S.B Sinha, J.— Leave granted.
2. Applicability of the doctrine of “equal pay for equal work” is in question in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and order dated 19-8-2004 passed by a Division Bench of the High Court of Delhi in Civil Writ Petition No. 3719 of 2002 dismissing the writ petition filed by the appellant questioning an order dated 11-9-2000 passed in Original Application No. 52 of 2000 by the Central Administrative Tribunal directing to consider the question of grant of replacement pay scale of Rs 6500-10,500 to the respondent, with consequential benefits in her favour.
3. Basic fact of the matter is not in dispute.
4. The respondent herein was appointed as Technical Assistant of Urdu Language in the Bureau of Promotion of Urdu Language. She was placed in the pay scale of Rs 425-700. She was promoted as Research Assistant in the scale of pay of Rs 550-900. The said scale of pay was revised to Rs 1640-2900 on the recommendations of the Fourth Pay Revision Commission.
5. The Central Government constituted National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (NCPUL) in place of the Bureau of Promotion of Urdu Language. NCPUL started functioning from 1-4-1996. The employees of the Bureau were given an option either to continue to work in the Government Department or get themselves transferred to NCPUL. The respondent opted for government service. Her name was, therefore, referred to surplus cell for redeployment. She was redeployed as Librarian in National Gallery of Modern Art and designated as Assistant Librarian and Information Assistant. Her pay was upgraded in the scale of Rs 6500-10,500.
6. Indisputably, the scale of pay of Rs 1640-2900 was revised to Rs 5500-9000.
7. Consequent upon the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission, the respondent filed a representation for upgradation of her pay scale which was not acceded to. She thereafter filed an application before the Central Administrative Tribunal. By reason of an order dated 11-9-2000, the learned Tribunal allowed the said application opining:
“In the above view of the matter the application succeeds and is accordingly allowed. The respondents are directed to consider the grant of the replacement scale of Rs 6500-10,500 to the applicant, keeping in view the similarity in essential qualification, functions and responsibilities with those in CHD, CIIL, CSTT w.e.f 1-1-1996, with consequential benefits. This should be done within four months from the receipt of this order. Parties to bear their own costs (sic manner).”
In arriving at the said conclusion, the Tribunal held:
“All the institutes including BPU were functioning on 1-1-1996 when the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission were implemented. BPU came to be abolished only on 31-3-1996, and, therefore, there is no reason why the Research Assistant in BPU should have been treated in a different manner.”
8. A writ petition filed by the appellant herein against the said order has been dismissed by the High Court by reason of the impugned judgment stating:
“The case of the respondent in her OA was that the post of Research Assistant in the Bureau of Urdu and also in the other sister departments was in the pay scale of Rs 1640-2900 up to 31-12-1995 and that qualifications required for the incumbents also were the same and that duties, functions performed were also similar in nature and, therefore, if post of Research Assistant was placed in the pay scale of Rs 6500-10,500 in those departments under the same Education Department, she was also entitled to the same pay scale on the principle of equality. We find that there is no specific denial or rebuttal to this by the petitioners in their reply to the OA. Their stand seems to be couched in general terms. They also seem to be suffering from some misconception that since the post of Research Assistant was abolished in the Bureau of Urdu (BPU) and, therefore, the analogy of the pay scale granted to Research Assistant in other sister departments could not be applied to her case. What is missed is that the respondent was asking for the revised pay scale on a par with the Research Assistants in other offices under the Education Department on the basis of similarity in the nature of discharging of duties, etc. which was not controverted by the petitioner and to which she was entitled in the absence of any denial in this regard. Therefore, it can't be said that the Tribunal has gone wrong in directing the petitioner to consider this respondent for grant of pay scale of Rs 6500-10,500 from 1-1-1996 on the analogy of the scale granted to Research Assistants in other offices in the Education Department, in view of the similarity in qualifications, functions and responsibilities of the post of Research Assistant in the Bureau on one hand and in CHD, CSTT, CIIL on the other. The Tribunal's order is accordingly affirmed and petition is disposed of.”
9. Mr Amarendera Sharan, learned Additional Solicitor General of India appearing on behalf of the appellants, submitted that the Tribunal and consequently the High Court committed a serious error in arriving at the aforementioned conclusion insofar as they failed to take into consideration the fact that the nature of qualifications and other relevant factors clearly point out that the post of Librarian is not equivalent to that of the post of Research Assistant in other regional languages.
