R.M Lodha, J.— The controversy in this appeal, by special leave, is concerned with the will dated 21-5-1920 executed by Bijivemula Subba Reddy resident of Chennavaran, Village Kattera Gandla, Badwel Taluq, Cuddapah District. The question is one of construction upon which the two courts, the High Court and the trial court, are not in accord and, have taken divergent views.
2. At the time of execution of the will, Bijivemula Subba Reddy, a Hindu, was aged about 75 years. He had his wife Subbamma, daughter Pitchamma, son-in-law Rami Reddy, widowed sister Chennamma, widowed daughter-in-law and granddaughter Lakshumamma living. His only son Sesa Reddy had died in 1917. The testator was a man of sufficient wealth. He had landed property (wet and dry lands and wells) at various places, namely, in Kattera Gandla, Rampadu, Varikuntla and Thiruvengala Puram. He also owned few houses and plots of lands at different places. He had movable properties as well in the form of bonds, securities and promissory notes. The will recites, as indeed is the undisputed fact, that the testator, except one house situate at Kotha Laxmipally Village in which he had one-third share, was the absolute owner of the properties specified therein.
3. Pitchamma had no child although she had married 20 years before the execution of the will. The testator desired that his daughter Pitchamma adopted a son with the consent of her husband and his granddaughter Lakshumamma got married to the adopted son of his daughter Pitchamma.
4. The will is written in vernacular (Telugu). The correctness of its English translation annexed with the appeal was disputed by the respondents. The parties were then directed to submit an agreed translation of the will which they did and that reads as follows:
“I, Bijivemula Subba Reddy, son of Balachennu, resident of Chennavaran Village Kattera Gandla, Badwel Taluq, Cuddapah District, cultivation, this the 21st day of May, 1920, with sound mind, free will executing the will.
Now I am aged about 75 years. My wife Subbamma is living. I had one son by name Sesa Reddy. He died at the age of 24 years, about three years back. He had one wife and one daughter aged about 6 years by name Lakshumamma. I have one daughter by name Pitchamma. I have given her in marriage to one Rami Reddy, adopted son of Siddamurthi Duggi Reddy, Pappireddypally Village Rampadu Majira, though she married about 20 years back, but she has no issues.
She intended to take a boy in adoption with the consent of her husband.
As I am old I could not [sic] able to run my family. After the death of my son, since 15 years, the above persons are looking after my family and my welfare.
I have also one widow sister by name Chennamma. She is living with me since 30 years. She is also helping me in all aspects. I intend to give my granddaughter Lakshumamma to the proposed adopted son of my daughter Pitchamma.
In the said event, I intend to give all my belongings, movable and immovable properties to the said Lakshumamma and the adopted son of my daughter Pitchamma. But my daughter and her husband so far did not take any steps for getting a boy in adoption. Now as I am sick and suffering from fever and other ailments, I am doubting whether I can perform the abovesaid acts during my lifetime.
I own lands in Kattera Gandla Village, Rampadu Village, Varikuntla Village and Thiruvengala Puram Village, both wet and dry lands and also wells. I also own a Midde in Majira. I have one Beeruva in Pancha of my house. I also have household articles, kallamettelu. I also have lands in Pappireddypally Village of Rampadu Majira, two plots and I have absolute rights in one of the same. I also have one house in Kotha Laxmipally Village, of Kattera Gandla Majira and in that I have one-third share. I also have bonds and securities and promissory notes transactions. As I have the abovesaid movable and immovable properties and as I am having absolute rights over the same, none others have any rights whatsoever in the abovesaid properties. Therefore, I intend to execute the will and the same shall come into force after my demise.
The following are the terms of the will:
(1) After my demise, my granddaughter, Lakshumamma who is the daughter of my son shall have absolute rights in my entire properties.
(2) As my granddaughter is minor, till she attains the age of majority and attains power to manage the abovesaid properties, I hereby appoint my son-in-law, Siddamurthy Ramireddy as executor of the will till then.
(3) According to the will of my granddaughter Lakshmamma, in case to marry the adopted son of my daughter, it shall be performed.
(4) As I am having my wife Subbamma, widow daughter-in-law Pitchamma, and my widow sister Chennamma, the present guardian, Ramireddy and my granddaughter Lakshumamma, after attaining majority, shall look after the above persons. If they do not satisfied (sic) with the above arrangements, they shall enjoy my property with limited rights and necessary arrangements shall be made by the guardian and after him and my granddaughter Lakshmamma after attaining majority.
