Arijit Pasayat, J.— In these appeals under Section 116-A of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (for short “the Act”) challenge is made to the judgment and order dated 27-12-2002 passed by the Andhra Pradesh High Court dismissing the election petition filed by the appellant, by accepting prayers made by Respondent 1 in that regard. As the issues involved are pristinely legal, reference to the factual scenario briefly would suffice.
2. Election was held to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly on 11-9-1999. The controversy in the present appeal relates to 10, Saluru (ST) Legislative Assembly Constituency which is reserved for members of the Scheduled Tribe. Respondent 1 filed his nomination claiming to be a member of a Scheduled Tribe. His nomination was accepted and objections to his candidature were rejected. Nominations of some candidates were also rejected. Respondent 1 after poll was declared elected in the election. The appellant filed an election petition under Sections 5 and 100(1)(c) and (d)(i) of the Act before the High Court on 19-11-1999. The primary stand taken in the election petition appears to be that the claim of Respondent 1 that he is a member of a Scheduled Tribe is not correct. Application was filed by the present Respondent 1 under Order 6 Rule 16 and Order 7 Rule 11 read with Section 151 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (for short “CPC”) and Section 86 of the Act praying for rejection of the election petition on the ground that locus of the petitioner was not established, no cause of action was disclosed and affidavit accompanying the petition was not in the prescribed form, verification done and the affidavit filed did not conform to the requirements as laid down in the statute in regard to the alleged corrupt practice and, therefore, the same was misconceived and was liable to be rejected. The appellant filed his response to the application.
3. On consideration of the rival stands, the High Court came to hold that though essentially there was no definite allegation of corrupt practices, yet allegations that somebody played fraud and has approached the electorate claiming that he belongs to a Scheduled Tribe and got selected are similar to, if not higher in gravity than the allegations as to corrupt practices. The allegations are to be treated on a par with those relating to corrupt practices. That being so, it was held that the affidavit was not in the proper form and that the election petition was not maintainable, as material facts were not pleaded, and merely some unreliable and improper averments were made and that required rejection of the petition. It was observed that the verification as required to be done in terms of Order 6 Rule 15 CPC was not complied with. The verification was extremely vague and it was not stated as to what was the source of information on which pleadings were based and which part really was on the basis of personal knowledge and information was also not indicated. It was additionally noted that the petitioner was very casual in filing the election petition; even the district to which the election petitioner claimed to belong was described differently in the election petition. In conclusion it was noted by the High Court as follows:
(a) The election petition does not disclose a valid cause of action.
(b) It contains several paragraphs which do not fit into an election petition filed under Sections 5 and 100(1)(d)(i) of the Act.
(c) There does not exist any valid verification of the pleadings.
(d) The affidavit filed by the petitioner along with the election petition does not conform to the form prescribed (Form 25) under Rule 94-A of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 (in short “the Rules”).
4. In support of the appeals, the learned Senior Counsel for the appellant submitted that the insistence on affidavit in a particular form is not correct as there was no allegation of corrupt practice and, therefore, an affidavit envisaged in relation to such allegations is not required. Since Respondent 1 committed fraud on the constituency and the constituents by claiming to be a member of Scheduled Tribe, and requisite information was given, the election petition should not have been dismissed. Finally the deficiencies, if any, in the verification and affidavit are of curable nature and the High Court should have granted an opportunity to cure the defects.
5. The petition was not one which could be rejected in terms of Section 86(1) of the Act. The said provision empowers the High Court to dismiss the election petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section 81 or Section 82 or Section 117 of the Act. None of these provisions have application to the facts of the case.
6. In response, the learned Senior Counsel for Respondent 1 submitted that the election petition is extremely vague, the appellant nowhere stated that he was an elector, it was not specifically indicated in the verification as to which part of the petition was based on personal knowledge and which part also based on information and the source of information, if any. The petition which does not contain a proper verification is not an election petition in terms of Section 83(1) of the Act. There was no cause of action indicated. The pleadings clearly show allegations of corrupt practices in terms of Section 123(3). Particular reference is made to para 8 of the petition, which according to him is a definite allegation of appealing to the electorate on the ground of caste.
