1. In this writ petition filed under Article 236 of the Constitution, the Delhi Cloth and General Mills Company, Ltd., an industrial group of very considerable magnitude, has challenged the validity of Rule 7 read with Rule 5 and its schedule of the Delhi Factories Rules of 1950.
2. The impugned rules had been framed in exercise or the powers conferred by Section 112 of the Factories Act of 1948. The object or the Act is to ensure the safety, health and welfare of persons employed in factories which, according to the definition contained in Section 2(m) of the Act, mean places where ten or more persons are employed on a manufacturing process carried on with the aid of power, or twenty persons are employed where no power is used. Under Section 6 of the Act any establishment falling within this definition has to be approved, licensed and registered, or the appropriate rule, Rule 3 provides for the approval of site and plans which would of course only apply where a new factory is being set up after the commencement of the Act. Rule 4 deals with applications for registration and grant of lances and Rule 5 with the actual grant of a license which, when granted, is to remain in force up to 31 December of the year for which the license granted and is to be renewed annually. The schedule incorporated in Rule 5 prescribes the annual license fee which under Rule 7 remains the came as for the original license granted. The scale varies from Rs. 10, in the case of a factory employing up to twenty persons without any power machinery to Rs. 2.000 where the worker a employed exceed 750 in number and machinery of above 100 h.p. is used.
3. The Delhi Cloth and General Mills Company operates within the Delhi area no less than five factories for which the annual license fee is the maximum of Rs. 2,000. These include four cloth mills and one chemical works. It also has two factories for which the annual license fee is Re. 1,000, a vanaspati works and a silk mills, and it also has four smaller establishments, an industrial power-house rated at, Rs. 500, a tin container works rated at Rs. 150, an engineering and development works rated at Rs. 75, and a central distribution shop rated at Rs. 50. The company thus has to pay a total sum of Rs. 12,775, to the Delhi authorities annually in respect of the renewal of the license fee of these factories.
4. The main basis for the attack on the validity of the relevant rules and schedule is that in return for these considerable so-called license fees the department concerned, that of the Chief Inspector of Factories, renders no service at all to the petitioner and that, therefore, the imposition, though described as a license fee, is not in fact a mere license fee, but amounts to a tax, which the State authorities are not competent to impose. The company apparently does not object to this fee being charged on the original registration of the factories under the Act, in connexion with which a certain amount of work has to be done by the department, but it contends that no services are rendered for the annual renewal of the license at the same fee; all that is done by the department being a more entry on the original licensee form declaring it to be renewed for a particular year.
5. On behalf of the company it is con-tended that although under the provisions of Chap. II of the Act, inspectors and certifying surgeons are to be appointed with certain powers, the subsequent beneficent provisions of the Act are to be carried out by the factory-owner at his own expense. Chapter III deals with "health" and the section headings indicate the nature of the duties required from the factory-owner in respect of cleanliness, disposal of wastes and effluents; ventilation and temperature, dust and fume, artificial humidification, overcrowding, lighting, drinking water, latrines and urinals and spittoons. Chapter IV deals with " safety " and the section headings are: fencing of machinery, work on or near machinery in motion, employment of young persons on dangerous machines, striking gear and devices for outing off power, self-acting machines, casing of new machinery, prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton openers, hoists and lifts, lifting machines, chains, ropes, and lifting tackiest, revolving machinery, pressure plant, floors, stairs and means of access, pits sumps, opening in floor, etc, excessive weights, protection of eyes, precaution against dangerous fumes, explosive or inflammable dust, gas, etc, precaution in case of fire, power to require specifications of effective parts or tests, stability and safety of buildings and machinery. Chapter V deals with " welfare " and contains provisions for such amenities as washing facilities, facilities for storing and drying clothing, facilities for sitting, first aid appliances, canteens, shelter, rest rooms and lunch rooms, crèches and welfare officers. Subsequent chapters deal with such matters as working hours, registration of workers, employment of young persons and annual leave with wages, with which matters we are not really concerned in this petition. As I have said, it is pointed out that all the matters dealt with in Chaps. Ill, IV and V concern facilities or safeguards which are to be provided for the benefit of the workers by the factory-owner at his own expense and it is argued that since the only duty of the inspectors is to see that the provisions of these chapters are properly carried out and to institute prosecutions against factory-owners under the provisions of the statute or rules, it cannot be said that the inspectors and other employees working under the Chief Inspector perform any service whatever to the factory-owner.