(5) In case, as God's grace is not in favour of my aforesaid proposals, namely, if my daughter did not take any boy in adoption and if the said boy will not accept to marry my granddaughter Lakshumamma, I intend to give my aforesaid properties, one-third share to my daughter Pitchamma and her husband who is also my son-in-law Rami Reddy together. The remaining 2/3rd share is given to my granddaughter Lakshumamma.
Accordingly, I executed the will and they have the right to partition and they shall enjoy the properties after division with absolute rights during their lifetime and thereafter their legal heirs.”
5. Bijivemula Subba Reddy died within few months of the execution of the will. After few years of the death of the testator, Pitchamma wanted to adopt Godi Venkat Reddy as her son but her husband Rami Reddy did not agree to that adoption. Rami Reddy left Village Chennavaran, his wife Pitchamma and settled in another village, Pappireddypally. Rami Reddy then married with Subbamma. From the wedlock of Rami Reddy and his second wife, two sons were born: (i) Siddamurthy Jayarami Reddy, and (ii) Siddamurthy Rami Reddy.
6. Lakshumamma married Godi Venkat Reddy somewhere in 1926 and from that wedlock one son Godi Jayarami Reddy was born. Unfortunately Godi Venkat Reddy died within three years of marriage. Godi Jayarami Reddy has one son Godi Ramachandra Reddy. Rami Reddy died in 1939; Pitchamma died in 1953 and Lakshumamma died in 1971.
7. In 1980, the two sons of Rami Reddy, born from the wedlock of his second wife Subbamma, filed a suit for partition of the schedule properties, the properties bequeathed by Bijivemula Subba Reddy vide his will dated 21-5-1920, claiming one-third share therein under that will. They also claimed rent and profits. The case of the plaintiffs was that they and the defendants were members of a composite family and were in joint possession and enjoyment of the properties of Bijivemula Subba Reddy and as per the will they were entitled to one-third share. During the pendency of the suit, one of the sons died and his legal representatives were brought on record. The plaintiffs are the present appellants.
8. The defendants traversed the claim of the plaintiffs and set up the plea that there was a dispute between Pitchamma and her husband Rami Reddy over the adoption of Godi Venkat Reddy; Rami Reddy left the house somewhere in 1924 and settled in Village Pappireddypally. It was averred that Rami Reddy married a second time and not only abandoned Pitchamma but also abandoned his rights to the property given under the will. Pitchamma then looked after the family in the absence of any male member, managed the properties and got the patta of these properties transferred in the name of Lakshumamma and bequeathed her share in the property by a will in 1953 to Lakshumamma.
9. The defendants also set up the plea that Lakshumamma purchased few properties mentioned in the schedule from her own resources in 1955. They gave the details of those properties. They further set up the case that Lakshumamma after executing the will on 6-3-1953 partitioned the properties between herself and the first defendant. By way of additional written statement, the plea of res judicata was raised. The defendants are the respondents herein.
10. On the basis of the pleadings of the parties, the trial court framed diverse issues; the parties let in oral as well as documentary evidence and the trial court heard the counsel for the parties.
11. The trial court in its judgment dated 22-12-1986 negated the plaintiffs' claim that they and the defendants were members of a composite family and the subject properties were in their joint possession and enjoyment. However, the trial court did hold that under the will dated 21-5-1920 Pitchamma and Rami Reddy got one-sixth share each in the properties of the testator. While concluding so, the trial court held that there was no condition imposed in the will by the testator that his daughter Pitchamma and son-in-law Rami Reddy must adopt a son and his granddaughter should marry the adopted son of Pitchamma and her husband. It was only a pious wish of Bijivemula Subba Reddy that his daughter Pitchamma adopted a son with the consent of her husband and that his granddaughter Lakshumamma should marry the adopted son of Pitchamma and her husband.