7. Respective stands need careful consideration. Before we deal with the basic issues, it would be appropriate to quote a few provisions from the Act:
“81. Presentation of petitions.—(1) An election petition calling in question any election may be presented on one or more of the grounds specified in sub-section (1) of Section 100 and Section 101 to the High Court by any candidate at such election or any elector within forty-five days from, but not earlier than the date of election of the returned candidate or if there are more than one returned candidate at the election and dates of their election are different, the later of those two dates.
Explanation.—In this sub-section, ‘elector’ means a person who was entitled to vote at the election to which the election petition relates, whether he has voted at such election or not.
(2)***
(3) Every election petition shall be accompanied by as many copies thereof as there are respondents mentioned in the petition and every such copy shall be attested by the petitioner under his own signature to be a true copy of the petition.
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83. Contents of petition.—(1) An election petition—
(a) shall contain a concise statement of the material facts on which the petitioner relies;
(b) shall set forth full particulars of any corrupt practice that the petitioner alleges, including as full a statement as possible of the names of the parties alleged to have committed such corrupt practice and the date and place of the commission of each such practice; and
(c) shall be signed by the petitioner and verified in the manner laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (5 of 1908) for the verification of pleadings:
Provided that where the petitioner alleges any corrupt practice, the petition shall also be accompanied by an affidavit in the prescribed form in support of the allegation of such corrupt practice and the particulars thereof.
(2) Any schedule or annexure to the petition shall also be signed by the petitioner and verified in the same manner as the petition.
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86. Trial of election petitions.—(1) The High Court shall dismiss an election petition which does not comply with the provisions of Section 81 or Section 82 or Section 117.
Explanation.—An order of the High Court dismissing an election petition under this sub-section shall be deemed to be an order made under clause (a) of Section 98.
(2) As soon as may be after an election petition has been presented to the High Court, it shall be referred to the judge or one of the judges who has or have been assigned by the Chief Justice for the trial of election petitions under sub-section (2) of Section 80-A.
(3) Where more election petitions than one are presented to the High Court in respect of the same election, all of them shall be referred for trial to the same judge who may, in his discretion, try them separately or in one or more groups.
(4) Any candidate not already a respondent shall, upon application made by him to the High Court within fourteen days from the date of commencement of the trial and subject to any order as to security for costs which may be made by the High Court, be entitled to be joined as a respondent.
Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section and of Section 97, the trial of a petition shall be deemed to commence on the date fixed for the respondents to appear before the High Court and answer the claim or claims made in the petition.
(5) The High Court may, upon such terms as to costs and otherwise as it may deem fit, allow the particulars of any corrupt practice alleged in the petition to be amended or amplified in such manner as may in its opinion be necessary for ensuring a fair and effective trial of the petition, but shall not allow any amendment of the petition which will have the effect of introducing particulars of a corrupt practice not previously alleged in the petition.
(6) The trial of an election petition shall, so far as is practicable consistently with the interests of justice in respect of the trial, be continued from day to day until its conclusion, unless the High Court finds the adjournment of the trial beyond the following day to be necessary for reasons to be recorded.
(7) Every election petition shall be tried as expeditiously as possible and endeavour shall be made to conclude the trial within six months from the date on which the election petition is presented to the High Court for trial.
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123. (3) The appeal by a candidate or his agent or by any other person with the consent of a candidate or his election agent to vote or refrain from voting for any person on the ground of his religion, race, caste, community or language or the use of, or appeal to religious symbols or the use of, or appeal to, national symbols, such as the national flag or the national emblem, for the furtherance of the prospects of the election of that candidate or for prejudicially affecting the election of any candidate:
Provided that no symbol allotted under this Act to a candidate shall be deemed to be a religious symbol or a national symbol for the purposes of this clause.”
