DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
Munford, Inc., World Bazaar Division and Anita
Marie Wargnier. Case 7-CA-19298
1 August 1983
DECISION AND ORDER
BY MEMBERS JENKINS, ZIMMERMAN, AND
HUNTER
On 13 August 1982 Administrative Law Judge
Richard H. Beddow, Jr., issued the attached Deci-
sion in this proceeding. Thereafter, the Respondent
filed exceptions and a supporting brief.
Pursuant to the provisions of Section 3(b) of the
National Labor Relations Act, as amended, the Na-
tional Labor Relations Board has delegated its au-
thority in this proceeding to a three-member panel.
The Board has considered the record and the at-
tached Decision in light of the exceptions and brief
and has decided to affirm the rulings, findings,'
and conclusions of the Administrative Law Judge
only to the extent consistent herewith.
We reverse the Administrative Law Judge's find-
ing that employees Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano
were constructively discharged for engaging in
protected concerted activities in violation of Sec-
tion 8(a)(1) of the Act. For the reasons stated
below, we find that the Respondent's decision to
discharge the employees was lawfully motivated by
legitimate business interests.
The Respondent operates a chain of retail stores
including the Lakeside Mall store in question. On
21 April 19812 the Respondent ordered all employ-
ees to take polygraph examinations due to a
$50,000 inventory shortage. The three above-
named employees objected to being tested, and so
informed the Respondent both before and after the
tests were administered on 23 April. After the tests
were given, District Store Manager Toth told each
of these employees she had nothing to worry
about.
On 29 April the employees learned that Store
Manager Kozlowsky was being transferred to an-
other store. Employee Wargnier asked Toth why
Kozlowsky could not stay and was told that Las-
cola had been promoted to be the new manager
and that it could not be changed. Wargnier then
expressed a concern over maintaining her present
work hours because of family obligations. Lascola,
who had been in the store only 2 hours at the time,
stated that he did not foresee a problem. Nowak
and Bausano also expressed concern over possible
changes in store procedures and were told by Toth
i The Administrative Law Judge stated that employee Bausano
worked "mornings only" whereas the record indicates that she regularly
worked Saturdays from 12 noon to 9 p.m twice a month, weekdays from
9:30 to about I p.m. except Tuesday, when she worked from 5 to 9 p m.
a Unless otherwise indicated, all dates are 1981
266 NLRB No. 205
and Lascola that they were trying to determine the
situation within the store and at the moment no
changes were going to be made.
The following morning, 30 April, employees
Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano again protested the
transfer of Kozlowsky. Wargnier, who was the
principal spokesperson, asked Lascola to arrange
for them to meet with the regional vice president,
Modzelewski, in order to get answers to their ques-
tions. Lascola telephoned Toth and told him that
he had an angry group of employees who were
threatening to walk out if they did not get some
answers about Kozlowsky's transfer. Toth relayed
this message to Modzelewski, who called and
spoke with Wargnier that afternon. Modzelewski
told Wargnier that she would be expected to work
the same hours and number of nights as other as-
sistant managers, that the former manager had been
running a country club, and that the employees
now should do as they were told or walk. Modze-
lewski also told her to tell the other employees and
to give a decision by the end of that day whether
she intended to continue working for the Respond-
ent. After her conversation with Modzelewski
ended, Toth told Wargnier that he did not under-
stand Modzelewski's statements about Wargnier's
hours but indicated that it might be in her best in-
terest to resign. Lascola also was unable to tell
Wargnier what hours she was expected to work.
At no time did Wargnier provide an answer as re-
quested by Modzelewski. Later that afternoon Las-
cola asked Wargnier for her keys to the store. She
gave him the keys and left assuming that she had
been discharged.
After Nowak observed Wargnier leave, Lascola
questioned Nowak concerning her continued em-
ployment with the store and gave her until the next
morning to indicate what she intended to do. The
next morning, Nowak told Lascola that she felt
Toth had lied to her and she had doubts about
what was going on. She also questioned Lascola
regarding her future work schedule. He stated that
he needed an employee who could be at the store
at any time, could be flexible, and that he could
not give her a firm schedule. Nowak offered to try
to work it out for 2 weeks but Lascola noted
Nowak's expressed doubts, stated that he did not
see any future in the store for her, and suggested
that she resign. He then told Nowak that she could
not work for him and requested her keys. She gave
him the keys and left the store.
