ESA Incidental-Take Plans Must Compare the Biological Value of Lost and Replacement Habitat Before Relying on Translocation/Mitigation Assumptions Case: Friends of Animals v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife...
Cross-Commissioned State Officers in Indian Country: Temporary Detention Before Confirming Indian Status Can Be “Under Color of” State Law (and Not a Jurisdictional Bar) 1. Introduction Walden v. The...
Retaliation-Only Witness Crimes Are Not “Obstruction of Justice” Aggravated Felonies Without Intent to Interfere with Legal Process I. Introduction Bangs v. Blanche (1st Cir. Aug. 11, 2026) addresses...
Stability and Practical Feasibility Control Initial Long-Distance Custody Determinations Despite Both Parents’ Fitness 1. Introduction In Brian Swindler v. Leah Bright, 2026 WY 90 (Wyo. Aug. 11,...
Limited-Remand Compliance and Enforceable Personal Oral Guarantees as Separate Contracts Introduction In Paul J. Sorum v. Mike Sikorski and Big Sky Limited of Wyoming, a Wyoming Corporation, 2026 WY...
Land-Use Judicial Review in Nevada: Civil Claims Cannot Be Joined with a PJR (Even When Filed Together) and Ordinance-Based Public Opposition May Supply Substantial Evidence 1. Introduction...
Probable-Cause-to-Reside Standard Governs Warrantless Probation-Searches of a “Residence” in Nevada 1. Introduction In FERTINI, JR (MARIO) v. STATE (CRIMINAL), the Supreme Court of Nevada affirmed...
“Any Other Purpose” Means Any: Subpart R Allows Case-by-Case Approval of Phosphogypsum Road Projects, and Preamble Language Cannot Override Unambiguous Regulatory Text I. Introduction In Center for...
Subchapter S Election Is Not Property of the Bankruptcy Estate: Shareholder-Controlled Tax Status Falls Outside § 541 and the § 362 Automatic Stay Case: John H. Owoc v. The Liquidating Trustee on...
Express “Innocent-Insured” Intentional-Loss Exclusions Are Enforceable Under Alabama Law (and Hosey Does Not Create a Public-Policy Bar) 1. Introduction Case: Martin Renfroe v. USAA General Indemnity...
Georgia Sovereign Immunity Not Waived by Student Handbook/Admission Letter Absent Written Consideration; ADA/RA Claims Require Plausible “By Reason Of” Causation Case: Shannon Waller, Jr. v. Board of...
“As Necessary” Confers Discretion: The Eleventh Circuit Upholds FRA’s Two-Person Crew Default and Treats Vacatur as Eliminating a Prior “Policy” for APA Change-in-Position Review Introduction In...
“As Necessary” Means Discretion: The Eleventh Circuit Upholds FRA’s Two-Person Default Crew Rule and Rejects Vacatur for Missed Rulemaking Deadlines Introduction In Indiana Rail Road Company v....
“As Necessary” in the Federal Railroad Safety Act Confers Broad Discretion: Eleventh Circuit Upholds FRA’s Two-Person Crew Default with Risk-Based One-Person Pathways Introduction This consolidated...
“As Necessary” Means Discretion: FRA May Adopt Precautionary Two-Person Crew Rules Without Statistical Proof, and Missing the 12‑Month Rulemaking Deadline Does Not Void the Rule Case: Association of...
“As Necessary” Means Discretion: The Eleventh Circuit Upholds FRA’s Two-Person Crew Rule and Rejects Deadline-Vacatur and Data-Threshold Attacks I. Introduction This consolidated set of...
“As Necessary” Means Discretion: Upholding FRA’s Two-Person Default Crew Rule Under Deferential APA Review Eleventh Circuit (Aug. 11, 2026) — consolidated petitions challenging FRA’s 2024 “Crew Size...
“Occupant” Under N.C.G.S. § 14-51.2(b): Castle-Doctrine Protection Persists When the Defendant Is Forced Out of the Vehicle by an Unlawful, Forcible Intrusion I. Introduction State v. Williams (N.C....
State v. Gupton — Record-Apparent Ineffective-Assistance Claims Must Be Raised on Direct Appeal or Be Barred Under N.C.G.S. § 15A-1419(a)(3) 1. Introduction State v. Gupton (N.C. Aug. 14, 2026)...
Sessoms v. Toyota: Rule 30(b)(6) Objections Are Preserved Without a Protective Order; Rule 30(b)(5) Deadlines Cannot Be Unilaterally Shortened 1. Introduction Case: Sessoms v. Toyota Motor Sales,...