8. What is “corrupt practice” is set out in Section 123. In terms of Section 83(1)(b), wherever corrupt practice is alleged, full particulars of such practice alleged including as full a statement as possible of names of the parties alleged to have committed corrupt practice and the date and place of commission of such practice has to be indicated. Though allegations of fraud etc. in obtaining a false caste certificate have serious implications, under the Act and particularly as the language of Section 123(3) specifies and enumerates, they do not per se constitute corrupt practice. The fact that a candidate obtains a certificate that he belonged to and is a member of the Scheduled Caste/Tribe to contest as one belonging to such caste/tribe, essential and necessary for contesting as a candidate in a reserved constituency, at any rate, cannot amount to an appeal to vote or refrain from voting on the ground of his caste/tribe for the reason that what was obligated by the statute upon anyone to be entitled to contest in such a reserved constituency cannot become condemnable as “corrupt practice”. To attract the vice of the said provisions as amounting to “corrupt practice”, independent appeal or canvassing for votes by the candidate or his agent or by another person with the consent of the candidate or the election agent for the furtherance of the prospects of the election of that candidate or for prejudicially affecting the election of any candidate is an essential ingredient. Therefore, the provision requiring an affidavit in the prescribed form (Form 25) may not strictly have any application. But that is not the omega. As Section 83(1)(c) itself indicates, the petition shall be signed by the petitioner and verified in the manner laid down in CPC for verification of facts. Order 6 Rule 15 deals with verification of pleadings and reads as follows:
“15. Verification of pleadings.—(1) Save as otherwise provided by any law for the time being in force, every pleading shall be verified at the foot by the party or by one of the parties pleading or by some other person proved to the satisfaction of the court to be acquainted with the facts of the case.
(2) The person verifying shall specify, by reference to the numbered paragraphs of the pleading, what he verifies of his own knowledge and what he verifies upon information received and believed to be true.
(3) The verification shall be signed by the person making it and shall state the date on which and the place at which it was signed.”
9. As sub-rule (2) of Rule 15 prescribes, a person making a verification is required to specify by reference to the numbers of paragraphs of the pleadings what he believes on his own knowledge, and what he reveals upon information received and believed to be true. This, admittedly, has not been done in the present case.
10. In F.A Sapa v. Singora (1991) 3 SCC 375 a three-Judge Bench of this Court specifically dealt with an issue concerning defects in the verification of an election petition as well as of defects in the affidavit accompanying an election petition wherein allegations of corrupt practice are made. After considering the provisions of Sections 83 and 86 of the Act, as also the requirements of Form 25 prescribed by Rule 94-A of the Rules and relevant provisions of CPC, it was held:
“28. From the text of the relevant provisions of the RP Act, Rule 94-A and Form 25 as well as Order 6 Rule 15 and Order 19 Rule 3 of the Code and the résumé of the case-law discussed above it clearly emerges (i) a defect in the verification, if any, can be cured (ii) it is not essential that the verification clause at the foot of the petition or the affidavit accompanying the same should disclose the grounds or sources of information in regard to the averments or allegations which are based on information believed to be true (iii) if the respondent desires better particulars in regard to such averments or allegations, he may call for the same in which case the petitioner may be required to supply the same and (iv) the defect in the affidavit in the prescribed Form 25 can be cured….”
11. This judgment was followed by a Division Bench of this Court in H.D Revanna v. G. Puttaswamy Gowda (1999) 2 SCC 217 and by a three-Judge Bench in Vijay Laxmi Sadho (Dr) v. Jagdish (2001) 2 SCC 247.
12. It is, therefore, a settled position in law that defect in verification or an affidavit is curable. But further question is what happens when the defect is not cured. There is a gulf of difference between a curable defect and a defect continuing in the verification affidavit without any effort being made to cure the defect.
13. In F.A Sapa case (1991) 3 SCC 375 it was held that even though ordinarily a defective verification can be cured and the failure to disclose the grounds or sources of information may not be fatal, failure to place them on record with promptitude may lead the court in a given case to doubt the veracity of the evidence ultimately tendered.
14. In R.P Moidutty v. P.T Kunju Mohammad (2000) 1 SCC 481 it was, inter alia, held as follows:
“35. All the averments made in paras 1 to 17 of the petition have been stated to be true to the personal knowledge of the petitioner and in the next breath the very same averments have been stated to be based on the information of the petitioner and believed by him to be true. The source of information is not disclosed. As observed by the Supreme Court in F.A Sapa v. Singora (1991) 3 SCC 375 the object of requiring verification of an election petition is to clearly fix the responsibility for the averments and allegations in the petition on the person signing the verification and, at the same time, discouraging wild and irresponsible allegations unsupported by facts. However, the defect of verification is not fatal to the petition, it can be cured (see Murarka Radhey Shyam Ram Kumar v. Roop Singh Rathore AIR 1964 SC 1545 and A.S Subba Raj v. M. Muthiah (1953) 5 ELR 21 (Mad)). In the present case the defect in verification was pointed out by raising a plea in that regard in the written statement. The objection was pressed and pursued by arguing the same before the Court. However, the petitioner persisted in pursuing the petition without proper verification which the petitioner should not have been permitted to do. In our opinion, unless the defect in verification was rectified, the petition could not have been tried.”
