Citation Codes

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Case Number

Appeal No. 87 of 1931 and Appeals Nos. 16 and 17 of 1930

Advocates

Hunter
Watkins
J.E.Godfrey
L.M. Jopling
A.M. Dunne

Judges

Sir Lancelot Sanderson
Sir John Wallis
Justice Lord Thankerton

Acts

provisions of Ss. 10, 11 and 12 of the above-mentioned Act
Ss. 7, (a) and 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876.
Class (3), S. 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876,
Cl. (3), S. 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876,
S. 40, Oudh Land-revenue Act,
Laws Act of 1876
Laws Act 1876,

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Smart Summary

Structured Summary of the Opinion — Appeals by Raja Bikram Singh (pre-emption under Oudh Laws Act 1876)

Factual and Procedural Background

These consolidated appeals to His Majesty in Council arise from two decrees of the Chief Court of Oudh dated 21 July 1930, which reversed decrees of the Subordinate Judge of Gonda dated 15 July 1929 (also referenced as 10 July 1929 in the judgment restoring the subordinate court's decrees). The suits were Nos. 86 and 89 of 1928.

In suit No. 86 the plaintiffs were Basdeo, Ram Ujagar and Ram Samujh and the defendant was Raja Bikram Singh (the present appellant). Suit No. 89 was brought by Brij Mohan Pande against the same defendant. In each suit the plaintiffs sought to exercise a right of pre-emption under the Oudh Laws Act of 1876 in respect of a single village: in suit 86 the village Bakrauli (four hamlets) for which the plaintiffs claimed pre-emption on payment of Rs. 9,703 (or such amount as should be adjudged); in suit 89 the village Patijia Buzurg for which the plaintiff claimed pre-emption on payment of Rs. 8,634 (or such amount as should be adjudged).

The appellant, Raja Bikram Singh, had purchased by deed dated 28 August 1927 a taluqdari mahal (the Bamhnipair taluq) of 163 villages from Bishan Narain Bhargara through the Court of Wards; the consideration for the purchase was Rs. 5,50,000. Both Indian courts below treated the property conveyed as a single proprietary mahal, although each village had a separate revenue assessment.

The Subordinate Judge dismissed both suits. The Chief Court of Oudh allowed the appeals by the plaintiffs and declared decrees in their favour for pre-emption over the two villages on payment of sums assessed by the trial judge. Raja Bikram Singh appealed those Chief Court decrees to His Majesty in Council.

Legal Issues Presented

Whether the law of pre-emption contained in Chapter 2 of Part 3 of the Oudh Laws Act 1876 applies to the sale of a taluqdari mahal (a superior proprietary mahal) such as the Bamhnipair taluq consisting of 163 villages.
If the plaintiffs (who asserted under‑proprietary rights) have any right of pre-emption, whether that right could be exercised in respect of part (a single village) of the mahal sold, or whether it could extend only to the whole talukdari mahal.
Whether a member of a village community who holds only under‑proprietary rights can pre-empt superior proprietary rights, i.e., whether the right of a member of the village community extends only to property the proprietary character of which is of the same nature as his own rights.
Whether, assuming any right of pre-emption, the plaintiffs were entitled to receive the notice required by Section 10 of the Oudh Laws Act 1876 (the notice of price or mortgage amount), which was the procedural ground on which the suits were founded.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments

The Chief Court's grant of pre-emption was incorrect because the pre-emption provisions do not apply to the sale of a taluqdari mahal (a single proprietary mahal) as a whole.
If a pre-emption right existed, it could not be exercised as to only a part of the mahal; under the Act the right would extend to the entire mahal sold.
The plaintiffs, as under-proprietors, could not pre-empt superior proprietary rights; class (3) of Section 9 does not make under-proprietors members of the village community for purposes of pre-emption against superior rights.
Practical and textual difficulties under Sections 10–13 of the Act show that claims by under-proprietors to pre-empt part of a mahal bought as a whole are inconsistent with the statutory scheme (notably that notices and tenders contemplated by the Act relate to the whole price or amount due, not to parcels).
The plaintiffs were not entitled to notice under Section 10—if they were not members of the qualifying village community under Section 9, they had no right to be given notice of the sale or mortgage amount.

