Arijit Pasayat, J.— Heard.
2. Leave granted in SLP (C) No. 883 of 2000.
3. Both these appeals relate to judgment of the Allahabad High Court dated 7-9-1999 and are, therefore, disposed of by this common judgment. The primary question involved is the scope of interference in the matter of punishment by the High Court.
4. Factual background in a nutshell is as follows:
Disciplinary proceedings were initiated by United Commercial Bank (hereinafter referred to as “the employer”) against P.C Kakkar (hereinafter referred to as “the employee”). It was alleged that he had committed several acts of misconduct while functioning as Assistant Manager of Mirzapur Branch. He was placed under suspension w.e.f 6-7-1983. The disciplinary proceedings were initiated in terms of the United Commercial Bank Officer Employees (Conduct, Discipline and Appeal) Regulations, 1976 (hereinafter referred to as “the Regulations”). The charges were found established in respect of Charge Nos. 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8. On the basis of findings recorded by the inquiry officer and as endorsed by the disciplinary authority, order of dismissal was passed on 16-8-1988. Appeal preferred by the employee before the prescribed Appellate Authority did not bring any relief. Similar was the fate of the review application. Matter was carried in writ petition before the Allahabad High Court. As noticed by the High Court, there was no challenge to the findings recorded, and what was urged related to the quantum of punishment. One of the points highlighted to question the quantum of punishment was that in a similar situation, lesser punishment was imposed on one M.L Keshwani though the allegations against him were of much serious nature. The High Court accepted the plea and, inter alia, directed as follows:
“The Supreme Court has held in several cases that there should be no discrimination in the matter of punishment vide Sengara Singh v. State of Punjab (1983) 4 SCC 225.
On the facts of the case we are of the opinion that the punishment given to the petitioner was inappropriate and excessive. Hence while we uphold finding of guilt, we quash the orders dated 16-8-1988 and the order dated 11-10-1989 and 5-2-1990 and direct that the petitioner shall be reinstated in service within six weeks of production of certified copy of this order before the authority concerned but he will be given a lesser punishment. Since the matter has been pending for a long time we direct that the petitioner will be given the punishment of being deprived of 75% of salary for the period from the date of removal to the date of reinstatement and he will be given a severe warning not to make such mistakes in future but he will get seniority and continuity of service as if his service had not been terminated.”
5. According to learned counsel for the employer, after having found that the charges were established the High Court committed an error in interfering with the quantum of punishment. The scope of such interference is extremely limited. After having noted that there was no challenge to the findings, there was no scope for interfering with the quantum of punishment. Some of the charges were of very serious nature and one of the charges related to fabrication and manipulation of records. It is pointed out that even if a co-delinquent has been given lesser punishment, the same cannot be a ground for interference. The employee was acting as Assistant Manager in the Bank and committed acts of misconduct. Taking into account the higher standard of honesty and integrity required by such employees any interference with the quantum of punishment would amount to misplaced sympathy. According to Mr Ranjit Kumar, learned counsel appearing for the employee, there were several mitigating circumstances. It was categorically urged that there was no embezzlement or fraud and there was no loss caused to the Bank. The allegations of fictitious entries were found not to have been established in a criminal case which was initiated by the Central Bureau of Investigation and the employee was acquitted of the charge. Further case on which the High Court has placed reliance involved more serious allegations and even if the allegations so far as the other officer M.L Keshwani and the employee can be differentiated, yet it has to be noted that the High Court imposed more severe punishment compared to M.L Keshwani.
6. The scope of interference with quantum of punishment has been the subject-matter of various decisions of this Court. Such interference cannot be a routine matter.
7. Lord Greene said in 1948 in the famous Wednesbury case (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) that when a statute gave discretion to an administrator to take a decision, the scope of judicial review would remain limited. He said that interference was not permissible unless one or the other of the following conditions was satisfied, namely, the order was contrary to law, or relevant factors were not considered, or irrelevant factors were considered; or the decision was one which no reasonable person could have taken. These principles were consistently followed in UK and in India to judge the validity of administrative action. It is equally well known that in 1984, Lord Diplock in Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for Civil Service 1985 AC 374, (1984) 3 WLR 1174, (1984) 3 All ER 935 (HL) at 950 j (called CCSU case) summarized the principles of judicial review of administrative action as based upon one or the other of the following viz. illegality, procedural irregularity and irrationality. He, however, opined that “proportionality” was a “future possibility”.