(italicized for emphasis)
15. The case at hand has great similarity with the decision in R.P Moidutty case (2000) 1 SCC 481. Not only were the defects in the verification/affidavit pointed out, but they were pressed into service seeking dismissal of the election petition. The appellant stated in his reply that he was filing a separate petition with permission for leave of the High Court for amending the verification. But that was not done and the appellant continued to stick to his stand that since corrupt practice was not alleged, there is no need for making any amendment. The importance of verification has been noted by this Court in several decisions. In Virendra Kumar Saklecha v. Jagjiwan (1972) 1 SCC 826 it was noted as under:
“The importance of setting out the sources of information in affidavits came up for consideration before this Court from time to time. One of the earliest decisions is State of Bombay v. Purushottam Jog Naik AIR 1952 SC 317, 1952 Cri LJ 1269 where this Court endorsed the decision of the Calcutta High Court in Padmabati Dasi v. Rasik Lal Dhar ILR (1910) 37 Cal 259 and held that the sources of information should be clearly disclosed. Again, in Barium Chemicals Ltd. v. Company Law Board AIR 1967 SC 295, (1966) 36 Comp Cas 639 this Court deprecated ‘slipshod verifications’ in an affidavit and reiterated the ruling of this Court in Bombay case AIR 1952 SC 317, 1952 Cri LJ 1269 that verification should invariably be modelled on the lines of Order 19 Rule 3 of the Code ‘whether the Code applies in terms or not’. Again in A.K.K Nambiar v. Union of India (1969) 3 SCC 864 this Court said that the importance of verification is to test the genuineness and authenticity of allegations and also to make the deponent responsible for allegations.
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The real importance of setting out the sources of information at the time of the presentation of the petition is to give the other side notice of the contemporaneous evidence on which the election petition is based. That will give an opportunity to the other side to test the genuineness and veracity of the sources of information. The other point of view is that the election petitioner will not be able to make any departure from the sources or grounds, if there is any embellishment of the case it will be discovered.”
16. The Constitution Bench in State of Bombay v. Purushottam AIR 1952 SC 317, 1952 Cri LJ 1269 noted as follows: (AIR p. 319, para 16)
“The verification however states that everything was true to the best of his information and belief. We point this out as slipshod verifications of this type might well in a given case lead to a rejection of the affidavit. Verification should invariably be modelled on the lines of Order 19 Rule 3 of the Civil Procedure Code, whether the Code applies in terms or not. And when the matter deposed to is not based on personal knowledge the source of information should be clearly disclosed. We draw attention to the remarks of Jenkins, C.J and Woodroffe, J. in Padmabati Dasi v. Rasik Lal Dhar ILR (1910) 37 Cal 259 and endorse the learned Judges' observations.”
17. An election petition has a definite role in the law relating to election of representatives of the people.
18. The casual approach of the appellant is not only visible from the manner in which verification was done, but also from the fact that he has mentioned two different districts to which he claims to be belonging. The explanation that the same was given by mistake is too shallow when considered in the background that he is stated to be a practising advocate. An advocate is supposed to know the importance of verification and the desirability of making a statement of correct facts in any petition and more in case of an election petition. An election petition is intended to bring into focus any illegality attached to an election. It essentially and basically puts a question mark on the purity of election, casts doubt on the fairness thereof and seeks a declaration that the mandate of the people has been obtained by questionable means. In a democracy the mandate has sacrosanctity. It is to be respected and not lightly interfered with. When it is contended that the purity of electoral process has been polluted, weighty reasons must be shown and established. The onus on the election petitioner is heavy as he has to substantiate his case by making out a clear case for interference both in the pleadings and in the trial. Any casual, negligent or cavalier approach in such serious and sensitive matter involving great public importance cannot be countenanced or glossed over too liberally as for fun.
19. Above being the position, we find no reason to interfere with the impugned judgment dismissing the election petition; though we have not approved or affirmed some of the reasons for conclusion arrived at by the High Court, as detailed above. The appeals fail and are dismissed. No costs.