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  • Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
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  • Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
Smart Summary

Judgment Summary

Factual and Procedural Background

The petitioner (identified in the police report as Kaushalya Devi) filed an application under Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure seeking anticipatory bail in respect of FIR No. 60 of 2020 dated 11.05.2020, registered at Police Station Theog, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, under Section 18 of the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act (NDPS Act).

According to the police report, a secret tip-off on 11.05.2020 indicated that the petitioner was cultivating opium plants in agricultural fields in village Jadeog, P.O. Sandhu, Tehsil Theog. Police visited the spot, clicked photographs, carried out measurements and uprooted a total of 2,071 opium plants. Thereafter, a case under Section 18 NDPS Act was registered. The petitioner claimed false implication, residence at the locality, cooperation with investigation and inability to tamper with evidence or flee; the prosecution opposed bail, citing the seriousness of the offence and risk of tampering or flight.

The matter was taken up via video-conference, the police report was on record and the court heard learned counsel for the petitioner and the learned Additional Advocate General for the State.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the petitioner is entitled to anticipatory bail under Section 438 CrPC in FIR No. 60 of 2020 (Section 18 NDPS Act) having regard to the facts and the quantity of contraband recovered.
  2. Whether Section 37 of the NDPS Act is attracted in the present case (i.e., whether the recovered quantity constitutes a "commercial quantity" mandating the non-grant of bail under the riders in Section 37), or whether the recovered quantity falls in the intermediate category such that Section 37 does not apply.
  3. Whether custodial interrogation of the petitioner is necessary for the investigation, in light of her asserted cooperation and the prosecution's claim of risk of tampering with evidence or flight.

Arguments of the Parties

Petitioner's Arguments

  • The petitioner has been falsely implicated and is a permanent resident of the locality (not likely to flee).
  • She is cooperating with the investigation; custodial interrogation is not required and nothing remains to be recovered from her.
  • The quantity of contraband falls within the intermediate category; therefore Section 37 NDPS Act (and its stringent bail riders for commercial quantity) is not attracted.
  • Reliance was placed on a co‑ordinate bench judgment (Cr.MP(M) No. 871 of 2020 — Deep Ram vs. State of Himachal Pradesh) where bail was granted in similar circumstances.

State's (Prosecution) Arguments

  • The petitioner was found involved in a serious offence (recovery of opium plants), therefore custodial remand is justified at this stage.
  • If enlarged on bail at the present stage, the petitioner may tamper with prosecution evidence or flee from justice.
  • The bail application should be dismissed for the above reasons.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Deep Ram vs. State of Himachal Pradesh (Cr.MP(M) No. 871 of 2020) Explanation of NDPS Act quantity categories: Section 2(vii‑a) (commercial quantity) and Section 2(xxii‑a) (small quantity); identification of the residual category as "intermediate quantity". The para extracted states that commercial quantity mandates minimum sentence and attracts the bail riders in Section 37 NDPS Act, whereas intermediate quantity does not engage Section 37. The court held that the contraband in the present case falls within the intermediate quantity; therefore Section 37 NDPS Act is not applicable. The co‑ordinate bench judgment was treated as fully applicable and supportive of granting bail in similar factual circumstances.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court conducted a fact-sensitive analysis aligned to settled legal paradigms and the cited co‑ordinate bench judgment. The key points in the court's reasoning (as recorded in the opinion) are:

  1. The court reproduced and relied upon para 8 of the judgment in Deep Ram, which explains that the NDPS Act classifies quantities as small, commercial and the remaining (commonly called intermediate), and that Section 37's stringent bail riders are triggered by commercial quantity only.
  2. On examination of the recovery and related records, the court found that the quantity of contraband (opium plants recovered) falls within the intermediate category; therefore Section 37 NDPS Act does not apply to the present case.
  3. Given the intermediate quantity finding, the court considered other relevant facts: the petitioner is a permanent resident of the area, is cooperating with the investigation, custody is not required for further recovery or interrogation, and nothing remains to be recovered at her instance.
  4. The court weighed the prosecution's concern about potential tampering or flight against the petitioner's residence, cooperation and willingness to abide by bail conditions. Finding no compelling reason to deny bail under these circumstances, the court concluded that judicial discretion to admit the petitioner on bail should be exercised in her favour.
  5. Accordingly, the court framed bail on specific terms and conditions (bond and surety amount, reporting/appearance obligations, restriction on leaving India, and non‑interference with witnesses or persons acquainted with the facts).