Bausano was not scheduled to work on 30 April
but reported to work on 1 May. During a conver-
sation with Lascola, Bausano, who had been a part-
time employee, inquired about her work schedule.
Lascola told her that she would have to work
1156
MUNFORD, INC.
more than 20 hours a week, that he did not know
how many more hours but that she would have to
be flexible. After he would not give her a definite
schedule, she indicated that she had no choice but
to quit and he agreed. Bausano offered to work 2
more weeks but Lascola stated that it was not nec-
essary and that she did not even have to complete
that day. Thereafter, she left the store.
The Administrative Law Judge found that the
employees' protests regarding polygraph examina-
tions, the transfer of their former store manager,
and their work schedules were protected under the
National Labor Relations Act, and that they were
constructively discharged in violation of Section
8(a)(l). Relying on Wright Line, 251 NLRB 1083
(1980), the Administrative Law Judge found that
the employees' protected concerted protests were
motivating factors in their discharge and that the
Respondent's assertion that it needed to get a
timely decision of the employees' future work plans
was pretextual. He reasoned that the Respondent
deliberately gave the employees the impression that
they would be subjected to constantly changing
work schedules in an effort to induce them to quit.
Further, the Administrative Law Judge concluded
that the employees were forced to make an imme-
diate decision and in certain instances were dis-
couraged from trying to work things out.
The Respondent excepts to the Administrative
Law Judge's finding that the employees were con-
structively discharged for engaging in protected
concerted activity in violation of Section 8(a)(l).
To the contrary, the Respondent contends that its
response to the alleged protected concerted activi-
ty was motivated solely by a desire to protect its
legitimate business interest in remedying managerial
deficiencies and inventory shortages.
We find merit in the Respondent's exceptions.
The record shows that the Respondent had a legiti-
mate need to reorganize its store operations. The
former store manager previously had allowed the
employees in question to work lenient weekend
and night hours, due to personal and family obliga-
tions, a situation which was contrary to the Re-
spondent's policy of requiring employees to work a
more flexible and demanding 3 schedule. As a result
of the former manager's nonconformance with this
policy, impacting particularly on busy night and
weekend hours, the store incurred a $50,000 inven-
tory shortage. In light of the store's managerial and
inventory problems, a polygraph examination was
given employees, a new manager was appointed,
and additional management trainees were tempo-
3 Employee Wargnier, who was the assistant store manager, worked
only one week night, whereas assistant store managers in the Respond-
ent's other stores worked two nights a week The record also shows that
both Nowak and Bausano regularly worked only one night a week
rarily assigned to the store to assist the new manag-
er. On the first day Manager Lascola was at the
store, he told employees he wanted to determine
the situation in the store, and that no scheduling
changes would be imposed at that time. At no time
did the Respondent indicate an intent to impose
constantly changing work schedules as found by
the Administrative Law Judge. However, in con-
formity with the Respondent's general policy, he
and Regional Vice President Modzelewski found it
necessary to get assurances from the employees
during this transitional period that they would be
willing to work more flexible work schedules. The
business necessity for obtaining these assurances
was particularly acute because the employees' re-
peated complaints caused the Respondent to fear
that some of the employees would leave. In this
regard, we find that the Respondent was motivated
by a legitimate business interest in requesting that
the employees agree to work a flexible schedule
and in discharging the employees for refusing to
make such an agreement.4 The employees' earlier
complaints about the polygraph examination were
not a factor in their discharges because they had
been told they had nothing to worry about. Conse-
quently, we reverse the Administrative Law
Judge's finding that the employees were construc-
tively discharged for engaging in protected con-
certed activity in violation of Section 8(a)(1). Ac-
cordingly, we shall dismiss the complaint in its en-
tirety.
ORDER
Pursuant to Section 10(c) of the National Labor
Relations Act, as amended, the National Labor Re-
lations Board hereby orders that the complaint be,
and it hereby is, dismissed in its entirety.
4 In view of this finding we find it unnecessary to pass on the Adminis-
trative Law Judge's finding that the employees were engaged in protect-
ed concerted activity.
DECISION
STATEMENT OF THE CASE
RICHARD H. BEDDOW, JR., Administrative Law Judge:
This matter was heard in Detroit, Michigan, on May 17
and 18, 1982. The proceeding is based on charges filed
May 13, 1981, as amended June 24, 1981, by Anita Marie
Wargnier, an individual. The General Counsel's com-
plaint alleges that Munford, Inc., World Bazaar Division
of Atlanta, Georgia, violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Na-
tional Labor Relations Act by causing the termination of
certain employees because they engaged in protected
concerted activities by complaining about conditions of
employment.