8. In Om Kumar v. Union of India (2001) 2 SCC 386 this Court observed, inter alia, as follows:
“27. The principle originated in Prussia in the nineteenth century and has since been adopted in Germany, France and other European countries. The European Court of Justice at Luxembourg and the European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg have applied the principle while judging the validity of administrative action. But even long before that, the Indian Supreme Court has applied the principle of ‘proportionality’ to legislative action since 1950, as stated in detail below.
28. By ‘proportionality’, we mean the question whether, while regulating exercise of fundamental rights, the appropriate or least-restrictive choice of measures has been made by the legislature or the administrator so as to achieve the object of the legislation or the purpose of the administrative order, as the case may be. Under the principle, the court will see that the legislature and the administrative authority ‘maintain a proper balance between the adverse effects which the legislation or the administrative order may have on the rights, liberties or interests of persons keeping in mind the purpose which they were intended to serve’. The legislature and the administrative authority are, however, given an area of discretion or a range of choices but as to whether the choice made infringes the rights excessively or not is for the court. That is what is meant by proportionality.
37. The development of the principle of ‘strict scrutiny’ or ‘proportionality’ in administrative law in England is, however, recent. Administrative action was traditionally being tested on Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) grounds. But in the last few years, administrative action affecting the freedom of expression or liberty has been declared invalid in several cases applying the principle of ‘strict scrutiny’. In the case of these freedoms, Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) principles are no longer applied. The courts in England could not expressly apply proportionality in the absence of the convention but tried to safeguard the rights zealously by treating the said rights as basic to the common law and the courts then applied the strict scrutiny test. In Spycatcher case: Attorney General v. Guardian Newspapers Ltd. (No. 2) (1990) 1 AC 109, (1988) 3 All ER 545, (1988) 3 WLR 776 (HL) (AC at pp. 283-84), Lord Goff stated that there was no inconsistency between the convention and the common law. In Derbyshire County Council v. Times Newspapers Ltd. 1993 AC 534, (1993) 1 All ER 1011, (1993) 2 WLR 449 (HL) Lord Keith treated freedom of expression as part of common law. Recently, in R. v. Secy., of State for Home Deptt., ex p Simms (1999) 3 All ER 400, (2000) 2 AC 115, (1999) 3 WLR 328 (HL) the right of a prisoner to grant an interview to a journalist was upheld treating the right as part of the common law. Lord Hobhouse held that the policy of the administrator was disproportionate. The need for a more intense and anxious judicial scrutiny in administrative decisions which engage fundamental human rights was re-emphasised in R. v. Lord Saville of Newdigate ex p A (1999) 4 All ER 860, (2000) 1 WLR 1855 (CA) (All ER at pp. 870, 872). In all these cases, the English courts applied the ‘strict scrutiny’ test rather than describe the test as one of ‘proportionality’. But, in any event, in respect of these rights ‘Wednesbury’ (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) rule has ceased to apply.
38. However, the principle of ‘strict scrutiny’ or ‘proportionality’ and primary review came to be explained in R. v. Secy. of State for the Home Deptt., ex p Brind (1991) 1 AC 696, (1991) 1 All ER 720, (1991) 2 WLR 588 (HL). That case related to directions given by the Home Secretary under the Broadcasting Act, 1981 requiring BBC and IBA to refrain from broadcasting certain matters through persons who represented organizations which were proscribed under legislation concerning the prevention of terrorism. The extent of prohibition was linked with the direct statement made by the members of the organizations. It did not however, for example, preclude the broadcasting by such persons through the medium of a film, provided there was a ‘voice-over’ account, paraphrasing what they said. The applicant's claim was based directly on the European Convention of Human Rights. Lord Bridge noticed that the Convention rights were not still expressly engrafted into English law but stated that freedom of expression was basic to the common law and that, even in the absence of the Convention, English courts could go into the question (see pp. 748-49)
‘… whether the Secretary of State, in the exercise of his discretion, could reasonably impose the restriction he has imposed on the broadcasting organisations’
and that the courts were
‘not perfectly entitled to start from the premise that any restriction of the right to freedom of expression requires to be justified and nothing less than an important public interest will be sufficient to justify it’.