10. Mr Kulshreshtha, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would submit that as the respondent had been in the job of the Bureau of Promotion of Urdu Language as on 1-1-1996 from which date the recommendations of the Fifth Pay Commission came to be implemented, the impugned judgment and order should not be interfered with.
11. Promotion of regional languages is undertaken by various bodies including Central Hindi Directorate of the Ministry of Human Resources Development, Department of Education, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Commission for Scientific and Technical Terminology, Ministry of Human Resources Development, Department of Education and Bureau for Promotion.
12. So far as the educational and other qualifications required by direct recruits for promotion of the Urdu language are concerned, following are stated to be the essential qualifications:
“(i) Master's degree from a recognised university or equivalent.
(ii) Must have taken Urdu as optional subject at the graduation level for 3 years'/2 years' degree course in the case of MAs or must have taken Urdu as a second language up to 2nd year of 3 years' degree graduation in case of MA/MSc/MCom or must have taken Urdu at High School/Higher Secondary School level in the case of MSc/MCom where offering Urdu as a second language at degree level is not furnished.
(iii) One year's experience of teaching or terminological and/or translation/editing work in Urdu.
Note 1.—Qualifications are relaxable at the discretion of the Union Public Service Commission in case of candidates otherwise well qualified.
Note 2.—The qualification regarding experience is relaxable at the discretion of the Union Public Service Commission in the case of candidates belonging to the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes if, at any stage of selection, the Union Public Service Commission is of the opinion that sufficient number of candidates from these communities possessing the requisite experience are not likely to be available to fill up the vacancies reserved for them.
Desirable.—Working knowledge of one or more, modern Indian languages other than Urdu.”
13. However, in respect of Hindi language, the qualifications prescribed are as under:
“(i) For post of Research Assistant (Hindi).—Master's degree in Hindi or Sanskrit with Hindi as an elective subject at degree stage from a recognised university or equivalent and should have studied English as a compulsory/optional subject at degree level.
(ii) For post of Research Assistant (Regional Language).—Master's degree in Hindi with knowledge of regional language concerned and English at secondary school level or Master's degree in the regional language concerned with Hindi and English as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level. (Regional language includes only those languages which have been specified in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as amended from time to time, barring Hindi and Sanskrit.)
(iii) For post requiring knowledge of Medicine.—Degree in Integrated System of Indian Medicine, Bachelor of Indian Medicine and Surgery/Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery or Ayurveda/Pharmacy or equivalent from a recognised university or board with Hindi and English as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level.
(iv) For post requiring knowledge of Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Computer Science, Textile, Mineral, Leather Technology).—Diploma from a recognised institution/university or equivalent in the subject concerned with Hindi and English as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level.
(v) For post of Research Assistant (Management)/Research Assistant (Public Administration).—Postgraduate diploma in Management/Public Administration respectively from a recognised university or equivalent with knowledge of English and Hindi as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level or equivalent.
(vi) For post of Research Assistant (Journalism).—Master's degree in Hindi with diploma in Journalism/Mass Communication with English as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level.
(vii) For posts in any subject other than these mentioned above.—Master's degree from recognised university or equivalent in the subject concerned with English and Hindi as compulsory/optional subject at secondary school examination level.
Note 1.—Qualifications are relaxable at the discretion of the Union Public Service Commission in case of candidates otherwise well qualified.
Note 2.—Selected candidates will have to complete a departmental training programme during their probation.
Desirable: Only for post of Research Assistant (Hindi).—Certificate/diploma from a recognised institute in Translation or Applied Linguistics or Functional Hindi.”
14. The essential qualifications required for other languages in CIIL are stated to be as under:
“(i) Master's degree in Linguistics/Comparative Philology/Indian Language and Literature/Psychology/Education/Sociology/Anthro-pology/Folklore/Statutics (sic) from a recognised university or equivalent.
(ii) One year's research/teaching experience.
(iii) Proficiency in any Indian language as a subject at the secondary school level in the case of Master of Arts in Linguistics or Comparative Philology or as a subject at the degree level in the case of Master of Arts in subject other than Linguistics and Comparative Philology.
Note 1.—Specific requirement will be indicated at the time of recruitment.”
15. We may also note that in the case of recruitment by promotion, deputation, transfer and grades from which promotion or deputation or transfer is to be made, the following are the requisite qualifications:
“Urdu
Promotion.—Technical Assistant (Urdu) working in the Bureau for Promotion of Urdu with 5 years' regular service in the grade.
