STATE v. HUNTER

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Docket Number

No. 5466-2.

Advocates

Robert K. Corbin, Atty. Gen., by William J. Schafer III and Linda A. Akers, Asst. Attys. Gen., Phoenix, for appellee. Ross P. Lee, Maricopa County Public Defender, by James R. Rummage, Deputy Public Defender, Phoenix, for appellant.

Judges

HAYS, Justice.

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Smart Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

On October 20, 1981, Michael Allen Hunter was found guilty of first degree murder and unlawful use of a means of transportation. On direct appeal this court reversed the murder conviction and remanded for a new trial because the trial court gave an incomplete motive instruction and failed to give a Willits instruction (State v. Hunter, 136 Ariz. 45, 664 P.2d 195 (1983)). After retrial on remand, appellant was again convicted of first degree murder. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Arizona, which considered whether a self-defense jury instruction given at the retrial amounted to fundamental error.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether the self-defense (justification) instruction given at trial — "If you decide the defendant's conduct was justified, you must find the defendant not guilty." — impermissibly shifted the burden of proof and, if so, whether that shift constituted fundamental error.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments

The instruction failed to make clear the state's burden of proof as to justification and effectively shifted the burden of proof to the defendant by requiring the jury to decide the defendant's conduct was justified before acquitting him under the justification defense.

Appellee's (State's) Arguments

When the instructions are considered as a whole, the justification instruction did not impermissibly shift the burden of proof because the trial court also gave general instructions that the state must prove all of its case and must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
State v. Hunter, 136 Ariz. 45, 664 P.2d 195 (1983)	Prior reversal and remand for incomplete motive instruction and failure to give Willits instruction.	Describes prior appellate disposition that led to retrial on remand.
State v. Willits, 96 Ariz. 184, 393 P.2d 274 (1964)	Instruction allowing an adverse inference when the state or its agent allowed evidence to be destroyed.	Explains one basis for the earlier reversal on direct appeal; cited as part of procedural history.
Everett v. State, 88 Ariz. 293, 356 P.2d 394 (1960)	The state must prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt; when self-defense is claimed defendant need only raise reasonable doubt on justification.	Sets the baseline burden rules the court applied in analyzing the justification instruction.
State v. Denny, 119 Ariz. 131, 579 P.2d 1101 (1978)	Reversal where jury was not clearly instructed as to burden of proof regarding justification; importance of careful instruction on burden.	Used as a primary analog; court explained Denny would require reversal but distinguished on the procedural posture (no requested/refused instruction here) and relied on its reasoning to find fundamental error.
State v. Garcia, 114 Ariz. 317, 560 P.2d 1224 (1977)	Reversal for failure to properly instruct jury on burden regarding justification.	Cited with Denny as prior decisions reversing where burden instruction on justification was unclear.
State v. Mincey, 130 Ariz. 389, 636 P.2d 637 (1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1003 (1982)	Error in instruction that improperly shifted the burden of proof on intent; such error is fundamental.	Analogy used to emphasize that it is the state's responsibility to prove elements beyond a reasonable doubt and that burden-shifting instructions are fundamentally erroneous.
State v. Libberton, 141 Ariz. 132, 685 P.2d 1284 (1984)	Failure to object to an instruction waives the issue on appeal absent fundamental error.	Support for the proposition that appellant's failure to request or object meant relief was available only if error was fundamental.
State v. Evans, 125 Ariz. 140, 608 P.2d 77 (App. 1980)	Procedural principle regarding waiver and fundamental error (also cited in dissent).	Cited regarding waiver/fundamental error; referenced again in discussion.
Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S. 333, 98 S.Ct. 1091, 55 L.Ed.2d 319 (1978)	The purpose of a jury charge is to flag jurors' attention to concepts such as reasonable doubt and burden of proof; must avoid misunderstanding.	Quoted to stress the importance of clear jury instructions and to support finding that the jury might misunderstand the burden regarding self-defense.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court began with the established rule that the state must prove every element beyond a reasonable doubt and that, when self-defense is claimed, the defendant need only produce evidence sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt on justification, after which the state must disprove justification beyond a reasonable doubt (Everett and Denny). The trial court's self-defense instruction—"If you decide the defendant's conduct was justified, you must find the defendant not guilty"—derived from Recommended Arizona Jury Instructions No. 4.01. Appellant argued this wording shifted the burden to him; the state replied that taken with general reasonable-doubt instructions the jury would not be misled.