12. The trial court further held that the plaintiffs were not claiming the property directly as legatees under the will but as legal heirs of Rami Reddy and Pitchamma since the will had come into force and was acted upon after the death of Bijivemula Subba Reddy and, accordingly, Pitchamma and Rami Reddy got one-sixth share each. The trial court also held that the property acquired by Pitchamma by way of bequest under the will was a separate property and after her death, it devolved upon her husband's heirs (i.e the plaintiffs) and, thus, the plaintiffs were entitled to one-third share in the schedule properties. The trial court negated the plea of adverse possession set up by the defendants and passed a preliminary decree for partition in favour of the plaintiffs with regard to their one-third share.
13. The defendants (the present respondents) challenged the judgment and decree passed by the trial court in appeal before the High Court. The High Court formulated three points for determination in the appeal viz.:
(i) whether Rami Reddy failed to comply with the obligations cast on him under the will dated 21-5-1920 executed by Bijivemula Subba Reddy and he abandoned the family and if so, whether his legal heirs (the plaintiffs) could claim his share in the property of the testator;
(ii) whether the will executed by Pitchamma in 1953 was genuine, true and bona fide? and
(iii) whether the defendants have acquired rights in the schedule properties by adverse possession?
14. The High Court held that it was obligated upon Rami Reddy under the will to maintain the dependants of the testator and act as an executor of the will. Rami Reddy failed to discharge both obligations, in maintaining the dependants of the testator and in acting as executor. The High Court, thus, concluded that Rami Reddy could not claim any property under the will. The High Court overturned the finding of the trial court as regards the will executed by Pitchamma and held that the will executed by her in 1953 was genuine and true. As regards the plea of adverse possession set up by the defendants, although negated by the trial court, the High Court held that there was ouster of the plaintiffs 60 years back and there was no semblance of any enjoyment of property by the plaintiffs' predecessors-in-title along with the defendants jointly.
15. Consequently, the High Court by its judgment dated 20-4-2003 reversed the judgment and decree of the trial court and allowed the appeal preferred by the defendants. It is from the judgment of the High Court that the present appeal by special leave arises.
16. Mr R. Sundaravardan, learned Senior Counsel for the appellants argued: the importation of Section 57 and Section 141 of the Succession Act, 1925 (for short “the 1925 Act”) is wholly inappropriate since the present case is concerned with the muffussil will of a Hindu dated 21-5-1920 with regard to the properties situate outside the city of Madras. The muffussil wills (executed before 1927) do not require the formalities of execution, attestation and revocation to be carried out in the manner required by the 1925 Act. The parties did not join issue about the truthfulness of the will and there was only dispute about its construction and implementation. Even if it be assumed that Section 141 of the 1925 Act is attracted, the same has been complied with; the attestors were already dead.
17. It was vehemently contended by Mr R. Sundaravardan that the property vested in the executor in 1920 on the death of the testator and Section 141 of the 1925 Act, even if applicable, could not divest such vesting in title. Dealing with the expression “take the legacy” in Section 141, it was argued by the learned Senior Counsel that the said expression means taking possession of legacy and not vesting of the legacy. He submitted that the word “executor” used in the will has been used in loose sense of the term; Rami Reddy was the son-in-law of the testator, he was looking after and managing the lands and, therefore, the legacy bequeathed to him was not because he was to be the executor in strict sense but because he was the testator's son-in-law and manager.
18. The learned Senior Counsel submitted that there is no legal evidence of mismanagement, malversation or misappropriation and a vague allegation that the executor has not done his job required no serious consideration. He argued that the marriage of Rami Reddy with Subbamma was with the consent of Pitchamma and there was no legal impediment for a Hindu to have a second wife before the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 or the Bigamy Prevention Act, 1949 especially when Pitchamma was barren and it is indeed a legal requirement based on Shastric injunction to have progeny so that religious efficacy of satisfying the souls of forefathers is completed. The learned Senior Counsel contended that there was no voluntary and conscious abandonment by Rami Reddy and the High Court was in clear error in holding so.
19. Mr R. Sundaravardan criticised the findings of the High Court on the plea of adverse possession set up by the defendants and genuineness of the will executed by Pitchamma in 1953 in favour of Lakshumamma.
20. Mr P.S Narasimha, learned Senior Counsel for the respondents, on the other hand, supported the judgment of the High Court.
21. The Succession Act, 1865 (for short “the 1865 Act”) was enacted to provide for intestate and testamentary succession in British India. Section 331 of the 1865 Act, however, excluded its applicability to intestate or testamentary succession to the property of any Hindu, Muhammadan or Buddhist and it further provided that its provisions shall not apply to any will made, or any intestacy occurring, before 1-1-1866.