Plaintiffs' / Respondents' Arguments

The plaintiffs claimed to be members of the village community within the meaning of Class (3) of Section 9 of the Oudh Laws Act 1876 and thus entitled to pre-emption in respect of the villages they sought to pre-empt, even though their rights were under-proprietary.
The plaintiffs relied on prior decisions (including those by Scott, J.C., and by the High Court of Judicature, N.W.P.) which had taken the view that an under-proprietor could be a member of the village community within Class (3) and therefore entitled to pre-emption in respect of a proprietary tenure sold by the Court of Wards.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent	Rule or Principle Cited For	Application by the Court
Ashraf-un-nissa v. Parbhu Narain, (1874-1898) Sel Cases JC Oudh P 96	Young, J.C., construed Ss. 7(a) and 9 to distinguish a proprietary village community from an under-proprietary village community; held that Class (3) refers to members of the respective kind of village community and that an under-proprietor has no right to pre-empt when a portion of the superior tenure is for sale.	Their Lordships agreed with Young, J.C.'s construction and treated it as supporting the conclusion that the plaintiffs (under-proprietors) were not entitled to notice under S. 10 and therefore had no maintainable claim to pre-emption in these suits.
Drigbijai Singh v. Court of Wards, Ramnagar Estate, (1902) 5 OC 266	Contains conflicting judicial views: Spankie, A.J.C., aligned with Young, J.C., holding that an under-proprietor was not a member of the village community for purposes of pre-emption in respect of a proprietary tenure; Scott, J.C., took the contrary view that an under-proprietor could be a member of the village community under Class (3) and so have a right of pre-emption.	Their Lordships noted these opposing holdings as representing the conflicting authorities relied upon by the parties; the Board sided with the Young/Spankie interpretation rather than Scott, J.C.'s view.
Decision of the High Court of Judicature, N.W.P. (Stanley, C.J., Blair and Burkitt, JJ.) in reference from Drigbijai Singh	The High Court held that under Class (3), S. 9, an under-proprietor in a portion of a mahal sold by the Court of Wards was entitled to pre-emption in respect of such mahal as against the purchaser.	Their Lordships recorded that this decision represents the view opposed to that of Young and Spankie; the Board nevertheless rejected that view in these appeals and followed Young/Spankie.
Narendra Bahadur Singh v. Balkaran Singh, (1904) 7 OC 275	Chamier, J.C., expressed the view that the words "however constituted" in S. 7(a) rendered S. 9 applicable broadly, including villages under bhayachara tenure (i.e., a broad reading of "however constituted").	Their Lordships cited this as an example of broader interpretations of "however constituted" but concluded that, taken together with the express words "whether proprietary or under-proprietary," the legislature intended to distinguish between proprietary and under-proprietary village communities; hence the broader view did not control the Board's construction.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The Board's analysis proceeded in two principal strands: (A) a textual/functional analysis of Sections 10–13 of the Oudh Laws Act 1876, and (B) a statutory‑construction analysis of Sections 7(a) and 9 (the meaning of "village-community" and the classes entitled to pre-emption).

A. Analysis of Sections 10–13 (notice, tender and suit grounds)

The Board observed that Sections 10–12 require that a person proposing to sell property in respect of which persons have a right of pre-emption must give notice of the price to those persons, and that any person asserting a right of pre-emption must, within three months, pay or tender "the price aforesaid" (S. 11) or, in the case of foreclosure, pay the full "amount specified in such notice" (S. 12). Section 13(b) contemplates a suit where a tender made under S. 11 or S. 12 is refused.

The Board reasoned that if those provisions were applied literally to the facts, the vendor (or mortgagee) of the 163‑village taluqdari mahal would have to give notice to members of under‑proprietary village communities in all 163 villages of the price for the whole mahal (Rs. 5,50,000). Any under-proprietor claiming to pre-empt one village would, under the text of the statute, be obliged to tender the entire price specified in the notice; there is no provision enabling tender of only part of that price or assessment of the mortgage amount in relation to a specific village. The Board found this result absurd or at least strongly indicative that the plaintiffs' claims (to pre-empt single villages of a mahal sold as a whole) were not the sort of claims contemplated by the statutory scheme.

