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1993 INSC 201
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  • Section 5, Subsection 2 of the 1983 Income Tax Act is not mentioned. However, Supreme Court and High Court of Calcutta are mentioned.
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Cites
Cited by
Citation Codes
Neutral Citations
1993 INSC 201
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Disposition
Advocates
Judges
Acts
  • Section 5, Subsection 2 of the 1983 Income Tax Act is not mentioned. However, Supreme Court and High Court of Calcutta are mentioned.
Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

Casual labourers engaged by the South Eastern Railway between 1964 and 1969 and retrenched between 1975 and 1978 filed writ petitions seeking two principal reliefs: (i) inclusion of their names in the “live casual labour register” after proper screening followed by re-employment according to seniority, and (ii) an injunction restraining the Railway administration from filling vacancies from the open market. Their claim rested on: (a) Railway Board circulars dated 8 June 1981 and 18 June 1981 that prescribed guidelines for recruitment, retrenchment and re-employment of casual labourers, and (b) Supreme Court directions issued in 1985 and 1987 under which the Railway Board framed a rehabilitation scheme in 1987.

The Railway Establishment, by letter dated 2 March 1987, instructed General Managers to consider project casual labourers retrenched before 1 January 1981 for re-employment, provided representations reached the competent office on or before 31 March 1987. The petitioners submitted a collective representation only in 1990, alleging non-implementation of the circulars and court orders. The representation contained no particulars of individual service, reasons for the delay, or evidence that other retrenched workers had been re-engaged.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the petitioners possess an enforceable legal right to re-employment under the Railway Board circulars and prior Supreme Court decisions.
  2. Whether the petitioners’ prolonged inaction (more than 15 years after retrenchment and 3 years after the 1987 cut-off date) bars relief on the ground of delay and laches.

Arguments of the Parties

Petitioners’ Arguments

  • The 1981 Railway Board circulars and subsequent Supreme Court rulings confer a right to be re-employed according to seniority.
  • The Railway Administration has ignored these binding directives and continues to recruit from the open market.
  • Should the Court doubt their eligibility, they be allowed to produce identity cards and other documents before the Railways for verification.

Respondents’ Position

  • The respondents did not dispute the existence of the circulars or the Railway scheme but relied on the petitioners’ failure to apply within the prescribed time and to furnish specific particulars supporting their claim.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Supreme Court judgment (1985) on absorption of project casual labour Recognised the right of retrenched project casual labourers to be considered for re-employment and directed the Railways to frame a scheme. The Court acknowledged the precedent but noted that the petitioners had not acted within the framework or timelines of the scheme that followed.
Order dated 23 February 1987 in W.P. No. 332 of 1986 (Supreme Court) Mandated consideration of project casual labour retrenched before 1 January 1981 under the Railway’s rehabilitation scheme. Relied upon as evidence that a specific cut-off date and procedure existed, which the petitioners failed to meet, thereby weakening their present claim.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

Justice R.M. Sahai framed two questions: (1) entitlement to re-employment and (2) the effect of delay. The Court accepted that, in principle, both the Railway Administration and earlier Supreme Court decisions recognise re-employment rights for project casual labour. However, the petitioners neither pursued the remedy within the timelines set out in the 1987 scheme nor produced any concrete evidence of their individual employment or retrenchment details. Their 1990 representation was described as “vague and lacking in material particulars.”

The Court held that issuing a writ would necessitate a “roving enquiry” susceptible to manipulation, contrary to settled principles that writ relief is granted only where a clear legal right is shown. Laches were considered fatal: more than fifteen years had elapsed since retrenchment, and permitting relief now would prejudice “a host of others” who might have subsequently become eligible for employment. In Indian public-law jurisprudence, delay can extinguish not only the remedy but also the substantive right when no continuing cause of action or statutory right is pleaded. Accordingly, discretion was exercised against the petitioners.

Holding and Implications

The writ petitions are dismissed. No order as to costs.

Immediate Effect: The petitioners obtain no relief, and the Railways may continue recruitment in accordance with the 1987 scheme and subsequent policies. Broader Implications: The judgment reinforces the principle that significant delay and absence of specific factual proof can defeat claims for public-law relief, even where an underlying right has previously been recognised. No new legal precedent was set beyond applying existing doctrines of laches and evidentiary burden.