22. By the Hindu Wills Act, 1870 (for short “the 1870 Act”), statutory provisions were made to regulate the wills of Hindus, Jainas, Sikhs and Buddhists in the lower provinces of Bengal and in the towns of Madras and Bombay. Inter alia, Section 2 thereof provided as follows:
“2. The following portions of the Indian Succession Act, 1865, namely—
sections forty-six, forty-eight, forty-nine, fifty, fifty-one, fifty-five and fifty-seven to seventy-seven (both inclusive),
sections eighty-two, eighty-three, eighty-five, eighty-eight to one hundred and three (both inclusive),
sections one hundred and six to one hundred and seventy-seven (both inclusive),
sections one hundred and seventy-nine to one hundred and eighty-nine (both inclusive),
sections one hundred and ninety-one to one hundred and ninety-nine (both inclusive),
so much of Parts XXX and XXXI as relates to grants of probate and letters of administration with the will annexed, and
Parts XXXIII to XL (both inclusive), so far as they relate to an executor and an administrator with the will annexed,
shall, notwithstanding anything contained in section three hundred and thirty-one of the said Act, apply—
(a) to all wills and codicils made by any Hindu, Jaina, Sikh or Buddhist, on or after the first day of September one thousand eight hundred and seventy, within the said territories or the local limits of the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Courts of Judicature at Madras and Bombay; and
(b) to all such wills and codicils made outside those territories and limits, so far as relates to immovable property situate within those territories or limits:”
23. The 1925 Act which came into force on 30-9-1925 has eleven parts. Part VI has twenty-three chapters. Section 57 to Section 191 are covered by Part VI. Section 57 provides thus:
“57. Application of certain provisions of Part to a class of wills made by Hindus, etc.—The provisions of this Part which are set out in Schedule III shall, subject to the restrictions and modifications specified therein, apply—
(a) to all wills and codicils made by any Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina, on or after the first day of September, 1870, within the territories which at the said date were subject to the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal or within the local limits of the ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Courts of Judicature at Madras and Bombay; and
(b) to all such wills and codicils made outside those territories and limits so far as relates to immovable property situate within those territories or limits; and
(c) to all wills and codicils made by any Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh or Jaina on or after the first day of January, 1927, to which those provisions are not applied by clauses (a) and (b):
Provided that marriage shall not revoke any such will or codicil.”
Clauses (a) and (b) of Section 57 of the 1925 Act are in pari materia with clauses (a) and (b) of Section 2 of the 1870 Act. Clause (c) is a new provision.
24. As noticed above, the present case is concerned with the will executed in 1920. The will is admittedly a muffussil will as it has not been executed within the local limits of ordinary original civil jurisdiction of the High Court of Judicature at Madras. Clause (a) of Section 57 is apparently not attracted. The subject will also does not relate to immovable properties situate within the local limits or territories as set out in clause (a). In this view of the matter, clause (b) is also not attracted. Clause (c) does not get attracted, as it applies to wills and codicils made on or after 1-1-1927.
25. Since the subject will is not covered by any of the clauses of Section 57, Part VI of the 1925 Act is not applicable thereto. Section 141 which falls in Chapter XIII of Part VI of the 1925 Act that provides—if a legacy is bequeathed to a person who is named an executor of the will, he shall not take the legacy, unless he proves the will or otherwise manifests an intention to act as executor—is, thus, not applicable to the subject will. As a matter of fact, both the learned Senior Counsel were ad idem that Section 141 of the 1925 Act, as it is, has no application at all.
26. We may also state that although the statutory provisions concerning construction of wills from Sections 74 to 111 of the 1925 Act do not apply but the general principles incorporated therein would surely be relevant for construction of the subject will.
27. It is well settled that the court must put itself as far as possible in the position of a person making a will in order to collect the testator's intention from his expressions; because upon that consideration must very much depend the effect to be given to the testator's intention, when ascertained. The will must be read and construed as a whole to gather the intention of the testator and the endeavour of the court must be to give effect to each and every disposition. In ordinary circumstances, ordinary words must bear their ordinary construction and every disposition of the testator contained in the will should be given effect to as far as possible consistent with the testator's desire.