B. Construction of "village-community" and Class (3) of Section 9

Because the plaintiffs' entitlement to notice under S. 10 depended on being members of the "village-community" under Class (3) of S. 9, the Board examined the meaning of those words. Noting that the Act contains no express definition of "village-community," the Board interpreted the phrase in light of S. 7(a) which speaks of rights of pre-emption existing "in all village-communities, however constituted, and whether proprietary or under-proprietary."

The Board concluded that the statutory language shows an intended distinction between a proprietary village community and an under‑proprietary village community; the term "village community" in context contemplates persons having proprietary or under‑proprietary rights (rather than mere residents). The Board also reasoned that accepting the plaintiffs' construction would render Clause 4 of S. 9 (which gives a preference to the proprietor in a particular circumstance) redundant.

Having examined opposing authorities (Young, J.C., and Spankie, A.J.C., on one side; Scott, J.C., and the High Court on the other), the Board agreed with Young/Spankie that Class (3) refers to members of the village community of the same proprietary character and that an under‑proprietor is not, by reason only of under‑proprietary rights, a member of the (superior) proprietary village community for purposes of pre-emption against superior rights.

On those bases—(1) the textual and practical difficulties posed by the operation of Ss. 10–13 if applied to a sale of a whole mahal, and (2) the construction of Ss. 7(a) and 9 supporting a distinction between proprietary and under‑proprietary village communities—the Board held that the plaintiffs' claims as advanced were not within the Act and that the plaintiffs were not entitled to the notice required by S. 10.

Holding and Implications

Holding (core ruling): Their Lordships held that the appeals by Raja Bikram Singh should succeed. Accordingly, the Board advised that the decrees of the Chief Court dated 21 July 1930 be set aside and that the decrees of the Subordinate Judge dated (referred to as) 10/15 July 1929 be restored. The opinion concludes: Appeal succeeds.

Consequences for the parties: The decrees in favour of the plaintiffs for pre-emption made by the Chief Court are set aside; the prior decrees dismissing the suits (of the Subordinate Judge) are restored. The plaintiffs in the two suits were ordered to pay the costs of the defendant in the Chief Court and of these appeals.

Implications as to precedent and broader law: The Board expressly followed the construction of Ss. 7(a) and 9 earlier adopted by Young, J.C., and Spankie, A.J.C., and rejected the contrary view adopted by Scott, J.C., and the High Court in the cited authorities. The opinion reasons that the statutory scheme of Sections 10–13 is inconsistent with permitting under‑proprietors to pre-empt part of a mahal sold as a whole. The opinion does not state that it establishes any broader new legal doctrine beyond the construction applied to the cited statutory provisions and the resolution in favour of the Young/Spankie line of authority; the direct legal effect is limited to the outcome of these appeals and the restoration of the Subordinate Judge's decrees.

Note: This summary is prepared exclusively from the text of the provided opinion. No facts, arguments or holdings have been added beyond those explicitly contained in that text.

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Birendra Bikram Singh v. Brij Mohan Pande

Sir Lancelot Sanderson:-

These appeals (consolidated by order of the Chief Court of Oudh) are from two decrees of the said Chief Court dated 21st July 1930, which reversed two decrees of the Subordinate Judge of Gonda dated 15th July 1929. There were two suits, Nos. 86 and 89 of 1928. In suit No. 86 the plaintiffs were Basdeo, Ram Ujagar and Ram Samujh and the defendant was the appellant to His Majesty in Council, viz., Raja Bikram Singh. There were two other persons joined as defendants in that Suit as they also had brought suits for pre-emption. It is not necessary to refer further to the second and third defendants, who did not appear in the Chief Court or on the appeal to His Majesty in Council. In suit 89 of 1923 the plaintiff was Brij Mohan Pande and the defendant was the abovementioned appellant, Raja Bikram Singh. In each case a claim for pre-emption under the Oudh Laws Act of 1876 of certain property was made by the plaintiffs against Raja Bikram Singh. The Subordinate Judge of Gonda dismissed both the suits. The plaintiffs appealed to the Chief Court of Oudh which allowed the appeals and made decrees in favour of the plaintiffs for pre-emption.