1157
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
At the close of the hearing the General Counsel elect-
ed to present oral argument. Subsequently, a brief was
filed by Respondent. Upon a review of the entire record
in this case and from my observation of the witnesses
and their demeanor, I make the following:
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. JURISDICTION
Respondent operates a number of retail gift and gro-
cery stores and has gross annual revenues exceeding
$500,000. It maintains a store in Sterling Heights, Michi-
gan, and annually receives goods valued in excess of
$50,000 from suppliers outside Michigan. It admits that
at all times material herein it is and has been an employer
engaged in operations affecting commerce within the
meaning of Section 2(2), (6), and (7) of the Act.
II. THE ALLEGED UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES
World Bazaar's operations include a home furnishing
shop at Lakeside Mall in Sterling Heights. During April
1981, Michael Kozlowsky was the store manager at
Lakeside Mall, Gary Toth was Respondent's district
manager and supervisor of 9 area stores, and Paul Mod-
zelewski was Respondent's regional vice president of op-
erations with overall responsibility for 6 regions and 65
stores. On April 29, 1981, Chuck Lascola replaced Koz-
lowsky as manager at the Lakeside Mall store. During
April 1981, Anita Wargnier, Phyllis Bausano, and Carol
Nowak were three of approximately seven employees at
that store.
Wargnier was hired by Kozlowsky in October 1980 as
a cashier and in early February 1981 was given the title
of assistant manager. She then handled cash reports,
checked merchandise records, had a key to open and
close the store, and assigned work to employees from a
list prepared by Kozlowsky. She did not have authority
to hire or fire, but spoke to employees about their work
performance when requested to do so by Kozlowsky.
She also listed weekly employees' work schedules which
were basically preestablished, except for rotating assign-
ments on weekends. She submitted the schedule to Koz-
lowsky for approval and, occasionally, he would make
changes. As assistant manager she earned $4 an hour.
Previously, she received $3.35 an hour although some
other employees earned $3.50 hourly. She continued to
operate the cash register and to do stockwork with the
principal differences as assistant manager being that she
did paperwork and worked more hours.
Respondent's general practice is to have store manag-
ers select assistant managers from employees that stand
out above others. Concurrence by the district manager is
normally obtained. Assistant managers are expected to be
responsible for the store when the manager is not there
and this same responsibility is given to so-called "third
keys" who also open or close, etc., when neither the
manager nor assistant manager is on duty.
Wargnier generally worked from 9:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.
during the week except for Tuesdays, when she worked
from 5 to 9 p.m., and on Saturdays when her hours were
9:30 a.m. to 6 p.m. When asked, she occasionally would
work on Sundays. Nowak, who is Wargnier's sister, and
Bausano also started at World Bazaar in October 1980 as
cashiers and stockpersons. Nowak's daughter also
worked at the store. Nowak normally worked Mondays
from 12 noon to 9 p.m. and other weekdays from 9:30
a.m. to 1:30 p.m. Occasionally she worked on weekends.
Bausano worked mornings only, 5 days a week, but did
work weekends during the Christmas season.
On Tuesday, April 21, 1981, the three above-named
employees were notified by Kozlowsky that Toth had
scheduled polygraph testing because of an excessive in-
ventory shortage. All three objected. The next morning,
after discussing it with their husbands, Wargnier and
Banusano renewed their objections. Kozlowsky called
Toth and advised him of the employees' objections. Koz-
lowsky then told them that Toth had said the tests were
ordered and he wanted the employees to take them.
After receiving reassurances by the test administrator, all
three took the test along with the other employees.
Several days later, on Monday, April 27, 1981, Toth
was at the Lakeside Mall store and approached Wargnier
and Bausano. Both took the opportunity to express how
upset they were about the testing. He reassured them, in-
dicated that the testing was a condition of employment,
and said they had been cleared. Although the employ-
ment application form contains a clause whereby the ap-
plicant agrees to submit to polygraph testing, this was
not brought to the employees' attention either before or
after the testing of April 23, 1981.