The court observed prior reversals (e.g., Denny, Garcia) where the jury was not clearly instructed on the burden with regard to justification, but noted a procedural distinction: in those cases defendants had requested instructions that were refused, whereas here appellant neither requested a specific self-defense instruction nor objected, so relief depended on showing fundamental error. The court defined fundamental error as error going to the foundation of the case or taking from the defendant a right essential to his defense.

Applying these principles and citing Lakeside and Mincey, the court concluded the instruction could reasonably be interpreted in multiple ways—(1) that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt instruction applied to justification; (2) that the self-defense instruction placed on the defendant the burden of proving justification; or (3) that justification was outside the state's "case" to be proved—thus creating a real risk the jury misunderstood which party bore the burden. Because the instructions failed to make clear that the defendant's burden was only to raise a reasonable doubt and that the state then must disprove justification beyond a reasonable doubt, the court concluded the instruction amounted to fundamental error.

Holding and Implications

Reversed and remanded for a new trial.

Consequences: The defendant's conviction of first degree murder at the retrial was reversed and the matter was remanded for a new trial. The court applied existing precedent concerning burden-of-proof and fundamental-error principles; it did not announce a novel rule beyond applying those precedents.

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STATE of Arizona, Appellee, v. Michael Allen HUNTER, Appellant.

HAYS, Justice.

On October 20, 1981, appellant, Michael Allen Hunter, was found guilty of first degree murder and unlawful use of a means of transportation. On appeal to this court, appellant challenged the murder conviction but not the unlawful use of a means of transportation conviction. See State v. Hunter, 136 Ariz. 45, 664 P.2d 195 (1983). We reversed the judgment of conviction and sentence for murder and remanded the case for a new trial because the trial court gave an incomplete motive instruction and failed to give a so-called Willits instructions, see State v. Willits, 96 Ariz. 184, 393 P.2d 274 (1964) (an instruction to the effect that if the jury finds that the state or any agent of the state allowed evidence to be destroyed, then the jury may infer that the evidence would be against the interests of the state).

After trial on remand, appellant was again convicted of first degree murder. The case was appealed to this court. We have jurisdiction pursuant to Ariz. Const. art. 6, § 5( 3), A.R.S. § 13-4031, and A.R.S. § 13-4035. Although three main issues confront us, we need consider only one: whether giving the self-defense instruction questioned on appeal amounted to fundamental error. We hold in the affirmative and therefore reverse.

The state must prove all of its case against a defendant beyond a reasonable doubt. Everett v. State, 88 Ariz. 293, 297, 356 P.2d 394, 397 (1960); see A.R.S. § 13-115(A). Thus, when self-defense is claimed, the defendant need not prove that he properly acted in self-defense, but merely must present evidence sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt about whether his conduct was justified. Everett, supra; see State v. Denny, 119 Ariz. 131, 133-34, 579 P.2d 1101, 1103-04 (1978). Once such evidence is presented, the burden is on the state to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the conduct was not justified. See Everett, supra.

In the present case the trial court gave the following self-defense instruction to the jury:

If you decide the defendant's conduct was justified, you must find the defendant not guilty.

This instruction is in accord with Recommended Arizona Jury Instructions, No. 4.01.

Appellant argues that this instruction "not only failed to make clear to the jury the state's burden of proof as to justification, it actually shifted the burden of proof to appellant by requiring the jury to decide the defendant's conduct was justified before acquitting him under the justification defense."