28. The above are the principles consistently followed and, we think, ought to be guided in determining the appeal before us. What then was the intention of this testator? The only son of the testator had predeceased him. At the time of execution of the will, he had his wife, widowed sister, widowed daughter-in-law, daughter and minor granddaughter surviving; the only other male member was his son-in-law Rami Reddy. He intended to give all his properties to the granddaughter but he was aware that after her marriage, she would join her husband's family. The testator intended that his entire estate remained in the family and did not go out of that and having that in mind, he desired that his daughter adopted a son with the consent of her husband and his granddaughter married the adopted son of his daughter. He, therefore, stated, “I intend to give all my belongings, movable and immovable properties to the said Lakshumamma and the adopted son of my daughter Pitchamma”. He expressed in unequivocal terms, “after my demise, my granddaughter Lakshumamma who is the daughter of my son shall have absolute rights in my entire properties”.
29. The testator gave two very particular directions in the will that until Lakshumamma attained the age of majority and attained power to manage the properties; (one) Rami Reddy shall act as an executor till then, and (two) the executor shall look after the female members in the family, namely, his wife Subbamma, widowed daughter-in-law, daughter Pitchamma, widowed sister Chennamma and granddaughter Lakshumamma. Rami Reddy, thus, was obligated to carry out the wishes of the testator by managing his properties and looking after the minor granddaughter Lakshumamma till she attained majority and also look after other female members in the family.
30. The clause, however, upon which the appellants' are claiming the rights in the properties of Rami Reddy is the clause that reads “… if my daughter did not take any boy in adoption and if the said boy will not accept to marry my granddaughter Lakshumamma, I intend to give my aforesaid properties, one-third share to my daughter Pitchamma and her husband, who is also my son-in-law Rami Reddy together. The remaining two-third share is given to my granddaughter Lakshumamma”.
31. Mr R. Sundaravardan, Senior Counsel for the appellants is right in contending that the above clause in the will is not a repugnant condition that invalidates the will but is a defeasance provision.
32. In Rameshwar Kuer v. Shiolal Upadhaya AIR 1935 Pat 401, Courtney-Terrell, C.J, speaking for the Bench, explained the distinction between a repugnant provision and a defeasance provision thus: (AIR p. 404)
“The distinction between a repugnant provision and a defeasance provision is sometimes subtle, but the general principle of law seems to be that where the intention of the donor is to maintain the absolute estate conferred on the donee but he simply adds some restrictions in derogation of the incidents of such absolute ownership, such restrictive clauses would be repugnant to the absolute grant and therefore void; but where the grant of an absolute estate is expressly or impliedly made subject to defeasance on the happening of a contingency and where the effect of such defeasance would not be a violation of any rule of law, the original estate is curtailed and the gift over must be taken to be valid and operative.”
33. The distinction between a repugnant provision and a defeasance provision explained in Rameshwar Kuer AIR 1935 Pat 401 has been followed subsequently. In our view, the Patna High Court rightly explains the distinction between a repugnant provision and a defeasance provision.
34. The question, however, upon which the fate of this appeal depends is: whether Rami Reddy became entitled to any legacy by virtue of the defeasance clause under the will at all?
35. The testator was clear in his mind that after his death, his granddaughter should have absolute rights in his entire properties. He has said so in so many words in the will. However, he superadded a condition that, should his daughter Pitchamma and son-in-law Rami Reddy not adopt a son or if his daughter and son-in-law adopted a son but that boy did not agree to marry his granddaughter, then one-third share in his properties shall go over to his daughter Pitchamma and her husband Rami Reddy. The bequest to the extent of one-third share in the properties of the testator in favour of Pitchamma and her husband Rami Reddy jointly was conditional on happening of an uncertain event noted above. As a matter of fact and in law, immediately after the death of the testator in 1920, what became vested in Rami Reddy was not legacy but power to manage the properties of the testator as an executor; the legacy vested in Lakshumamma, albeit, defeasibly to the extent of one-third share. The only event on which the legacy to Lakshumamma to the extent of one-third share was to be defeated was upon happening of any of the above events. Mr R. Sundaravardan, learned Senior Counsel, thus, is not right in contending that on the death of the testator in 1920, the legacy came to be vested in Rami Reddy and once vesting took place, it could not have been divested.