From the said decrees of the Chief Court, Raja Bikram Singh appealed to His Majesty in Council. At the hearing before the Board the plaintiffs in suit 86 of 1928, viz., Basdeo, Ram Ujagar and Ram Samujh appeared by their learned counsel: The plaintiff in suit 89 of 1928, viz., Brij Mohan Pande, did not appear. The material facts are as follows: -The appellant, Raja Bikram Singh, by a deed, dated the 28th August, 1927, purchased from Bishan Narain Bhargara what is called a taluqdari mahal consisting of 163 villages. The purchase was carried out through the Court of Wards, which at the time of the purchase had superintendence of the person and property of Raja Bikram Singh, and the consideration for the purchase of the taluqdari mahal was five and a half lakhs of rupees (Rs. 5,50,000). According to the judgment of the Chief Court, the taluq, which was the subject matter of the deed of the 28th August, 1927, is known as the Bamhnipair taluq, which was settled both in the first summary settlement of 1858 and in the subsequent regular settlement with Rani Sarfaraz Kuar, the widow of Raja Indarjet Singh. The estate seems to have received from time to time different names, but it has always been treated as a taluqdari mahal and the rights which were purchased by the Court of Wards on behalf of the appellant Raja were those of the superior proprietor in the group of villages forming the revenue paying mahal.

As already stated, the taluq contained 163 villages, but the suit 86 of 1928 related to one village only, viz., Bakrauli, which consisted of four hamlets and the plaintiffs in that suit claimed pre-emption of that village on payment of Rs. 9703 or the amount which should be adjudged by the Court. The suit 89 of 1928 also related to one village only, viz., Patijia Buzurg, and the plaintiff, Brij Mohan Pande, claimed pre-emption in respect thereof on payment of Rs. 8634 or the amount which should be adjudged by the Court. It is to be noted that the plaintiffs in both suits did not claim as co-sharers but as persons who had what are called under-proprietary rights in the villages of which they claimed to obtain possession by means of pre-emption. Both the Courts in India hold that the property conveyed by the sale deed is a single proprietary mahal for which the proprietor had contracted to pay a definite sum by way of land revenue to the Government, though each of the villages in the mahal was separately assessed to land revenue.

The Chief Court held that the plaintiffs in both suits as under-proprietors had a right under the Oudh Laws Act to pre-empt in respect of the villages which they respectively claimed, and that they had such right as members of the village community within the third class mentioned in S. 9 of the Act. The Chief Court accordingly made decrees of pre-emption in favour of the plaintiffs in the two suits so far as the two villages respectively were concerned on payment of certain sums, which had been assessed by the trial Judge. The findings of the Chief Court were challenged on behalf of the appellant on the following grounds: (1) that the law of pre-emption contained in Ch. 2 of part 3, Oudh Laws Act 1876, does not apply to the sale of such a mahal or a talukdari mahal; (2) that if the plaintiffs had any right of pre-emption, such right extended to the whole talukdari mahal the subject of the sale, and could not be exercised over part of the mahal; (3) that the right of a member of a village community to pre-empt extends only to the property of those proprietors (or under-proprietors) whose rights are of the same nature as his own, and therefore that the plaintiffs as under-proprietors had no right of pre-emption over the superior rights. The claims in both suits were made under the Oudh Laws Act of 1876, and the decision upon the above-mentioned points must depend upon the proper construction to be placed on the relevant sections of that Act. Part 3, Ch. 2 of the Act, relates to pre-emption, and it is necessary to refer to the following sections:

6. The right of pre-emption is a right of the persons hereinafter mentioned or referred to, to acquire, in the cases hereinafter specified, immovable property in preference to all other persons,

7. Unless the existence of any custom or contract to the contrary is proved, such right shall, whether recorded in the settlement-record or not, be presumed.