Lord Templeman also said in the above case that the courts could go into the question whether a reasonable minister could reasonably have concluded that the interference with this freedom was justifiable. He said that ‘in terms of the Convention’ any such interference must be both necessary and proportionate (ibid, pp. 750-51).
39. In the famous passage, the seeds of the principle of primary and secondary review by courts were planted in the administrative law by Lord Bridge in Brind case (1991) 1 AC 696, (1991) 1 All ER 720, (1991) 2 WLR 588 (HL). Where Convention rights were in question the courts could exercise a right of primary review. However, the courts would exercise a right of secondary review based only on Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) principles in cases not affecting the rights under the Convention. Adverting to cases where fundamental freedoms were not invoked and where administrative action was questioned, it was said that the courts were then confined only to a secondary review while the primary decision would be with the administrator. Lord Bridge explained the primary and secondary review as follows:
‘The primary judgment as to whether the particular competing public interest justifying the particular restriction imposed falls to be made by the Secretary of State to whom Parliament has entrusted the discretion. But, we are entitled to exercise a secondary judgment by asking whether a reasonable Secretary of State, on the material before him, could reasonably make the primary judgment.’
67. But where an administrative action is challenged as ‘arbitrary’ under Article 14 on the basis of Royappa (1974) 4 SCC 3 (as in cases where punishments in disciplinary cases are challenged), the question will be whether the administrative order is ‘rational’ or ‘reasonable’ and the test then is the Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) test. The courts would then be confined only to a secondary role and will only have to see whether the administrator has done well in his primary role, whether he has acted illegally or has omitted relevant factors from consideration or has taken irrelevant factors into consideration or whether his view is one which no reasonable person could have taken. If his action does not satisfy these rules, it is to be treated as arbitrary. [In G.B Mahajan v. Jalgaon Municipal Council (1991) 3 SCC 91 (SCC at p. 111).] Venkatachaliah, J. (as he then was) pointed out that ‘reasonableness’ of the administrator under Article 14 in the context of administrative law has to be judged from the standpoint of Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) rules. In Tata Cellular v. Union of India (1994) 6 SCC 651 (SCC at pp. 679-80), Indian Express Newspapers Bombay (P) Ltd. v. Union of India (1985) 1 SCC 641 (SCC at p. 691), Supreme Court Employees' Welfare Assn. v. Union of India (1989) 4 SCC 187 (SCC at p. 241) and U.P Financial Corpn. v. Gem Cap (India) (P) Ltd. (1993) 2 SCC 299 (SCC at p. 307) while judging whether the administrative action is ‘arbitrary’ under Article 14 (i.e otherwise than being discriminatory), this Court has confined itself to a Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) review always.
69. The principles explained in the last preceding paragraph in respect of Article 14 are now to be applied here where the question of ‘arbitrariness’ of the order of punishment is questioned under Article 14.
71. Thus, from the above principles and decided cases, it must be held that where an administrative decision relating to punishment in disciplinary cases is questioned as ‘arbitrary’ under Article 14, the court is confined to Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) principles as a secondary reviewing authority. The court will not apply proportionality as a primary reviewing court because no issue of fundamental freedoms nor of discrimination under Article 14 applies in such a context. The court while reviewing punishment and if it is satisfied that Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) principles are violated, it has normally to remit the matter to the administrator for a fresh decision as to the quantum of punishment. Only in rare cases where there has been long delay in the time taken by the disciplinary proceedings and in the time taken in the courts, and such extreme or rare cases can the court substitute its own view as to the quantum of punishment.”(, 69 & 71)
9. In B.C Chaturvedi v. Union of India (1995) 6 SCC 749, (1996) 32 ATC 44 it was observed:
“18. A review of the above legal position would establish that the disciplinary authority, and on appeal the Appellate Authority, being fact-finding authorities have exclusive power to consider the evidence with a view to maintain discipline. They are invested with the discretion to impose appropriate punishment keeping in view the magnitude or gravity of the misconduct. The High Court/Tribunal, while exercising the power of judicial review, cannot normally substitute its own conclusion on penalty and impose some other penalty. If the punishment imposed by the disciplinary authority or the Appellate Authority shocks the conscience of the High Court/Tribunal, it would appropriately mould the relief, either directing the disciplinary/appellate authority to reconsider the penalty imposed, or to shorten the litigation, it may itself, in exceptional and rare cases, impose appropriate punishment with cogent reasons in support thereof.”