Holding and Implications

PETITION ALLOWED — BAIL GRANTED

Holding (core ruling): The petition seeking anticipatory bail under Section 438 CrPC was allowed. The court ordered that the petitioner, in the event of her arrest in FIR No. 60 of 2020 (dated 11.05.2020) under Section 18 NDPS Act, shall be released on bail forthwith subject to conditions.

Specific bail terms ordered by the Court:

  • The petitioner shall furnish a personal bond of Rs. 25,000 (Rupees twenty‑five thousand) with one surety of the like amount to the satisfaction of the Investigating Officer.
  • Conditions attached to bail:
    • The petitioner will appear before the learned Trial Court / Police / authorities as and when required.
    • The petitioner will not leave India without prior permission of the Court.
    • The petitioner will not directly or indirectly make any inducement, threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him/her from disclosing such facts to the Investigating Officer or Court.

Implications: The direct effect of the decision is to permit the petitioner to be released on bail (upon arrest) under the specified conditions. The court explicitly relied on an existing co‑ordinate bench judgment and applied established definitions of quantity under the NDPS Act; the opinion does not purport to lay down a new legal principle or overruling precedent. No broader or novel precedent was set beyond applying the cited authority to the facts at hand.

Order: The petition is disposed of. Copy dasti.

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    kaushalya devi v. state of himachal pradesh

    Chander Bhusan Barowalia, J. - The matter is taken up through video conference.

    2. The present bail application has been maintained by the petitioner under Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure seeking her release, in the event of her arrest, in case FIR No. 60 of 2020, dated 11.05.2020, under Section 18 of the ND&PS Act, registered in Police Station Theog, District Shimla, H.P.

    3. As per the averments made in the petition, the petitioner is innocent and has been falsely implicated in the present case. She is resident of the place and neither in a position to tamper with the prosecution evidence nor in a position to flee from justice. No fruitful purpose will be served by sending her behind the bars, so she be released on bail.

    4. Police report stands filed. The prosecution story, as emanates from the records, is that on 11.05.2020 police received a secret tip-off that Kaushalya Devi (petitioner herein) is cultivating opium plants in her agricultural fields located in village Jadeog, P.O. Sandhu, Tehsil Theog, District Shimla, H.P. Police, acting upon the secret information, visited the spot, clicked photographs, conducted measurement and recovered some opium plants. In total 2071 opium plants were uprooted by the police. Thereafter, the police completed all the codal formalities and a case under Section 18 of the ND&PS Act was registered against the petitioner. Lastly, it is prayed that the bail application of the petitioner be dismissed, as the petitioner was found involved in a serious crime. There is possibility that in case at this stage, if the petitioner is enlarged on bail, she may flee from justice. The petitioner can also tamper with the prosecution evidence, so her application be dismissed.

    5. I have heard the learned Counsel for the petitioner, learned Additional Advocate General for the State and gone through the records, including the police report, carefully.

    6. The learned Counsel for the petitioner has argued that the petitioner has been falsely implicated in the present case. He has further argued that the petitioner is resident of the place and neither in a position to tamper with the prosecution evidence nor in a position to flee from justice. He has further argued that no fruitful purpose will be served by sending the petitioner behind the bars, as she is joining and co-operating in the investigation, nothing is to be recovered from her. He has argued that the custody of the petitioner is not at all required by the police for investigation and quantity involved is intermediate quantity, so the bail application be allowed. Conversely, the learned Additional Advocate General has argued that the petitioner was found involved in a serious offence, so at this stage, in case she is enlarged on bail, she may tamper with the prosecution evidence and may also flee from justice. He has prayed that the bail application of the petitioner be dismissed.