On Wednesday, April 29, 1981, Wargnier and Bausano
were at lunch when they were approached by Koz-
lowsky and another man, Lascola. Kozlowsky told them
he would no longer be their manager, that he had the
choice to quit, be fired, or transfer, and had to make that
decision by Friday noon. Bausano asked what was hap-
pening and Kozlowsky said he could not talk at that time
but would get back with them later. Toth was in the
store when Wargnier returned. She told him she was
upset and did not know what was happening in the store
and began crying. Toth had her sit down and then told
her that Kozlowsky had asked for a transfer in a letter to
Modzelewski but now had doubts. She asked why Koz-
lowsky could not just stay and was told that Lascola had
already been promoted to be the new manager and it
could not be changed.
Wargnier then expressed a concern over her scheduled
work hours in connection with the practices of a new
manager and because of her family obligations. Toth
asked her present schedule and, as she told him, Lascola
came in. When asked by Toth, Lascola said he did not
foresee a problem.
Toth then had similar conversations with other em-
ployees then at the store, including Bausano and Nowak,
and he introduced them to Lascola. Nowak and Bausano
expressed concern over possible changes in procedures
and Toth and Lascola indicated "at the moment we were
not going to make any changes" and that "we were
going to try to determine the situation within the store
prior to making any type of change at all."
The evening of April 29 Wargnier called Kozlowsky
and asked about his requested transfer. Kozlowsky indi-
cated his letter had dealt with comparison of the Lake-
1158
MUNFORD, INC.
side Mall store with a smaller store and denied asking for
a transfer. She at that time remembered having read the
letter when Kozlowsky prepared it. She then called
Nowak and discussed her conversation about the trans-
fer. Nowak also had read the letter and did not remem-
ber any mention of a requested transfer. They agreed
that all the employees should get together the next day
and find out just what was going on.
On Thursday morning, April 30, 1981, five employees,
including Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano, approached
Lascola. Wargnier was the principal spokesperson and
Lascola was asked to arrange for them to meet with
Modzelewski in order to get answers to their questions
and to clear up their doubts. Lascola agreed to call
through channels and phoned Toth. He told Toth that he
had an angry group of employees who were threatening
to walk out if they did not get some answers about Koz-
lowsky's transfer. Lascola could not recall if any actual
comments were made by the employees regarding a
walkout, but he believed this was their insinuation and
he felt there was an underlying threat that they would
have if their demands were not met. Toth was told that
Wargnier was acting as spokesperson and she then got
on the phone. Toth told her essentially what he had dis-
cussed with her the day before. Wargnier asked whose
decision it was and was told it was management's. She
asked to speak with upper management and Toth then
called Regional Vice President Modzelewski. Toth ad-
mitted that during the conversation no walkout threat
was made to him by Wargnier. Modzelewski testified
that on April 30, 1981, he was called by Toth and in-
formed that there was a problem at the Sterling Heights
store, that the employees were unhappy about Koz-
lowsky's transfer, and that they wanted to talk to Mod-
zelewski in person. He allegedly also was told they were
very upset and were threatening to walk off the job;
however, Toth did not recall the exact way the conver-
sation went. Modzelewski then talked with Lascola who
reiterated what was said by Toth. Assertedly, Lascola
also said he was uncertain whether the employees would
stay (apparently if they did not get to speak with Modze-
lewski). Lascola indicated that Wargnier was spokesman
for the group and Modzelewski agreed to talk to her.
Both Toth and Lascola had indicated to Modzelewski
that there was some question regarding her hours.
On cross-examination Modzelewski recalled that he
had been made aware of employee complaints about the
polygraph testing prior to his conversations of April 30,
1981. He also admitted that prior to April 30, 1981, he
had questioned Wargnier's hours, apparently as they re-
lated to the problem of shrinkage at the store and con-
cern over nights when neither the manager nor assistant
manager was on duty. It also was established that payroll
I The letter itself is handwritten on just over six sides of Munford.
Inc., memo paper addressed to Modzelewski and signed by Kozlowsky
It is a somewhat rambling expression of Kozlowsky's feelings about run-
ning a larger store than he had before, with an emphasis on the store's
problem with shrinkage, his self-doubts, and his pride in some accom-
plishments. Prior to a postscript. Kozlowsky wrote; "If you ever find it
necessary to place someone more qualified up here, I certainly would not
take it as a disappointment." He then thanked Modzelewski "for listen-
ing."
records for all employees were routed through Atlanta
and that they would reflect the hours worked.
Early that afternoon Modzelewski called and spoke
with Wargnier. She testified that she affirmed his under-
standing that the employees were upset about Koz-
lowsky's transfer but she denied that they were threaten-
ing to walk out, explaining that one employee had said
she felt it was hard to work in this situation. Wargnier
further testified that Modzelewski stated, "you as assist-
ant manager have relatives working under you, you are
not pulling your hours, not working nights or Sundays."