Transfer or deputation.—(a) Officers under the Central Government/State Government:
(i) holding analogous posts; or
(ii) with 5 years' service in posts in the scale of pay of Rs 425-700 or equivalent; and
(b) Possessing the educational qualifications and experience prescribed for direct recruits under Column 7. Period of deputation including period of deputation in another ex-cadre post held immediately preceding this appointment in the same organisation/department shall ordinarily not exceed 3 years.
Hindi
Transfer on deputation/transfer.—Officers under the Central Governments:
(a)(i) holding analogous posts in regular posts on regular basis, or
(ii) with 5 years' regular service in post in the scale of pay of Rs 1400-2300/2600, or
(iii) with 15 years' regular service in post in the scale of Rs 950-1500 or equivalent;
(b) possessing the educational qualifications and experience prescribed for direct recruitment under Column 8. (Period of deputation including period of deputation in another ex-cadre post held immediately preceding this appointment in the same or some other organisation/department of the Central Government shall ordinarily not to exceed 3 years. The maximum age-limit for appointment by transfer on deputation including transfer shall be not exceeding 56 years, as on the closing date of receipt of applications.)”
16. We may now consider different nature of duties required to be performed by these categories of officers:
“Urdu
To assist the officer with whom they are attached in implementing the publication programme of BPU at various stages. This includes organising of subjects, panel meeting, implementing their decisions, checking and editing manuscripts, organising Terminology Committee meeting and preparing of glossary of technical terms, maintenance of record of all the abovementioned activity and programming the duty allotted from time to time in furtherance of the activity of BPU.
Hindi
To assist in the implementation of schemes relating to periodicals, preparation of dictionaries—lingual, bilingual, trilingual and multilingual, preparation of dictionaries in foreign languages under cultural exchange programme.
Other regional languages
To assist in Linguistics and in material production in various Indian languages including the non-scheduled languages.”
17. The requisite criteria in regard to such appointment, promotion, transfer as well as the nature of duties required to be performed by the incumbents of posts vis-à-vis that of Research Assistant (Urdu) therefor, are different. Knowledge of English for Research Assistant (Urdu) is not necessary whereas for the Research Assistant (Hindi) and other regional languages, the same is essential.
18. So far as the Research Assistant for CIIL is concerned, the essential qualifications therefor are absolutely different. So far as the educational qualifications required for promotion to the said post by the incumbents of the Research Assistant to Research Assistant (Hindi) is concerned, therefor also different educational qualifications are required. Not only that, the nature of duties is also different. Whereas the Research Assistants in respect of Urdu Language are required to assist the officer with whom they are attached, the Research Assistants in Hindi and Research Assistants of CIIL are required to assist implementation of the scheme. The Tribunal and consequently the High Court might not, thus, be correct in opining that the educational qualifications as also the nature of duty being the same, the respondent was entitled to the benefit of the said scale of pay.
19. The question came to be considered in a large number of decisions of this Court wherein it unhesitantly came to the conclusion that a large number of factors, namely, educational qualifications, nature of duty, nature of responsibility, nature of method of recruitment, etc. will be relevant for determining equivalence in the matter of fixation of scale of pay. (See Secy., Finance Deptt. v. W.B Registration Service Assn. 1993 Supp (1) SCC 153, (1993) 24 ATC 403; State of U.P v. J.P Chaurasia (1989) 1 SCC 121, (1988) 8 ATC 929; Union of India v. Pradip Kumar Dey (2000) 8 SCC 580 and State of Haryana v. Haryana Civil Secretariat Personal Staff Assn. (2002) 6 SCC 72)
20. In Govt. of W.B v. Tarun K. Roy (2004) 1 SCC 347 this Court held as under:
“20. Question of violation of Article 14 of the Constitution of India on the part of the State would arise only if the persons are similarly placed. Equality clause contained in Article 14, in other words, will have no application where the persons are not similarly situated or when there is a valid classification based on a reasonable differentia.”
21. In U.P State Sugar Corpn. Ltd. v. Sant Raj Singh (2006) 9 SCC 82 this Court opined:
“16. The doctrine of equal pay for equal work, as adumbrated under Article 39(d) of the Constitution of India read with Article 14 thereof, cannot be applied in a vacuum. The constitutional scheme postulates equal pay for equal work for those who are equally placed in all respects. Possession of a higher qualification has all along been treated by this Court to be a valid basis for classification of two categories of employees.”
22. Same principle was reiterated by a three-Judge Bench of this Court in State of Haryana v. Charanjit Singh (2006) 9 SCC 321.
