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Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Advocates
Judges
Acts
  • Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 (hereinafter referred to as the Act)
  • Section 2(11) of the code of Civil Procedure, 1908. According Section 2(11) of the Code,
  • Order XXII Rule 5 C.P.C
  • Order XXII Rule 4 C.P.C
  • HINDU SUCCESSION ACT
  • XXII Rule 5 C.P.C
  • Section 100 C.P.C
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Cites
Cited by
Citation Codes
Equivalent Citations
citation codes
Case Number
Advocates
Judges
Acts
  • Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 (hereinafter referred to as the Act)
  • Section 2(11) of the code of Civil Procedure, 1908. According Section 2(11) of the Code,
  • Order XXII Rule 5 C.P.C
  • Order XXII Rule 4 C.P.C
  • HINDU SUCCESSION ACT
  • XXII Rule 5 C.P.C
  • Section 100 C.P.C
Smart Summary

Structured Summary of the Opinion (A.C. Goyal, J.)

Factual and Procedural Background

The respondent (plaintiff) filed a civil suit on 01.08.1975 against the original tenant, Mohd. Adam Kureshi, seeking eviction and arrears of rent. The plaint alleged default in payment of rent from 01.02.1973 and that the plaintiff required the suit shop. The defendant admitted tenancy but denied the eviction ground. Issues were framed, evidence recorded, and the trial court passed a decree for eviction by judgment dated 10.09.1997 on the ground that the plaintiff's requirement was reasonable and bona fide and that comparative hardship favored eviction.

First Regular Appeal No. 40/97 filed by Mohd. Adam Kureshi was dismissed by the Additional District Judge No. 1, Kota, by an impugned judgment dated 08.07.2002 on the ground that the appellant-tenant died during pendency of the appeal on 18.12.2001 and his legal heirs, being not tenants under the Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 ("the Act"), were not entitled to relief; the appeal was held to have abated. The present second appeal was filed by the sons and daughters of the original tenant (his legal heirs).

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the appellants (sons and daughters of the deceased tenant) are entitled to protection as "tenants" under Section 3(vii)(b) of the Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 and thereby entitled to prosecute the appeal as legal heirs.
  2. Whether, when a question arises as to the status of legal representatives after the death of a party, the appellate court should have referred the question to the trial court under Order XXII Rule 5, CPC for determination.

Arguments of the Parties

Appellants' Arguments

  • The appellants are the legal representatives of the deceased tenant within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908.
  • On an application by the legal representatives, the first appellate court was obliged to refer the question of legal representation to the trial court under Order XXII Rule 5, CPC.
  • Property rights cannot be kept in abeyance on the death of the tenant; upon death, sons and daughters obtain an interest in the suit property and thus are entitled to continue in possession as legal representatives.
  • Reliance was placed on Smt. Ramjeevni v. Smt. Narati Bai (Full Bench of this Court) and two other judgments of this Court (Govind Narain v. Bodh Raj and Smt. Kanchen Devi & Ors. v. Akbar Khan & Ors.) which, according to appellants, support their entitlement.

Respondent's Arguments

  • While it is not disputed that the appellants are legal representatives under their personal law, their rights as "legal representatives" qua the tenancy are governed by the Act's definition of "tenant".
  • To claim protection under the Act after the death of the tenant (post-amendment), the appellants needed to plead and prove that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant in the suit shop as members of his family up to his death.
  • No such pleading was made either by the original tenant or by the appellants; moreover, the original tenant's written statement and deposition indicate he carried on business himself and his sons carried on separate businesses and resided separately.
  • Reliance was placed on Tara Chand v. Ram Prasad (Supreme Court decision) to support the contention that, under the amended definition, heirs must establish continuity of carriage-on-of-business as members of the family to claim statutory tenancy.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court
Smt. Ramjeevni v. Smt. Narati Bai (Full Bench of this Court) Interpreted clause (b) of Section 3(vii) of the Act to hold that protection of the Act is available to spouse, son and daughter of deceased statutory tenant and that such heirs are not required to fulfill the further condition (residing/ carrying on business) in the latter part of the clause. The court noted this Full Bench decision relied on by the appellants but explained that later Supreme Court authority (Tara Chand) affects applicability where the tenant died after amendment of the definition; consequently the Full Bench precedents were held not applicable to the facts of the present case.
Govind Narain v. Bodh Raj Decision built upon the Full Bench judgment in Smt. Ramjeevni's case. The court observed that this judgment is based upon the Full Bench in Ramjeevni and therefore does not govern the present facts given the subsequent Supreme Court ruling.
Smt. Kanchen Devi & Ors. v. Akbar Khan & Ors. Decision based on the Full Bench in Smt. Ramjeevni's case. The court treated this judgment as based on the Full Bench and therefore not applicable to the present case in light of the Supreme Court decision in Tara Chand.
Tara Chand v. Ram Prasad (Hon'ble Supreme Court) Held that: (a) on death, succession vests immediately in heirs; (b) where definition of "tenant" was amended, heirs who succeeded after the amendment must establish that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant as members of his family during the tenant's lifetime to claim protection under amended Section 3(vii)(b); (c) amendment is prospective and does not divest vested rights existing before amendment. The court relied on Tara Chand as decisive: because the original tenant here died after the amendment to Section 3(vii)(b), the appellants could claim statutory tenancy only if they established that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant as family members up to his death. The court held that evidence/pleading on this point was absent, so the precedent precluded appellants' claim.
Mahendra Kumar v. Lalchand Held that when a question arises whether a person is or is not the legal representative of a deceased plaintiff or defendant, the court is required to determine it under Order XXII Rule 5, CPC; where such question arises in an appellate court, that court may direct a subordinate court to try the question. The appellants relied on this case to argue for remand/ enquiry. The court observed the precedent but held that here no such question in practical terms arose because neither the tenant nor the appellants had pleaded that they were carrying on business with the deceased; therefore no enquiry under Order XXII Rule 5 was necessary.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court proceeded through the following analytical steps, staying strictly within the materials and pleadings:

  1. The court reproduced and considered the statutory definition of "tenant" in Section 3(vii)(b) of the Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 and noted that the scope of entitlement of surviving spouse, son, daughter and other heirs depends on that definition.
  2. The appellants relied on the CPC definition of "legal representative" (Section 2(11) CPC) and authorities (Full Bench and subsequent judgments) to assert that they represent the deceased tenant and thus should be entitled to continue as tenants. They also relied on Order XXII Rule 5 CPC to seek a referral/enquiry into their status.
  3. The respondent contended that, because the tenant died after the amendment to Section 3(vii)(b), the appellants must plead and prove that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant in the suit shop as members of his family up to his death to avail protection under the Act; no such pleading or proof exists in the record.
  4. The court examined the binding Supreme Court authority in Tara Chand v. Ram Prasad and summarized its key holdings: heirs succeed immediately on death; where the definition of tenant was amended, heirs succeeding after the amendment must establish continuity (that they were carrying on the business with the deceased tenant as family members up to the death) to claim statutory tenancy under the amended definition.
  5. Applying Tara Chand to the present facts, the court observed that the original tenant died on 12.12.2001 — after the amendment to Section 3(vii)(b) — hence the appellants must have established (by pleading and evidence) that they were carrying on business with the deceased tenant as members of his family up to his death to claim protection under the Act.
  6. The court then analyzed the record and pleadings: the written statement (filed Feb. 1976) did not plead joint business with family members; the original tenant's statement (recorded 06.05.1994) said he carried on business himself and later cross-examination (05.07.1995) indicated his sons carried on separate businesses and he resided separately from them. The appellants' application to be impleaded as legal heirs did not aver that they had been carrying on business with the deceased tenant as members of his family up to his death.
  7. Given the absence of any pleading or proof that would trigger an enquiry under Order XXII Rule 5 CPC, the court concluded that there was no basis to direct an enquiry or to disturb the first appellate court's finding. The court emphasized that the question requiring enquiry under Order XXII Rule 5 arises only when there is a real dispute on the point; here, the record showed contrary pleadings and testimony.
  8. Consequently, the court found no perversity in the first appellate court's conclusion that the appeal abated upon the tenant's death and that the legal heirs had not shown entitlement as tenants under the Act; accordingly, there was no substantial question of law warranting the grant of second appeal relief.

Holding and Implications

Core Ruling: The second appeal is dismissed at the admission stage along with the second stay application.

Implications and direct consequences:

  • The findings of the first appellate court — that the appeal abated upon the death of the tenant and that the legal heirs were not tenants under the Act — are not disturbed.
  • Because the original tenant died after the amendment to Section 3(vii)(b), the appellants would have been required to plead and prove that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant as members of his family up to his death to claim statutory tenancy; no such pleading or proof is present in the record, and therefore the appellants cannot claim protection under the Act on the present record.
  • No enquiry under Order XXII Rule 5, CPC was directed because there was no pleaded or evidentiary foundation to require such an enquiry; the court treated the absence of necessary averments and contrary admissions by the original tenant as dispositive.
  • No new precedent is announced; the court applied existing authorities (especially the Supreme Court's decision in Tara Chand) to the facts and upheld the first appellate court's conclusion that no substantial question of law arises to entertain the second appeal.