She replied that Lascola and Toth had okayed her hours
the day before. She testified that Modzelewski replied
that Kozlowsky was running a country club and that
they should do what they are told, or walk, that she
should tell the other employees, and that she should give
a decision by the end of the day. Wargnier assumed the
decision was about the hours she was supposed to pull.
Modzelewski testified that Wargnier had two ques-
tions, why Kozlowsky was transferred and about her
hours. He agreed that she was told the transfer was
"none of her damn business" and also that he was aware
of some problem with her hours and that she would be
expected to work the same hours and number of nights
as the average assistant manager, in effect, that she
would have to work two nights a week.
He testified that Wargnier said at that rate she would
be forced to decide between World Bazaar and her
family, but he denied that he said she could take a walk
if she did not like the hours assigned to her. Modze-
lewski also testified that he told her he wanted an
answer within an hour as to whether the employees were
going to stay or leave and that she should tell the others
exactly what they talked about.
When Wargnier got off the phone with Modzelewski
she told Lascola she did not understand Modzelewski's
statements about her hours and that she wanted to talk
with Toth. Toth was called but said he also did not un-
derstand. He declined to give her any specific answer as
to her expected work hours but said he would get back
to her. He also questioned whether or not it might be in
her best interest to resign.
She began crying and asking Lascola what hours she
was expected to work and he kept replying he did not
know what to tell her. Between I and 2 p.m., she went
to the front of the store where Nowak suggested she get
a cup of coffee and calm down. When she returned, Las-
cola met her at the first aisle and asked her for her keys
to the store.2 She gave him the keys, got her coat, and
left the store inasmuch as she assumed she had been ter-
minated.
Nowak had listened as her sister talked with Modze-
lewski. She then ran the cash register until 2 p.m., and
asked if she could go home as it was past her normal de-
parture time. Lascola said yes and as she was going to
2 Lascola testified that Wargnier was asked for her keys near the
stockroom after saying. "I've got no choice"--"I guess I have to leave"
and proceeded to get her coat and purse Nowak testified that Wargnier
had her purse with her as she returned from coffee and did not have her
coat. I therefore credit Wargnier's testimony that she was asked for her
keys before getting her coat.
1159
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
get her coat she observed her sister return and Lascola
ask her for her keys. She heard her sister cry and say
"my whole world is crumbling. I love my job." After
Nowak got her coat and began to leave Lascola ap-
proached and asked her what she intended to do. She
asked for time until the evening or next morning but he
urged her to tell him by that evening.
Lascola agreed that he told Nowak that he needed to
know which employees were leaving. Nowak called Las-
cola at 8:30 p.m., but asked to talk to him about things
concerning the decision the next morning. A conversa-
tion was held the next morning and Nowak questioned
the hours she would be scheduled for work and said she
felt she had been lied to by Toth and she expressed her
doubts about what was going on, about the treatment of
her sister, and about what changes would be made at the
store. Lascola said he needed an employee that could be
at the store at any time, could be flexible, and could put
in all the hours needed, but he did not know and could
not give her a firm schedule. Nowak suggested that they
should give it a chance for 2 weeks to work things out
but Lascola noted some doubts that had been expressed
or implied and said he did not see any future in the store
for her.3 She said she had no choice but to give her 2
weeks' notice. Lascola responded by suggesting it would
be best if she quit then and there and that she could
write out her resignation. As Lascola observed, Koz-
lowski entered, asked what Nowak was doing, and then
asked whether she wanted to quit. She said no. Koz-
lowski said not to do it and she tore up the resignation
and threw it away. Lascola told her she could not work
for him and asked for her keys. She turned them over
and left the store shortly before noon.
Bausano was not scheduled to work on April 30 but
did come in on May 1, 1981, prior to her scheduled start-
ing time at 12 noon. She had received a message the pre-
vious night that Lascola wanted to see her. Upon her ar-
rival he suggested they go for coffee. She asked how the
recent events affected her and Lascola told her that her
schedule would be changed and that she would have to
put in more than 20 hours a week. In response to her
question he replied that he did not know how many
hours more but that she would have to be flexible. Previ-
ously, Kozlowsky had indicated that summer hours
would be reduced and she had arranged to work be-
tween 16 and 18 hours a week for that period. Lascola
said he could not agree to these summer hours. She ex-
plained her considerations and he said he could not do
anything about them and that she had to be flexible. She
attempted to pinpoint definite hours but Lascola evaded
any answer. She then said, "I guess I have no choice but
to quit" and Lascola said, "I guess not." She offered to
work for 2 more weeks but Lascola said he felt it was
not necessary. He told her that she did not have to com-
plete that day and she went home.