The state argues that when the instructions are considered as a whole, the justification instruction did not impermissibly shift the burden of proof. The state points out that the trial court gave general instructions that the state must prove all of its case against the defendant and must prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

On at least two occasions, however, we have reversed convictions, even though the jury was generally and even extensively instructed about general burden of proof, because we found that the jury was not clearly instructed as to burden of proof regarding the justification issue. See Denny, supra; State v. Garcia, 114 Ariz. 317, 320, 560 P.2d 1224, 1227 (1977).

Denny and Garcia would be directly on point in this case, and therefore require reversal, except for one significant factual distinction between those cases and the present case. In both Denny and Garcia the defendant requested an instruction on self-defense and the requested instruction was refused. Thus, we had to decide merely whether the trial court committed reversible error by refusing the requested instruction. In the present case, however, appellant did not request any specific self-defense instruction nor did he object to the instruction given. Thus, appellant is entitled to relief only if the error committed was fundamental error. See, e.g., Rules of Crim.Pro., rule 21.3; (failure to object to an instruction waives the issue on appeal absent fundamental error); State v. Libberton, 141 Ariz. 132, 138, 685 P.2d 1284 at 1290 (1984); State v. Evans, 125 Ariz. 140, 141, 608 P.2d 77, 78 (App. 1980).

We have described fundamental error as error going to the foundation of the case, error that takes from the defendant a right essential to his defense, and error of such magnitude that the defendant could not possibly have received a fair trial. Libberton, supra.

We hold that giving the instruction at issue in the present case was fundamental error. In Denny, we stated the importance of correctly apprising the jury about the burden of proof as to self-defense:

"The very purpose of a jury charge is to flag the jurors' attention to concepts that must not be misunderstood, such as reasonable doubt and burden of proof." Lakeside v. Oregon, 435 U.S. 333, 340, 98 S.Ct. 1091, 1095, 55 L.Ed.2d 319 (1978). It is vital that the jury not misunderstand the concept of the defendant's burden of proof on self-defense; the jury must be instructed with great care to prevent the misunderstanding of this concept.

119 Ariz. at 134, 579 P.2d at 1104. In the present case the instructions did not carefully instruct the jury such that it would not misunderstand. The instructions did not make it clear that appellant's burden as to self-defense was limited to raising a reasonable doubt and that the burden on the state was then to disprove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant acted in self-defense. Rather, because the instructions provided that the state must prove all of its case against the defendant and must prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, and then several pages later provided that "[i]f you find the defendant's conduct justified, you must find the defendant not guilty," the jury might have approached the situation in one or more of three ways: it might have thought, as the state asserts, that the "beyond a reasonable doubt" instruction applied to all issues, including the self-defense issue. It might also have thought, however, that the self-defense instruction seemed to place on appellant the burden of proving self-defense and that therefore the specific instruction concerning self-defense was an exception to the general beyond-a-reasonable-doubt instruction. Or the jury might have thought that the beyond-a-reasonable-doubt instruction applied only to the state's "case against the defendant" and that the wording of the self-defense instruction indicated that the self-defense issue was simply not part of the state's case that the state had to prove.

"[I]t is not a defendant's responsibility to introduce reasonable doubt as to an element of a crime. Rather, it is the state's responsibility to prove the element beyond a reasonable doubt." State v. Mincey, 130 Ariz. 389, 398, 636 P.2d 637, 646 (1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1003, 102 S.Ct. 1638, 71 L.Ed.2d 871 (1982) (in Mincey we held it was fundamental error to give an instruction that improperly shifted to the defendant the burden of proof on the issue of intent). It is "vital" that the jury instructions clearly inform the jury of these concepts. Denny, supra, 119 Ariz. at 134, 579 P.2d at 1104. The instructions in the present case did not do that. We therefore hold that giving the instructions at issue in the present case amounted to fundamental error. See also Evans, supra, 125 Ariz. at 143, 608 P.2d at 80 (McFate, J., dissenting).

Reversed and remanded for new trial.

HOLOHAN, C.J., GORDON, V.C.J., and CAMERON and FELDMAN, JJ., concur.