrogations.
Of critical significance was the fact that, after Mosley had invoked his right under Miranda in the first investigation, the different team of officers investigating the second crime scrupulously "restricted the second interrogation to a crime that had not been a subject of the earlier interrogation." 423 U.S. at 106.
The parallel between Michigan v. Mosley and the present case is so striking that it will be revealing to walk through their respective fact patterns side-by-side. Mosley Appellant The First Arrest On the afternoon of Day 1, Mosley On the afternoon of Day 1, the was arrested for the two robberies appellant was arrested for the three of (1) the Blue Goose Bar and (2) housebreakings of the (1) Thrift, (2) the White Tower Restaurant. He was Higgins, and (3) Beard residences. arrested on the basis of information The affidavit in support of the search supplied by an anonymous caller. He warrant for his apartment asserted was taken to the robbery bureau on that the fruits of these three, the fourth floor of police housebreakings would be found there. headquarters. He was taken to the Montgomery County Detention Center. The First investigator The first arresting and The first arresting and interrogating interrogating officer was Detective officer was Detective Slavin, who was Cowie, who was not involved in the not involved in the subsequent subsequent investigation and investigation and interrogation. interrogation. The First Interrogation Mosley was advised of his of rights The appellant was advised his rights under Miranda v. Arizona. He under Miranda v. Arizona. He invoked invoked his right to silence. All his right to a lawyer. All interrogation ceased. He was taken interrogation ceased. He was taken to to his cell. his cell. The Lead to the Second Investigation The anonymous tip that had A second search of the appellant's implicated Mosley in the first two apartment, executed with the consent robberies had also implicated him in of Ms. Johnny Joppy, revealed the murder of one Leroy Williams, additional stolen goods which led to perpetrated in the course of an two additional burglary charges attempted third robbery outside the involving the (1) Hurd and (2) Nigen 101 Ranch Bar. residences. Michigan v. Mosley thus reveals that the subsequent investigation need not be totally unrelated to or unassisted by the first investigation in order to be deemed "separate" within the contemplation of the Mosley doctrine. Indeed, the relationship between the first and second investigation was significantly less attenuated in the case of Mosley than in the case of the appellant. In Mosley, the same anonymous informant who gave Detective Cowie the tip as to the first two robberies also informed that same detective that Mosley was involved in the murder arising out of the attempted third robbery. Detective Cowie, in turn, informed the Homicide Bureau. In the appellant's case, the second and consensual search of the apartment revealed new evidence as to additional burglaries that the first investigator had been totally unaware of. The Second Investigator The second investigating The second investigating officer was Detective Hill, officer was Detective Bendl, who had not been involved in who had not been involved in the first arrest and interrogation. the first arrest and interrogation. The Lapse in Time At shortly after 6 P.M. of It was not until 7:55 P.M. on Day 1, the second interrogation Day 2 that the second interrogation of Mosley took place. of the appellant The lapse of time between took place. The lapse of time the two interrogations was between the two interrogations approximately two hours. was approximately 30 hours. The Movement in Space For the second interrogation, For the second interrogation, Mosley was moved to the appellant was the Homicide Bureau on the taken from the Montgomery fifth floor of the same police County Detention Center to department building. the police station, a separate building some distance away. The Second Interrogation: Warnings Mosley was advised of his The appellant was advised of rights under Miranda v. his rights under Miranda v. Arizona. Arizona. The Second Interrogation: Waiver Mosley made no affirmative Following the Miranda waiver. The Supreme Court warnings, the appellant was simply noted that "at no affirmatively asked whether time during its course did he wanted an attorney and Mosley ask to consult with a affirmatively stated that he lawyer or indicate that he did not. did not want to discuss the homicide." 423 U.S. at 98. The Stimulus for Renewed Conversation Mosley initially denied any There is a real question as to involvement in the murder. whether the appellant was The police "tricked" him by ever even interrogated. falsely informing him that a Detective Bendl simply co-defendant had confessed to explained to the appellant participating in the murder why the two additional burglary and had indicated that charges had been Mosley was the triggerman. placed. He pointed to the This was completely false. additional stolen property Under its stimulus, however, and said, "That's why you're Mosley confessed to his here." He asked no questions own complicity. about either of those burglaries or about any other crimes. The appellant spontaneously gave a "rambling type statement," admitting receiving but denying theft or burglary. See Souffie v. State, 50 Md. App. 547, 555, 439 A.2d 1127 (1982). The Appellate Posture The Michigan Supreme We are affirming the admissibility Court reversed the admissibility ruling and supporting ruling and supporting findings of the trial findings of the trial judge. judge and was, in turn, reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Supreme Court has recently made clear that it strongly discountenances the overly rigid appellate scrutiny of the initial determinations of the trial judge. Cf. Illinois v. Gates, U.S., 103 S.Ct. 2317, 76 L.Ed.2d 527 (1983): "Similarly, we have repeatedly said that after-the-fact scrutiny by courts of the sufficiency of an affidavit should not take the form of de novo review. A magistrate's `determination of probable cause should be paid great deference by reviewing courts.'"
In totality, it is clear to us that the State's case for the admissibility of the appellant's somewhat innocuous admission about receiving stolen goods is far stronger than was Michigan's case for the admissibility of Mosley's statement admitting to first-degree murder. A fortiori, the affirmance of the conviction in this regard is dictated by Michigan v. Mosley. The Supreme Court's summary of the facts there, at 423 U.S. 104-105, reads like a mirror image of the case here:
"After an interval of more than two hours, Mosley was questioned by another police officer at another location about an unrelated holdup murder. He was given full and complete Miranda warnings at the outset of the second interrogation. He was thus reminded again that he could remain silent and could consult with a lawyer, and was carefully given a full and fair opportunity to exercise these options. The subsequent questioning did not undercut Mosley's previous decision not to answer Detective Cowie's inquiries. Detective Hill did not resume the interrogation about the White Tower Restaurant robbery or inquire about the Blue Goose Bar robbery, but instead focused exclusively on the Leroy Williams homicide, a crime different in nature and in time and place of occurrence from the robberies for which Mosley had been arrested and interrogated by Detective Cowie."
Based upon those facts, which are actually not as strong a case for the State as are the facts before us, the Supreme Court had no difficulty in concluding, at 423 U.S. 105-106:
"This is not a case, therefore, where the police failed to honor a decision of a person in custody to cut off questioning, either by refusing to discontinue the interrogation upon request or by persisting in repeated efforts to wear down his resistance and make him change his mind. In contrast to such practices, the police here immediately ceased the interrogation, resumed questioning only after the passage of a significant period of time and the provision of a fresh set of warnings, and restricted the second interrogation to a crime that had not been a subject of the earlier interrogation." (Emphasis supplied).
We have no difficulty in reaching the same conclusion.
Judgment affirmed.
Costs to be paid by appellant.
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