    7. In rebuttal the learned Counsel for the petitioner has argued that the petitioner is neither in a position to flee from justice nor in a position to tamper with the prosecution evidence, as she is permanent resident of the place. Her custodial interrogation is not at all required by the police, as she is joining and co-operating in the investigation, nothing remains to be recovered at the instance of the petitioner and the quantity of contraband involved is intermediate quantity, so the application be allowed and the petitioner be enlarged on bail. In order to get lateral support to his arguments, the learned Counsel for the petitioner has placed reliance on a judgment passed by co-ordinate Bench of this Court rendered in Cr.MP(M) No. 871 of 2020, titled Deep Ram vs. State of Himachal Pradesh, wherein in similar and approximate facts and circumstances the petitioner was enlarged on bail.

    8. At the very outset, it would be profitable to extract para No. 8 of the judgment (supra), which is as under:

    "8. Section 2(vii-a) of the NDPS Act defines commercial quantity as the quantity greater than the quantity specified in the schedule, and S. 2 (xxii-a), defines a small quantity as the quantity lesser than the quantity specified in the schedule of NDPS Act. The remaining quantity falls in an undefined category, which is now generally called as intermediate quantity. All Sections in the NDPS Act, which specify an offense, also mention that minimum and maximum sentence, depending upon the quantity of the substance. Commercial quantity mandates minimum sentence of ten years of imprisonment and a minimum fine of Rupees One hundred thousand, and bail is subject to the riders mandated in S. 37 of NDPS Act."

    In the present case also the contraband found in the opium plants falls in intermediate quantity, therefore, Section 37 of the NDPS Act has no role to play.

    9. At this stage, after considering the different facets of the case in hand, keeping in view the judgment (supra) and analyzing the facts with the settled legal paradigms, this Court finds that the involved quantity of recovered contraband is intermediate, so rigors of Section 37 of the NDPS Act are not applicable to the present case. So, the judgment (supra) is fully applicable to the facts of the present case.

    10. On the other hand, this Court after giving thoughtful and incisive consideration to the facts that the petitioner is joining and cooperating in the investigation, she is not in a position to tamper with the prosecution evidence nor in a position to flee from justice, as she is permanent resident of the place, her custody is not at all required by the police, nothing remains to be recovered at her instance, considering the fact that the petitioner is ready and willing to abide by the terms and conditions of bail, in case granted, the fact that the custodial interrogation of the petitioner is not at all required by the police, as she is joining and co-operating in the investigation and also considering the overall facts, which have come on record, and without discussing the same at this stage, this Court finds that the present is a fit case where the judicial discretion to admit the petitioner on bail, in the event of her arrest, is required to be exercised in her favour. Accordingly, the petition is allowed and it is ordered that the petitioner, in the event of her arrest, in case FIR No. 60 of 2020, dated 11.05.2020, under Section 18 of the ND&PS Act, registered in Police Station Theog, District Shimla, H.P., shall be released on bail forthwith in this case, subject to her furnishing personal bond in the sum of Rs.25,000/- (rupees twenty five thousand) with one surety in the like amount to the satisfaction of the Investigating Officer. The bail is granted subject to the following conditions:

    (i) That the petitioner will appear before the learned Trial Court/Police/authorities as and when required.

    (ii) That the petitioner will not leave India without prior permission of the Court.

    (iii) That the petitioner will not directly or indirectly make any inducement, threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the case so as to dissuade him/her from disclosing such facts to the Investigating Officer or Court.

    11. In view of the above, the petition is disposed of.

    Copy dasti.

     

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    Comments

    kaushalya devi v. state of himachal pradesh
    (Jul 3, 2020)