    Mohd. Kasam & Ors. v. Ghasi Lal

    A.C Goyal, J.:— Facts giving rise to this second appeal under Section 100 C.P.C briefly narrated are that respondent plaintiff filed a civil suit against the original tenant Mohd. Adam Kureshi, on 1.8.1975, for eviction and arrears of rent with the averments that the tenant committed default in payment of rent from 1.2.1973 and the suit shop was required by the plaintiff. The defendant in his written statement while admitting his tenancy denied the ground of eviction. Issues were framed and after recording the evidence of the parties, decree of eviction vide judgement dated 10.9.1997 was passed on the ground that requirement of plaintiff was reasonable and bonafide and comparative hardship would be caused to the plaintiff in case decree of eviction is not passed.

    2. First regular Appeal No. 40/97, filed by the original Mohd. Adam Kureshi was dismissed by learned Additional District Judge No. 1, Kota, vide impugned judgment dated 8.7.2002, on the ground that the appellant-tenant died during the pendency of appeal on 18.12.2001 and his legal heirs being not tenant, under the Rajasthan Premises (Control of Rent & Eviction) Act, 1950 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Act’) are not entitled to any relief and thus this appeal was dismissed as abated. Hence, this second appeal by sons and daughters of the original tenant as his legal-heirs.

    3. I have heard learned counsel for the parties. Before adverting to the submissions, it is necessary to reproduce the provisions with regard to definition of the tenant. Section 3(vii)(b) of the Act reads as under:—

    (vii) “Tenant” means:—

    (vii)(b) in the event of death of the person as is referred to in sub-clause (a) his surviving spouse son daughter and other heir in accordance with the personal law applicable to him who had been, in purposes ordinarily residing out for residential purposes ordinarily residing and in the case of premises purposes ordinary carrying on business with him in such premises as member of his family upto his death.

    4. Learned counsel for the appellants submitted that the appellants are legal representatives of the deceased tenant as defined under Section 2(11) of the code of Civil Procedure, 1908. According Section 2(11) of the Code, “Legal representative” means a person who in law represents the estate of a deceased person, and includes any person who intermeddles with the estate of the deceased and where a party sues or issued in a representative character the person on whom the estate devolves on the death of the party so suing or sued. It was next submitted that on making an application on behalf of the legal representative of the deceased tenant, it was duty of the first appellate court to refer this question to be determined by the trial court as provided under Order XXII, Rr. 5 C.P.C According to him, the property can not kept in abeyance upon the death of the person and the moment the tenant dies his sons and daughters get interest in the suit property and thus the appellants were/are entitled to continue in possession of the suit shop as legal representatives of the deceased tenant. He relied upon Smt. Ramjeevni v. Smt. Narati Bai (1), wherein Full Bench of this Court held that clause (b)of definition of ‘tenant’ contained in sub-sec. (vii) of S. 3, of the Act means that the protection of the Act is available to the spouse, son and daughter of deceased statutory tenant and the said heirs are not required to fulfill the further condition laid down in the latter part of the said clause, viz. that in case of premises leased out for residential purposes they must have been ordinarily residing with the deceased statutory tenant in said premises upto his death and in the case of premises leased out for commercial or business purposes they must have been ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased statutory tenant in such premises upto his death. Two other judgments of this Court reported in Govind Narain v. Bodh Raj (2), and Smt. Kanchen Devi & Ors. v. Akbar Khan & Ors. (3), are based upon the Full Bench judgment of this Court in Smt. Ramjeevni's case (supra).

    5. Per contra, learned counsel for th respondent submitted that it is not disputed that the appellants are the legal representatives of their deceased father according to their personal law but as far as their rights as “legal-representatives” of the original tenant are concerned, it would be governed by the definition of the “tenant” and to seek protection against eviction under the Act, it was necessary for the appellants to plead that they were ordinarily carrying on business with their father in the suit shop as members of his family upto his death. It was next contended that it was no where pleaded either by the tenant or by the present appellants that they were carrying on business with the deceased tenant in the suit shop as members of his family upto his death, hence question of enquiry did not arise at all. He placed reliance upon Tara Chand v. Ram Prasad (4), Counsel for the appellants also relied upon this judgement.