Toth testified that he was extremely pleased with the
work performances of Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano,
rated them as very good employees, and never told Las-
cola to fire them. He also noted that after Koz!owsky's
I Lascola testified that he did not reject Nowak's suggestion and did
not say he did not see any future in the store for her; however, I consider
his responses here to be equivocal and I credit Nowak's testimony.
letter of March 17, 1981, which allegedly requested a
transfer, Kozlowsky received a memo from both Toth
and Modzelewski expressing pleasure with the store's im-
proved performance.
Prior to the confrontation of April 30, Toth made a
decision to place at least three company employees from
other locations on temporary assignment to the Lakeside
Mall store. Two were store managers and one was a
management trainee. The trainee was intended to remain
for a while as an assistant and to help straighten up the
store. The trainee arrived the night of April 30, 1981,
prior to the departures of Nowak and would have been
placed there as extra help whether or not Toth had a full
complement of employees.
Several days after May 1, 1981, former Manager Koz-
lowsky called Modzelewski to request money for moving
expenses to the area that he had accepted transfer. Mod-
zelewski said he wanted to talk about what was happen-
ing in Michigan and asked if Kozlowsky was organizing
a union. Modzelewski said he had received the NLRB
complaint filed by Wargnier. They then discussed the
reasons for the complaint and what Kozlowsky's part in
it was, and then Modzelewski made an accusation that
Kozlowsky was creating a union. Kozlowsky denied the
accusation and the conversation ended. Before Koz-
lowsky testified, Modzelewski denied that he had any
concern that the employees might seek union representa-
tion or that he communicated this concern to anyone.
No attempt was made to rebut Kozlowsky's testimony in
this regard and I find it to be credible.
III. DISCUSSION
The issues in this proceeding are whether Anita Warg-
nier was employed as a supervisor within the meaning of
the Act and thereby excluded from coverage; whether
the involved employees voluntarily quit or were con-
structively fired; and whether these employees were en-
gaged in a protected concerted activity such that their
discharges would warrant a finding that it constituted an
unfair labor practice.
A. Supervisory Status
Inasmuch as Respondent raised Wargnier's purported
supervisory status as a defense of her alleged discharge,
the burden of proof rests on Respondent to establish that
status. See Thayer Dairy Co., 233 NLRB 1383 (1977).
Section 2(11) of the Act defines a supervisor as
any individual having authority, in the interest of
the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, lay off,
recall, promote, discharge, assign, reward, or disci-
pline other employees, or responsibly to direct
them, or to adjust their grievances, or effectively to
recommend such action, if in connection with the
foregoing the exercise of such authority is not of a
merely routine or clerical nature, but requires the
use of independent judgment.
The existence of any one element can be sufficient to
convey supervisory status; however, sporadic or occa-
sional exercise of supervisory authority is insufficient to
1160
MUNFORD, INC.
make an employee a supervisor. Also, investiture with a
title and theoretical power which may imply supervisory
authority likewise is insufficient to transform a rank-and-
file employee into a supervisor. See the Thayer case,
supra, and Teamsters Local 574, 259 NLRB 344 (1981),
and cases cited therein. Moreover, it is important that au-
thority is actually exercised with the use of independent
judgment and that the supervisor be something more
than a conduit for managerial directives, see Hydro Con-
duit Corp., 254 NLRB 433 (1981).
Here, the record shows that Wargnier neither held nor
exercised any significant supervisory authority except for
the direction of other employees during the manager's
absence. Even this was of a routine nature, without real
independent judgment, and it amounted to no more than
coordination of the work in the store in accordance with
management's wishes. The title and position were little
different from that of a "third key" employee, it was a
local store selection, and it did not place her on a
"track" for advancement to a management's position
within the Company. Wargnier remained an hourly em-
ployee and continued to perform the routine tasks she
previously had performed and, accordingly, it is con-
cluded that Respondent has not shown that Wargnier
was a supervisor within the meaning of Section 2(11) of
the Act at the time of her separation from employment.