(a) to exist in all village-communities, however constituted, and whether proprietary or under-proprietary, and in the cases referred to in S. 40, Oudh Land-revenue Act, and

(b) to extend to the village site, to the houses built upon it, to all lands and shares of lands within the village-boundary, and to all transferable rights affecting such lands.

9. If the property to be sold or foreclosed is a proprietary or under-proprietary tenure, or a share of such a tenure, the right to buy or redeem such property belongs in the absence of a custom to the contrary.

1st.-To co-sharers of the sub-division (if any) of the tenure in which the property is comprised, in order of their relationship to the vendor or mortgagor;

2ndly.-To co-sharers of the whole mahal in the same order;

3rdly.-To any member of the village-community; and

4thly.-If the property be an under-proprietary tenure, to the proprietor.

Where two or more persons are equally entitled to such right, the person to exercise the same shall be determined by lot.

10. When any person proposes to sell any property, or when he forecloses a mortgage upon any property, in respect of which any persons have a right of pre-emption, he shall give notice to the persons concerned of the price at which he is willing to sell such property, or of the amount due in respect of such mortgage, as the case may be.

Such notice shall be given through the Court within the local limits of whose jurisdiction the property or any part thereof is situate, and shall be deemed sufficiently given if it be stuck up on the chaupal or other public place of the village or city in which the property is situate.

11. Any person having a right of pre-emption in respect of any property proposed to be sold shall lose such right, unless within three months from the date of such notice he or his agent pays or tenders the price aforesaid to the person so proposing to sell.

12. When the right of pre-emption arises in respect of the foreclosure of a mortgage, any person entitled to such right may, at any time within three months after the giving of the notice required by S. 10, pay or tender to the mortgage or his successor in title the amount specified in such notice, and shall thereupon acquire a right to purchase the property.

On completion of the purchase the person exercising the right of pre-emption shall be bound to pay to the mortgage or his successor in title the amount specified in such notice, together with interest on the principal sum secured by the mortgage, at the rate specified by the instrument of mortgage, for any time which has elapsed since the date of the notice, and any additional costs which may have been properly incurred by the mortgage or his successor in title.

13. Any person entitled to a right of pre-emption may bring a suit to enforce such right on any of the following grounds (namely):

(a) that no due notice was given as required by S. 10;

(b) that tender was made under S. 11 or S. 12 and refused;

(d) in the case of a mortgage, that the amount claimed by the mortgage was not really due on the footing of the mortgage and was not claimed in good faith, and that it exceeds the fair market-value of the property mortgaged.

In their Lordships' opinion the provisions of Ss. 10, 11 and 12 of the above-mentioned Act tend to show that the claims of the plaintiffs in the two suits are not such as were contemplated by the Legislature. Under S. 10 the person proposing to sell any property in respect of which any persons have a right of pre-emption is bound to give notice to the persons concerned of the price at which he is willing to sell such property, and S. 11 provides that a person having a right of pre-emption in respect of the property proposed to be sold shall lose such right unless within three months from the date of such notice he or his agent pays or tenders the price aforesaid" to the person so proposing to sell.

How could the provisions of these sections apply to the facts of this case? If they do apply, the vendor of the talukdari mahal would have to give notice to the members of the under-proprietary village communities, if any, in all the 163 villages of the price at which he was willing to sell the taluqdari mahal, viz., Rs. 5,50,000, and in order to comply with S. 11 any member of an under-proprietary village community who claimed a right of pre-emption, would be bound to tender the "the price aforesaid," although he desired to pre-empt one village only as in these suits, for there is no provision made in the Act for tendering part of the "price aforesaid" or for pre-empting part of the property proposed to be sold. The position would be even more extraordinary in the case of mortgaged property. For where the mortgage proposes to foreclose the property in respect of which a right of pre-emption arises, the mortgagee must give notice of "the amount due in respect of the mortgage" to the persons concerned, and the person entitled to pre-empt may pay or tender "the amount specified in such notice."