36. It has come in evidence that Pitchamma wanted to adopt Godi Venkat Reddy as her son, but her husband Rami Reddy did not agree to that and as a result thereof Godi Venkat Reddy could not be adopted by Pitchamma. On the issue of adoption of Godi Venkat Reddy, a serious dispute ensued between Pitchamma and her husband. Rami Reddy left the family of the testator and Village Chennavaran somewhere in 1924 and went to nearby Village Pappireddypally where he married second time. It may be that there was no legal impediment for Rami Reddy to have a second wife before the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 or the Bigamy Prevention Act of 1949 when no child was begotten from Pitchamma, yet the fact of the matter is that he abandoned the family of the testator. There is no merit in the submission of Mr R. Sundaravardan that abandonment was not voluntary and conscious.
37. Rami Reddy neither continued as a guardian of the minor granddaughter Lakshumamma nor looked after the testator's wife, widowed daughter-in-law, widowed sister and daughter. The female folk were left in the lurch with no male member to look after them. He took no care or interest in the affairs of the family or properties of the testator and thereby failed to discharge his duties as an executor.
38. In view of the predominant desire that his granddaughter should have his properties and that his properties did not go out of the family, the testator desired that his daughter adopted a son with the consent of her husband and his granddaughter married that boy. The conditional legacy to Rami Reddy (to the extent of one-third share jointly with Pitchamma) was not intended to be given to him if he happened to be instrumental in defeating the testator's wish in not agreeing to the adoption of a son by his (testator's) daughter. Such an intention might not have been declared by the testator in express terms but a necessary inference to that effect can safely be drawn by reading the will as a whole.
39. In the circumstances, the legacy to the extent of one-third share cannot be held to have ever vested in Rami Reddy jointly with Pitchamma as it was he who defeated the adoption of son by the testator's daughter. As a matter of fact by his conduct, Rami Reddy rendered himself disentitled to any legacy.
40. Not only that Rami Reddy did not discharge his obligations under the will of looking after the family and managing the properties as an executor but he was also instrumental in frustrating the adoption of son by the testator's daughter. Much before the defeasance clause came into operation when Lakshumamma married Godi Venkat Reddy who could not be adopted as son by Pitchamma, Rami Reddy had already left the testator's family for good and abandoned the legacy that could have come to him under that clause.
41. The plea of the appellants, that Rami Reddy's family from the second wife and the testator's family was a composite family and the properties were joint family properties of the plaintiffs and the defendants, has not been accepted by the trial court as well as the High Court. We have no justifiable reason to take a different view on this aspect.
42. Importantly, Rami Reddy during his lifetime, although he survived for about 19 years after the death of the testator, never claimed any legacy under the subject will.
43. All in all, on the construction of the will and in the circumstances, it must be held and we hold that no legacy came to be vested in Rami Reddy and he did not become entitled to any interest in the estate of the testator and, therefore, the plaintiffs did not acquire any right, title or interest in the properties of Bijivemula Subba Reddy.
44. In view of the above, the challenge to the findings of the High Court on the plea of adverse possession set up by the defendants and the genuineness of the will executed by Pitchamma in 1953 pales into insignificance and needs no consideration.
45. In fairness to Mr R. Sundaravardan, learned Senior Counsel for the appellants, it must be stated that he cited the following authorities: (Katreddi) Ramiah v. Kadiyala Venkata Subbamma AIR 1926 Mad 434, Balmakund v. Ramendranath Ghosh AIR 1927 All 497, Ratansi D. Morarji v. Administrator General of Madras AIR 1928 Mad 1279, Bhojraj v. Sita Ram AIR 1936 PC 60, Ketaki Ranjan Bhattacharyya v. Kali Prasanna Bhattacharyya AIR 1956 Trip 18, P. Lakshmi Reddy v. L. Lakshmi Reddy AIR 1957 SC 314, 1957 SCR 195, Ranganathan Chettiar v. Periakaruppan Chettiar AIR 1957 SC 815, Darshan Singh v. Gujjar Singh (2002) 2 SCC 62, Govindammal v. R. Perumal Chettiar (2006) 11 SCC 600 and Govindaraja Pillai v. Mangalam Pillai AIR 1933 Mad 80. However, in view of our discussion above, we do not think we need to deal with these authorities in detail.
46. In the result, the appeal fails and is dismissed with no order as to costs.