23. We are not oblivious of some decisions of this Court wherein salary on the basis of revised pay scales has been directed to be paid on the premise that no change in the duties and functions of employees similarly situated had taken place although the employees concerned were working in different public sector undertakings (see Employees of Tannery and Footwear Corpn. of India Ltd. v. Union of India 1991 Supp (2) SCC 565, (1992) 19 ATC 120) or where scale of pay is to be fixed for the judicial officers posted in the State cadre vis-à-vis the Union Territory cadre (Alvaro Noronha Ferriera v. Union of India (1999) 4 SCC 408) but such a question does not arise herein, as different scale of pay was recommended by an expert body having regard to the nature of duties and functions. It is not a case where discrimination is sought to be made on the basis of territory or posting in public sector undertaking.
24. On the facts obtaining in this case, therefore, we are of the opinion that the doctrine of equal pay for equal work has no application. The matter may have been different, had the scales of pay been determined on the basis of educational qualification, nature of duties and other relevant factors. We are also not oblivious of the fact that ordinarily the scales of pay of employees working in different departments should be treated to be on a par and the same scale of pay shall be recommended. The respondent did not opt for her services to be placed on deputation. She opted to stay in the government service as a surplus. She was placed in list as Librarian in National Gallery of Modern Art. She was designated as Assistant Librarian and Information Assistant. Her pay scale was determined at Rs 6500-10,500 which was the revised scale of pay. Her case has admittedly not been considered by the Fifth Pay Revision Commission. If a scale of pay in a higher category has been refixed keeping in view the educational qualifications and other relevant factors by an expert body, no exception thereto can be taken. Concededly it was for the Union of India to assign good reasons for placing her in a different scale of pay. It has been done. We have noticed hereinbefore that not only the essential educational qualifications are different but the nature of duties is also different. Article 39(d) as also Article 14 of the Constitution of India must be applied, inter alia, on the premise that equality clause should be invoked in respect of the people who are similarly situated in all respects.
25. Mr Kulshreshtha has placed strong reliance on State of U.P v. U.P Sales Tax Officers Grade II Assn. (2003) 6 SCC 250 In that case the Pay Revision Commission did not consider cases of a group of employees. On the aforementioned premise, they were held to be entitled to the scale of pay which had been granted to the persons similarly situated. We are not concerned with such an issue herein as the case of the respondent has been considered and she has been given the benefit of a revised scale. It was not necessary for the Government which had the requisite jurisdiction to remove anomaly as has been held by this Court in Haryana State Adhyapak Sangh v. State of Haryana (1988) 4 SCC 571 whereupon Mr Kulshreshtha relied on. As the Union of India has already applied its mind and revised the respondent's pay in the scale of pay of Rs 5500-9000, it was for the respondent to show that she had been discriminated against. We have noticed hereinbefore that neither in fact nor in law, has any case of discrimination been made out.
26. Our attention has been drawn to the findings of the Tribunal that the incumbents to the post of Research Assistants in the Bureau and institutions like Central Hindi Directorate and Central Institute of Indian Languages, etc. are similarly qualified and they have been performing similar functions. There was no factual foundation for arriving at the same finding. Consequently, the said conclusion was wrongly drawn by the Tribunal. Furthermore, no formula having mathematical exactitude can be pressed into service in a situation of this nature. The Tribunal and consequently the High Court, in our opinion, therefore, were not correct in arriving at the said decision.
27. Another aspect of the matter, however, cannot be ignored. The respondent has been paid the amount by way of difference in the scale of pay only for a short period. She has been held to be entitled only for a sum of Rs 7000 and odd. We are, therefore, of the opinion that this Court, in exercise of its jurisdiction under Article 142 of the Constitution, should direct that the amount already paid need not be recovered. Similar direction has been passed by this Court in Haryana Civil Secretariat Personal Staff Assn. (2002) 6 SCC 72 stating:
“10. … The courts should approach such matters with restraint and interfere only when they are satisfied that the decision of the Government is patently irrational, unjust and prejudicial to a section of employees and the Government while taking the decision has ignored factors which are material and relevant for a decision in the matter. Even in a case where the court holds the order passed by the Government to be unsustainable then ordinarily a direction should be given to the State Government or the authority taking the decision to reconsider the matter and pass a proper order. The court should avoid giving a declaration granting a particular scale of pay and compelling the Government to implement the same.”
(See also Punjab National Bank v. Manjeet Singh (2006) 8 SCC 647.)
28. We, therefore, although agree with the submissions of the learned Additional Solicitor General, in the facts and circumstances of this case, decline to grant any relief in favour of the appellant. The appeal is dismissed in view of our observations aforementioned. There shall, however, be no order as to costs.