B. Constructive Termination
During April 1981, the employees of Respondent's
Lakeside Mall store experienced a series of threatening
events in what previously had been a pleasant and har-
monious working environment. Their initial concern
over polygraph testing was followed by the abrupt trans-
fer of their store manager and followed by the interjec-
tion of questions related to their future work hours and
scheduling. Their questions were met with evasive an-
swers by both new Store Manager Lascola and District
Manager Toth.
Viewed in isolation, the expressed doubts of a new
manager about the precise work schedule of his employ-
ees might not be sufficient to create a major concern in
the minds of the employees. However, the entire chain
of events which cumulated with Respondent's top-level
management, Modzelewski, taking an apparent hard line
approach, was followed by a replay of nonanswers by
Lascola and Toth regarding the employees' hours and
schedules.
The phone comment of Vice President Modzelewski
to Wargnier on April 30, 1981, to the effect that she
would be expected to work the hours required of her
was interpreted by her as a threat to require additional
weekend and night work. Nothing was said or done by
Respondent to dispell this perception. To the contrary,
the reaction by Modzelewski was to raise other issues
and to say that the former manager was running a coun-
try club and the employees should do as they were told
or walk. Wargnier then was told to tell the other em-
ployees and to give a decision by the end of that day.
District Manager Toth asked her if it would not be in
her best interest to resign. Lascola's reaction to an obvi-
ously distraught Wargnier was to say he did not know
what to tell her. In fact, Lascola expressed doubts sepa-
rately to each employee that suitable work schedules
could be worked out and then asked each of them to
reach a decision as to his or her plans that same day.
Lascola indicated that he told Wargnier that she had an
hour to decide whether she was going to stay with
World Bazaar or leave.
Against this background, I conclude that the employ-
ees were unexpectedly given the alternative of either ac-
cepting working conditions where their hours and sched-
ule would be susceptible to intimidating' and unilateral
changes on the part of management, or of leaving their
employment and I find that this supports a conclusion
that they were constructively discharged.
Moreover, it is apparent that Modzelewski, Toth, and
Lascola were each aware to one degree or another that
changes in fact were being planned for at least some of
the stores' employees. Most specifically, even before
Wargnier had spoken with Modzelewski on April 30,
1981, plans had been made to bring a management train-
ee to the store as an assistant and it appears that Warg-
nier had intuitive cause to be concerned over her future
schedule and working conditions.
Even as Lascola and Toth were evading answers
about the employees' hours and schedules and pressing
them for a decision on whether or not they would stay
with the store, they were aware that arrangements al-
ready had been made for standby personnel to cover the
store that day and for the weekend, if these employees
left.
Under these circumstances, I infer that Respondent de-
liberately implied to the employees that they would be
faced with unsettled and changing work hours and
schedules in an effort calculated to induce them to quit.
The employees were not offered other options to consid-
er but were pressed to make an almost immediate deci-
sion and even were discouraged from taking 2 weeks to
try to work something out. I conclude that Respondent
engaged in a calculated effort to force Wargnier, Nowak,
and Bausano to leave and I conclude that in each in-
stance it must be considered that they had no free choice
in the matter and that it resulted in their constructive dis-
charge.
C. Nature of the Employees' Activity and Termination
The employees' concerted protest relating to the
taking of polygraph examinations and the transfer of the
store manager are not of such a nature that they auto-
matically would be included within the protection of the
Act: however, here they are combined with concerted
complaints regarding their scheduling and hours of serv-
ice, which activity clearly is protected, and these initial
protests provide the background against which Respond-
ent's motivation must be judged. Moreover, I find that
the employees' protest over the manager's transfer in this
instance is shown to have a direct impact on the employ-
ees' own job interests (especially their work hours), and
therefore is a protected activity, see Henning and Chea-
die. Inc., 212 NLRB 776 (1974). Based on these factors, I
infer that the employees' protected concerted protests
were a motivating factor in their discharge, and in keep-
ing with the criteria set forth in Wright Line, 251 NLRB
1161
DECISIONS OF NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD
1083 (1980), and Castle Instant Maintenance/Maid, 256
NLRB 130 (1981), the record must be evaluated to see if
Respondent has demonstrated that it would have termi-
nated these employees even in the absence of their pro-
tected conduct.
Respondent's defenses that the employees voluntarily
quit and that they were not engaged in a protected activ-
ity have been discussed above. Respondent otherwise as-
serts that its response to the employees' activities was
not in retribution to the protest of the alleged discrimina-
tees but was motivated solely by a desire to protect its
legitimate business interests, i.e., to counter "shrinkage"
at the Sterling Heights store by improving supervision,
especially at night, and to insure it had sufficient employ-
ees for the busy weekend sales period.