    6. I have considered the rival submissions. The facts of Tara Chand's case (supra) were that the original tenant Smt. Anandi died in September, 1966. She was tenant of the respondent landlord from 1.5.1964 The landlord instituted the suit for eviction against the husband as well as son of Smt. Anandi, after her death on the ground that both of them were not his tenants. The trial court dismissed that suit. During the pendency of the appeal the provisions of Section 3(vii)(b) of the Act were amended in the year 1976 by Act No. 14 of 1976. Thereafter both the appellants prayed vide an application that they were carrying on business with the original tenant, hence they were now the tenants. Both the trail court as well as the appellate court did not find this fact to be proved and passed decree of eviction against the appellants. The Hon'ble Supreme Court in para 16 of the judgment reported in Tara Chand's case (supra), held that on the death, the rights to succession to an estate of the deceased owner vested immediately on his/her than (sic then) nearest heirs and cannot be held in abeyance except when a nearer heir is then in the womb. The vested right cannot be divested except by a retrospective valid law. The appellants by virtue of intestate succession under Hindu Succession Act, being Class I heirs, succeeded to the heritable interest in the lease hold right of demised premises held by Smt. Anandi. They, thereby, stepped into the shoes of the tenant. They continued to remain in possession as on the date of the suit as statutory tenants. Thereby, they are entitled to the protection of their continuance as a statutory tenant under the Act. The Succession having been opened to the appellants and succeeded in September 1966 to the estate of the tenant without any hiatus and restriction on the heritable interest in the leasehold right held by the tenant Smt. Anandi, the Amendment Act being admittedly prospective in operation, does not apply to the facts of the case and does not have the effect of divesting their vested right in the leasehold held by the tenant. They are entitled to enjoy the tenancy rights without any restrictions or hedge put by the Amendment Act. We, thereby, hold that the Amendment Act does not apply to the facts of this case. But the appellants succeeded to the heritable interest in the leasehold right in the demised premises governed by the Act subject to the rights and limitations prescribed under the Act and also subject to the rights in favour of the respondent created under Section 13(1)(a) to (k) and other provisions of the Act. But in Para 8, it was held by Hon'ble the Supreme Court that in the amended definition of tenant, if one seeks to make avail of the benefit of statutory tenancy under the Act, he must establish to the satisfaction of the court that the serving spouse, son or daughter and other heir, in respect of premises leased out for commercial or business purposes, it must be established that the surviving spouse or son or daughter and the heir ordinarily had been carrying on the business during the lifetime of the tenant as member of the family in the demised premises and continued to do the business till date of the death of the tenant. In other words to avail of the statutory right under Section 3(vii)(b) there must continue to subsist the unity of action and continuity of membership of the family between the deceased tenant and the spouse etc. Thus, in view of the judgement of Hon'ble Apex Thus, in view of the judgement of Hon'ble Apex Court the three judgments relied upon by learned counsel for the appellants (all Supra) are not applicable to the facts of the present case. In the instant case, the original regnant died on 12.12.2001 i.e much after the amended definition of the tenant and thus as held by Hon'ble the Apex Court in para 3 of the judgment, the appellants can avail of the benefit of statutory tenancy under the Act only when it is established that they were ordinarily carrying on business with the deceased tenant in the suit shop as member of his family upto his death. This is not relevant that the present suit was filed in the year 1975.

    7. The next submission with regard to enquiry has also got no force. According to Order XXII Rule 5 C.P.C enquiry as envisaged that where a question arises as to whether any person is or is not the legal representative of the deceased plaintiff or a deceased defendant such question shall be determined by the Court. It is also provided that where such question arises before an Appellate Court that Court may, before determining the question, direct any subordinate court to try the question and to return the records together with evidence. Learned counsel for the appellants relied upon Mahendra Kumar v. Lalchand (5), wherein it was held that Court was required to determine the question of legal representative, under Order XXII Rule 5 C.P.C in a case where such dispute arises. In the instant case question of any such enquiry never arose as the first appellate court categorically held that neither the appellants averred in their application filed under Order XXII Rule 4 C.P.C that all or any of them were ordinarily carrying on business with their father in the suit shop as member of his family upto his death, nor the original tenant pleaded any such fact in his written statement, rather the original tenant in his statement stated otherwise and thus the present appellants were not the tenants under the Act. I have gone through the record. The written statement was filed in February 1976 and there is no such pleading that he is doing business alongwith any of his family members. Rather in additional para 2 of the written statement it was specifically pleaded that the defendant himself carries on his business for his livelihood in the suit shop. The statement of the original tenant was recorded on 6.5.1994 While admitting himself as tenant for the last 28 to 30 years, it was deposed by him that he was carrying on his business in the suit shop for his livelihood. In cross-examination, on 5.7.1995, he pleaded that all his four sons were carrying on their separate business. All of them have got nine shops, out of nine shops, seven are on rent and in remaining two shops his sons carried on their business. It was further stated by him that he resides separately from his sons. No such plea was taken in first appeal filed by the original tenant that all his sons are carrying on their business with him in the suit shop and the most important aspect is that there is no such averments made by the present appellants in their application to implead them his legal heirs. In view of these facts, there was no question of conducting any enquiry on this point as to whether all the appellants or any of them were carrying on their business in the suit shop alongwith their father as member of his family upto his death. Thus the findings of the learned first appellate court can not be said to be perverse and no substantial question of law is involved in this appeal. Hence this second appeal is dismissed at the admission stage alongwith second stay application.

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    Mohd. Kasam & Ors. v. Ghasi Lal
    (Nov 2, 2003)