10. In Union of India v. G. Ganayutham (1997) 7 SCC 463 this Court summed up the position relating to proportionality in paras 31 and 32, which read as follows:
“31. The current position of proportionality in administrative law in England and India can be summarized as follows:
(1) To judge the validity of any administrative order or statutory discretion, normally the Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) test is to be applied to find out if the decision was illegal or suffered from procedural improprieties or was one which no sensible decision-maker could, on the material before him and within the framework of the law, have arrived at. The court would consider whether relevant matters had not been taken into account or whether irrelevant matters had been taken into account or whether the action was not bona fide. The court would also consider whether the decision was absurd or perverse. The court would not however go into the correctness of the choice made by the administrator amongst the various alternatives open to him. Nor could the court substitute its decision to that of the administrator. This is the Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) test.
(2) The court would not interfere with the administrator's decision unless it was illegal or suffered from procedural impropriety or was irrational — in the sense that it was in outrageous defiance of logic or moral standards. The possibility of other tests, including proportionality being brought into English administrative law in future is not ruled out. These are the CCSU 1985 AC 374, (1984) 3 WLR 1174, (1984) 3 All ER 935 (HL) at 950 j (1985 AC 374) principles.
(3)(a) As per Bugdaycay 1987 AC 514, (1987) 1 All ER 940, (1987) 2 WLR 606 (HL), Brind (1991) 1 AC 696, (1991) 1 All ER 720, (1991) 2 WLR 588 (HL) and Smith (1996) 1 All ER 257, 1996 QB 517, (1996) 2 WLR 305 (CA) as long as the Convention is not incorporated into English law, the English courts merely exercise a secondary judgment to find out if the decision-maker could have, on the material before him, arrived at the primary judgment in the manner he has done.
(3)(b) If the Convention is incorporated in England making available the principle of proportionality, then the English courts will render primary judgment on the validity of the administrative action and find out if the restriction is disproportionate or excessive or is not based upon a fair balancing of the fundamental freedom and the need for the restriction thereupon.
(4)(a) The position in our country, in administrative law, where no fundamental freedoms as aforesaid are involved, is that the courts/tribunals will only play a secondary role while the primary judgment as to reasonableness will remain with the executive or administrative authority. The secondary judgment of the court is to be based on Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) and CCSU 1985 AC 374, (1984) 3 WLR 1174, (1984) 3 All ER 935 (HL) at 950 j principles as stated by Lord Greene and Lord Diplock respectively to find if the executive or administrative authority has reasonably arrived at his decision as the primary authority.
(4)(b) Whether in the case of administrative or executive action affecting fundamental freedoms, the courts in our country will apply the principle of ‘proportionality’ and assume a primary role, is left open, to be decided in an appropriate case where such action is alleged to offend fundamental freedoms. It will be then necessary to decide whether the courts will have a primary role only if the freedoms under Articles 19, 21 etc.. are involved and not for Article 14.
32. Finally, we come to the present case. It is not contended before us that any fundamental freedom is affected. We need not therefore go into the question of ‘proportionality’. There is no contention that the punishment imposed is illegal or vitiated by procedural impropriety. As to ‘irrationality’, there is no finding by the Tribunal that the decision is one which no sensible person who weighed the pros and cons could have arrived at nor is there a finding, based on material, that the punishment is in ‘outrageous’ defiance of logic. Neither Wednesbury (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) nor CCSU 1985 AC 374, (1984) 3 WLR 1174, (1984) 3 All ER 935 (HL) at 950 j tests are satisfied. We have still to explain ‘Ranjit Thakur’ (1987) 4 SCC 611, (1987) 5 ATC 113.