The record, however, fails to support Respondent's as-
sertions. To the contrary, I find that Respondent's man-
agement had decided to make changes at the Lakeside
Mall store prior to the protests of the employees. Re-
spondent then became annoyed with Wargnier, Nowak,
and Bausano when they persisted in their protest and
questions regarding the former manager's transfer and
their future conditions of employment. I infer from Mod-
zelewski's admission that he previously was aware of
Wargnier's schedule of night work and Toth's admission
that he had arranged to bring in a management trainee to
help the new manager straighten up the store prior to
the protests of April 29 and 30, 1981, that one or the
other already had planned for the probable replacement
of Wargnier as assistant manager. Wargnier's persistence
in attempting to get some answers to the employees'
questions presented Respondent with an opportunity not
only to remove her from the assistant manager's slot but
also to retaliate against her and to get rid of what had
turned out to be an unexpected questioning of their man-
agerial perogatives.
Respondent already had arranged for other personnel
to assist new Manager Lascola in "straightening up" the
store and they had no serious need for all of the regular
employees to remain on the schedule. In fact, it was to
their advantage to avoid having to pay some of the em-
ployees who were already scheduled to work. Under
these circumstances, I find that Respondent's assertion
that it needed to get a timely decision about Nowak's
and Bausano's future work plans because of concern
over "weekend" coverage of the store to be completely
pretextual. As noted, Respondent already had arranged
other coverage and, secondly, Respondent specifically
rejected the offer of both of these employees to work for
at least another 2 weeks. As contended by the General
Counsel, the real reason for the very short deadline for
their decision was to prod or push the employees out the
door. Moreover, the need for any decision at all appears
to be a pretext created by management to assist it in an
apparent attempt to rearrange personnel as part of its
planned straightening up of the store. The selection of
Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano to be the victims of Re-
spondent's plans occurred because they had come to
management's attention through their protest over possi-
ble changes in working conditions. Otherwise, these em-
ployees were shown to have had good work records and
no cause is shown for their termination, except for Re-
spondent's alleged concern over their future availability
as employees.
There is no indication that any employees other than
Wargnier, Nowak, and Bausano were subjected to ques-
tions and deadlines concerning their continuation of em-
ployment at the store and, accordingly, I am not per-
suaded that Respondent has shown that the involved em-
ployees would have been subjected to the treatment and
pressures which resulted in their constructive discharges
were it not for the employees' protected activities in
questioning the replacement of the former store manager
and in questioning their future work hours and sched-
ules.
Under these circumstances, I find that the General
Counsel has met his overall burden of proof consistent
with the criteria set forth in Wright Line and Castle In-
stant Maintenance/Maid, supra, and I conclude that Re-
spondent's constructive discharge of Wargnier, Nowak,
and Bausano violated Section 8(a)(1) of the Act as al-
leged.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
I. Respondent is an employer engaged in commerce
within the meaning of Section 2(6) and (7) of the Act.
2. Anita Marie Wargnier was at all times material
herein an employee within the meaning of Section 2(3)
of the Act and not a supervisor within the meaning of
Section 2(11) of the Act.
3. By discharging Anita Marie Wargnier on April 30,
1981, and Phyllis L. Bausano and Josephine Carol
Nowak on May 1, 1981, Respondent engaged in an
unfair labor practice in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the
Act.
THE REMEDY
Having found that Respondent has engaged in certain
unfair labor practices, it is recommended that Respond-
ent be ordered to cease and desist therefrom and to take
the affirmative action described below which is designed
to effectuate the policies of the Act.
With respect to the necessary affirmative action, it is
recommended that Respondent be ordered to offer Anita
Marie Wargnier, Phyllis L. Bausano, and Josephine
Carol Nowak immediate and full reinstatement to their
former positions or, if such positions no longer exist, to
substantially equivalent positions without prejudice to
their seniority or any other rights or privileges they pre-
viously enjoyed. It is also recommended that Respondent
be ordered to make them whole for the losses which
they suffered as a result of their termination in accord-
ance with the method set forth in F. W. Woolworth Co.,
90 NLRB 289 (1950), with interest as prescribed by the
Board in Florida Steel Corp., 231 NLRB 651 (1977). See
also Isis Plumbing & Heating Co., 138 NLRB 716 (1962).
[Recommended Order omitted from publication.]
1162