Suppose that in this case the vendor, instead of being a vendor had been a mortgagee for Rs. 5,50,000, and was proposing to foreclose the taluqdari mahal, he would be bound under S. 10 to give notice to the persons concerned of "the amount due in respect of the mortgage." According to the plaintiffs' contention such notice would have to be given to the members of the under-proprietary village community, if any, in each of the 163 villages. Under S. 12, if any member of such community claimed a right to redeem, he would be bound to pay or tender "the amount specified in such notice," viz., Rs. 5,50,000, for there is no provision in the Act for assessing the amount due under the mortgage in respect of a particular village included in the talukdari mahal the subject of the mortgage.

Section 13, which deals with the grounds on which a suit under the Act may be brought, points to the same conclusion; for S. 13 (b) refers to a tender having been made under S. 11 or S. 12 and refused. Such tender must be of the price at which the vendor is willing to sell the property in question or of the amount due in respect of the mortgage specified in the notice. In the cases now under consideration, the property sold by the vendor was the whole talukdari mahal containing 163 villages. The plaintiffs in each suit claimed to pre-empt one of the said villages only. It would be absurd to suggest that they would be bound to tender the whole of the price, viz., Rs. 5,50,000, which was the price at the which the vendor was willing to sell, and yet there is no provision in the Act which would enable the plaintiffs to tender the amounts at which the plaintiffs valued the two villages respectively as stated in their plaints or any amount other than the said Rs. 5,50,000. These considerations in their Lordships opinion, are conclusive as showing that the claims of the plaintiffs as stated in their plaints are not within the above-mentioned Act and are therefore not maintainable. This conclusion is sufficient to dispose of these appeals, but the arguments addressed to their Lordships on behalf of the appellant were directed to another point, viz., that the plaintiffs were not entitled to notice under S. 10, the failure to give which was the only ground on which the suits were based. Although it is not necessary to decide the point thus raised, in view of the abovementioned conclusion, their Lordships think it desirable to state the arguments presented in respect thereof. Their Lordships' attention was drawn to certain decisions in Oudh relating to Ss. 7, (a) and 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876. The first to which it is necessary to refer is Ashraf-un-nissa v. Parbhu Narain, (1874-1898) Sel Cases JC Oudh P 96. In that case the Judicial Commissioner, Mr. Young, in considering the true construction of Ss. 7 (a) and 9, held as follows:

The Act prescribes that the rights of pre-emption exists in all village-communities whether proprietary or under-proprietary, S. 7 (a). Here we see that a proprietary village community is distinguished from an under-proprietary village community. Each such community is complete in itself. S. 9 continues to preserve this distinction of the two sorts of tenures, and then goes on to say, that in each of them pre-emption shall accrue to certain classes of persons which it enumerates as follows:

1st.-To co-sharers of the patti of the tenure (that is proprietary or under-proprietary as the case may be) in which the property in dispute is comprised, etc.

2nd.-To co-sharers of the whole mahal, etc.

3rd.-To any member of the village community; that is to any member of the proprietary body if the community is a proprietary body and to any member of the under-proprietary body if the village community is an under-proprietary one. After these three classes are exhausted, the section then makes a special provision that in the event of a portion of an under-proprietary tenure being for sale, and no one of the first three classes being ready to purchase, then the superior proprietor shall have the next preference. But no such provision is made in favour of an under-proprietor where a portion of the superior tenure is for sale, and consequently no such right exists to an under-proprietor.

The above-mentioned sections came up for consideration again in Drigbijai Singh v. Court of Wards, Ramnagar Estate, (1902) 5 OC 266, which in the first instance was heard on appeal by Scott, J.C., and Spankie, A. J. C.

Spankie, A.J.C., held that the property sold being a proprietary tenure, the plaintiff was not, by reason that he had under-proprietary right in the mahal, a member of the village community within the meaning of Cl. (3), S. 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876, so as to entitle him to pre-emption in respect of the land in suit. He took the same view of the sections as Mr. Young in the abovementioned case.