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    Ratan Chandra Sammanta And Others v. Union Of India And Others

    R.M Sahai, J.— Casual labourers of South Eastern Railway, alleged to have been appointed between 1964-69 and retrenched between 1975-78 have approached this Court for a direction to opposite parties to include their names in the live casual labourer register after due screening and to give them re-employment according to their seniority. Further prayer is to restrain the opposite parties from filling vacancies from open market.

    2. Basis of their claim is twofold, one — circulars issued by the Railway Board on June 8 and June 18, 1981 laying down guidelines regarding recruitment, retrenchment and employment of the casual labourers; second — judgments delivered by this Court in 1985 and 1987 directing the opposite parties to prepare a scheme and absorb the casual labourers in accordance with their seniority.

    3. Issuing of circulars by the Railway Board or decisions by this Court could not and have not been disputed. Nor it is disputed that in pursuance of the orders passed by this Court the opposite parties framed a scheme in 1987 for employing retrenched casual labourers. On March 2, 1987 a letter was issued from the Railway Establishment addressed to the General Managers for employing casual labourer retrenched before 1981 if they satisfied the requirements mentioned therein which is extracted below:

    “Pursuant to directions given by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in their order dated February 23, 1987, in W.P No. 332 of 1986, the Ministry desire that the cases of project casual labour who had worked as such before January 1, 1981 and who were discharged due to completion of work or for want of further work, may also be considered for the purpose of implementation of the scheme contained in the Ministry's letter of even number dated June 1, 1984 and June 25, 1984 as modified in the letter dated September 11, 1986.
    Representation along with documentary proof reaching the office mentioned above after March 31, 1987 or those which are incomplete and also those not made with reference to these instructions, will not be considered.”

    4. The petitioners who claim to have been retrenched due to completion of Halda project appear to have made a representation in 1990 to the authorities. The representation runs as under:

    “Respected sir,
    I, on behalf of the Retrenched Labour Congress Union I.O Tamluk Rly. Station, Dist. Midnapore, beg to humbly submit that the above-quoted circulars are not obeyed by DEN(Con)TMZ-DIZHA. S.E Rly. KGP and they do not follow the orders of the Supreme Court, High Court of Calcutta and Central Administrative Tribunal, Calcutta Bench.
    As a result of their indifference, the project casual labour who are retrenched from service on or before January 1, 1981 are in great difficulties and they are not getting scope of absorption.
    All the applications deposited in the office of the DEN(Con)KGI in terms of Memo No. PD/E/579.A/837 in reference to CE/C/GRC dated May 25, 1987 are to be approved.
    In such circumstances, I beg to request you to intervene in the matter as expeditiously as possible.
    Needless to say, if our grievances are not sympathetically admitted and the retrenched labour be not absorbed we shall have no alternative except launching vigorous movement in the next stage.
    Yours faithfully
    (Bhudev Jalua)”

    5. The representation does not give any detail. It is not mentioned if the scheme was given due publicity or not. No explanation is given as to why the petitioners did not approach till 1990. Nor it is stated if any of the casual labourers of the project were re-employed or not. It is vague and was lacking in material particulars.

    6. Two questions arise, one, if the petitioners are entitled as a matter of law to re-employment and other if they have lost their right, if any, due to delay. Right of casual labourer employed in projects, to be re-employed in the Railways has been recognised both by the Railways and this Court. But unfortunately the petitioners did not take any step to enforce their claim before the Railways except sending a vague representation nor did they even care to produce any material to satisfy this Court that they were covered in the scheme framed by the Railways. It was urged by the learned counsel for petitioners that they may be permitted to produce their identity cards etc., before opposite parties who may accept or reject the same after verification. We are afraid it would be too dangerous to permit this exercise. A writ is issued by this Court in favour of a person who has some right and not for the sake of roving enquiry leaving scope for manoeuvring. Delay itself deprives a person of his remedy available in law. In absence of any fresh cause of action or any legislation a person who has lost his remedy by lapse of time loses his right as well. From the date of retrenchment if it is assumed to be correct a period of more than 15 years has expired and in case we accept the prayer of the petitioners we would be depriving a host of others who in the meantime have become eligible and are entitled to claim to be employed. We would have been persuaded to take a sympathetic view but in absence of any positive material to establish that these petitioners were in fact appointed and working as alleged by them it would not be proper exercise of discretion to direct opposite parties to verify the correctness of the statement made by the petitioners that they were employed between 1964 to 1969 and retrenched between 1975 to 1978.

    7. The writ petitions accordingly fail and are dismissed. But there shall be no orders as to costs.

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    Ratan Chandra Sammanta And Others v. Union Of India And Others
    (May 13, 1993)