11. The common thread running through in all these decisions is that the court should not interfere with the administrator's decision unless it was illogical or suffers from procedural impropriety or was shocking to the conscience of the court, in the sense that it was in defiance of logic or moral standards. In view of what has been stated in Wednesbury case (1948) 1 KB 223, (1947) 2 All ER 680 (CA) the court would not go into the correctness of the choice made by the administrator open to him and the court should not substitute its decision to that of the administrator. The scope of judicial review is limited to the deficiency in decision-making process and not the decision.
12. To put it differently, unless the punishment imposed by the disciplinary authority or the Appellate Authority shocks the conscience of the court/tribunal, there is no scope for interference. Further, to shorten litigation it may, in exceptional and rare cases, impose appropriate punishment by recording cogent reasons in support thereof. In the normal course if the punishment imposed is shockingly disproportionate it would be appropriate to direct the disciplinary authority or the Appellate Authority to reconsider the penalty imposed.
13. In the case at hand the High Court did not record any reason as to how and why it found the punishment shockingly disproportionate. Even there is no discussion on this aspect. The only discernible reason was the punishment awarded in M.L Keshwani case. As was observed by this Court in Balbir Chand v. Food Corpn. of India Ltd. (1997) 3 SCC 371 even if a co-delinquent is given lesser punishment it cannot be a ground for interference. Even such a plea was not available to be given credence as the allegations were contextually different.
14. A bank officer is required to exercise higher standards of honesty and integrity. He deals with the money of the depositors and the customers. Every officer/employee of the bank is required to take all possible steps to protect the interests of the bank and to discharge his duties with utmost integrity, honesty, devotion and diligence and to do nothing which is unbecoming of a bank officer. Good conduct and discipline are inseparable from the functioning of every officer/employee of the bank. As was observed by this Court in Disciplinary Authority-cum-Regional Manager v. Nikunja Bihari Patnaik (1996) 9 SCC 69 it is no defence available to say that there was no loss or profit resulted in case, when the officer/employee acted without authority. The very discipline of an organization more particularly a bank is dependent upon each of its officers and officers acting and operating within their allotted sphere. Acting beyond one's authority is by itself a breach of discipline and is a misconduct. The charges against the employee were not casual in nature and were serious. These aspects do not appear to have been kept in view by the High Court.
15. It needs no emphasis that when a court feels that the punishment is shockingly disproportionate, it must record reasons for coming to such a conclusion. Mere expression that the punishment is shockingly disproportionate would not meet the requirement of law. Even in respect of administrative orders Lord Denning, M.R in Breen v. Amalgamated Engg. Union (1971) 1 All ER 1148, (1971) 2 QB 175, (1971) 2 WLR 742 (CA) observed: (All ER p. 1154h) “The giving of reasons is one of the fundamentals of good administration.” In Alexander Machinery (Dudley) Ltd. v. Crabtree 1974 ICR 120 (NIRC) it was observed: “Failure to give reasons amounts to denial of justice. Reasons are live links between the mind of the decision-taker to the controversy in question and the decision or conclusion arrived at.” Reasons substitute subjectivity by objectivity. The emphasis on recording reasons is that if the decision reveals the “inscrutable face of the sphinx”, it can, by its silence, render it virtually impossible for the courts to perform their appellate function or exercise the power of judicial review in adjudging the validity of the decision. Right to reason is an indispensable part of a sound judicial system. Another rationale is that the affected party can know why the decision has gone against him. One of the salutary requirements of natural justice is spelling out reasons for the order made, in other words, a speaking-out. The “inscrutable face of a sphinx” is ordinarily incongruous with a judicial or quasi-judicial performance. But as noted above, the proceedings commenced in 1981. The employee was placed under suspension from 1983 to 1988 and has superannuated in 2002. Acquittal in the criminal case is not determinative of the commission of misconduct or otherwise, and it is open to the authorities to proceed with the disciplinary proceedings, notwithstanding acquittal in the criminal case. It per se would not entitle the employee to claim immunity from the proceedings. At the most the factum of acquittal may be a circumstance to be considered while awarding punishment. It would depend upon the facts of each case and even that cannot have universal application.
16. In the peculiar circumstances of the case, it would be appropriate to send the matter back to the High Court for fresh consideration. The High Court shall only consider the punishment aspect, treating all other matters to be closed and to have become final. The appeal filed by the employer is accordingly disposed of while that filed by the employee is dismissed.