Scott. J.C., took a contrary view and held that the plaintiff was a member of the village community within the meaning of Cl.3, S. 9, and as such had a right of pre-emption in respect of the proprietary tenure, even though the plaintiff had an under-proprietary right only in the mahal.

On a reference being made to the High Court of Judicature, N.W.P., Stanley, C.J., Blair and Burkitt, JJ., held that under the said Class (3), S. 9, Oudh Laws Act, 1876, a person holding an under-proprietary interest in a portion of a mahal sold by the Court of Wards on behalf of the proprietor of the mahal was entitled to pre-emption in respect of such mahal as against the purchaser. The above-mentioned decisions of Young, J.C., and Spankie, A.J.C., as to the meaning of the said sections on the one hand, and the decisions of Scott, J.C., and the learned Judges of the High Court on the other hand, represent the contentions which have been presented to their Lordships by the learned counsel on behalf of the appellant and the plaintiff-respondents respectively. It is conceded that the plaintiffs can only maintain their alleged right to notice under S. 10 on the ground that they are members of the village community within the meaning of Class (3) of the said S. 9.

It is therefore necessary to consider what is the meaning of the village community." There is no definition of "the village community" in the Act, and consequently the meaning of those words must depend upon the true construction of the terms of S. 7 (a) having regard to any light which may be thrown upon that section by the terms of the following sections. In the first place, it appears clear to their Lordships that, having regard to the words "whether proprietary or under-proprietary," the village community contemplated by S. 7 (a) must refer to persons having proprietary or under-proprietary rights in the village, and that it was not intended to include anyone who happened to reside in the village and who had no proprietary interest therein. In the next place, their Lordships are of opinion that the section contemplates a proprietary village community as distinguished from an under-proprietary village community.

The words "however constituted" are no doubt of wide implication, and various meanings have been given to them in India, as for instance Spankie, A.J.C., in the above cited case, considered that they were necessary in order to include a village in which there were two or more mahals; again Chamier, J. C., in Narendra Bahadur Singh v. Balkaran Singh, (1904) 7 OC 275 was of opinion that the words "however constituted" were sufficient to render S. 9 applicable to all villages whether the tenure was "bhayachara" or not, but whatever may be the meaning of the above-mentioned words, their Lordships are of opinion that the words which follow, viz., "and whether proprietary or under-proprietary" clearly indicate the intention of the legislature to distinguish a proprietary village community from an under proprietary village community. Further, if the construction of the sections on which the plaintiff-respondents rely were to be adopted, it seems clear that the provision contained in the fourth clause of S. 9, would be redundant, because if the property to be sold or foreclosed were an under-proprietary tenure, and if, as contended on behalf of the plaintiff-respondents, a proprietor would be entitled to buy or redeem the under-proprietary tenure in his capacity of a member of the village community, there would be no necessity for the provision contained in Cl. 4.

Their Lordships consequently in this respect agree with the construction placed upon the sections by Young, J.C., in the above-cited case of Ashrag-uii-nissa v. Parbhu Narain (1), and are of opinion that the plaintiffs in the two suits were not entitled to notice under S.10 of the said Act. For the above-mentioned reasons, their Lordships are of opinion that the appeals must succeed, and that the decrees of the Chief Court dated 21st July 1930, should be set aside, and the decrees of the Subordinate Judge dated 10th July 1929, should be restored, and they will humbly advise His Majesty accordingly. The plaintiffs in the two suits must pay the costs of the defendant in the Chief Court and of these appeals.

Appeal succeeds.

Birendra Bikram Singh v. Brij Mohan Pande

Structured Summary of the Opinion — Appeals by Raja Bikram Singh (pre-emption under Oudh Laws Act 1876)

Factual and Procedural Background

Legal Issues Presented

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's Arguments

Plaintiffs' / Respondents' Arguments

Table of Precedents Cited

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

A. Analysis of Sections 10–13 (notice, tender and suit grounds)

B. Construction of "village-community" and Class (3) of Section 9

Holding and Implications

Birendra Bikram Singh v. Brij Mohan Pande

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