6. In the affidavit of the Chief Inspector of Factories filed in reply to the petition it was featly denied that no services were rendered and that the renewal fee was charged only for making an endorsement on the license. It was stated that the renewal fees are charged for the running of the whole establishment including the factory Inspectorate which provides free Inspection and expert technical advice to factory-owners in matters concerned with safety, health and welfare and allied matters in respect of compliance with the provisions of the Act. It was pointed out that whereas in older industrial countries consultants were avail-able to give expert advice to owners of factories, this state of affairs did not exist in India where a great deal of advice on the matters covered by the Act had to be given by the inspectors to the factory owners.
7. These allegations were treated rather scornfully by the learned Counsel for the petitioner, and no doubt he is right in saying that the management of the petitioner-company, with long years of experience in vanning large factories concerned with different branches of industry is in a position to have, and in fact has, all the experts necessary for advising it on any points which arise regarding the efficient running of its factories, and, therefore, it does not need any expert advice on these matters from factory inspectors. It seems to me, however, that this is altogether a wrong way of looking at matters, since what we are concerned with is not what services inspectors or other employees of the department are doing for the Delhi Cloth and General Mils Company, Ltd., but what they are doing for the owners of the other 1,400 or so factories which were registered in the year 1962-63, the year for which the figures have been given to us.
8. What the argument of the learned Counsel for the petitioner-company amounts to is really that, far from being of any service, the inspectors employed by the department are little more than a nuisance to the company, since all they do is to inspect the factories periodically to see whether all the provisions of the Act are being carried out with a view to institute prosecutions in case of any breach. This again is, in my opinion, a completely wrong way of looking at the matter. In India, as in other countries, social justice is an ideal which is being aimed at and although the financial interests of the management may ba slightly hart by the imposition of license fees like those we are concerned with, I do not think it can he denied that the ultimate prosperity of factory-owners is linked closely with the health and welfare of the workers employed by them, and I consider that, even without other services, the work carried out by inspectors under the Act of seeing that all the beneficent provisions of the Act for the health and welfare of the workers employed is factories are fully implemented must definitely be regarded as a service rendered in return for the face levied for the annual renewal of the license for the factories and the contention that a fee, in some cases of Rs. 2,000, is being levied from the petitioner-company annually merely for making an endorsement of renewal on the license form malt be firmly rejected as wholly untenable.
9. The second line of argument was that in any case the cost of the services rendered even on my interpretation bore no relation to the amount realized. On this point reliance was principally placed on the case of Chandrakant Krishnarao Pradhan and Anr. v. Collector of Customs, Bombay . In that case the petitioners who went direct to the Supreme Court were persons holding licenses renewable annually for working as details at the New Customs House Bombay. These licenses were granted by the Chief Customs Authority under rules framed under the Sea Customs Act after enquiry into the character and status of applicants at a fee of Rs. 50 and this was also made the annual charge far renewal of the license. The matter is deal with on p. 209 of report as follows:
The next rule which is questioned is Rule 11, which enjoins the payment of a fec of Rs. 50 both for a fresh application as well as renewal of the license. In so far as the fee for the grant of a license in the first instance is concerned, it cannot be said that the charge is exorbitant. It is not disputed that a fee is an amount collected to reimburse the Government for the expenses of licensing. It must reason ably be measured against the cost which may be entailed in the process of granting licenses. In the initial stage the Customs authorities have to scrutinize applications, subject the candidates to an examination, and provide them with license to carry on their work. A fee of Rs. 50 initially may not be considered unreasonable; regard being had to the services involved. The same, however, cannot be said in the case of renewals. It is pointed out in the petition that formerly the charge was only 50 nP. It is averred in the petition that all that the licensing authority does is to make an endorsement on the license that it is renewed for a farther period. It has been ruled in this Court that under the guise of a fee there must not be an attempt to raise revenue for the general funds of the State. In our opinion a renewal fee of Rs. 50 does not entail services which can be reasonably said to measure against the charge. It may be pointed out that, though this averment was made in the petition, no attempt was made by the answering respondents to traverse it. In our judgment, the renewal fee of Rs. 50 ceases to be a fee, and is, in its nature, a tax to raise revenue. Such an impost cannot be Justified as a fee, and we accordingly hold that this charge is improper. It would, however, be open to the Government to frame a rule In which the renewal fee to be charged is reasonable in the circumstance.
10. Nobody can possibly question the soundness of this view, but in my opinion it has no bearing whatever on the present case in which a license of a totally different kind is concerned. The question of annual renewal of a license for a man to practice a particular trade or profession in hardly on any different footing than the grant of a license to him to drive a motor vehicle, and obviously the expense involved in the annual renewal of the license is negligible, and there can hardly be any question of any service being performed by the department in return for the fee paid for renewal of such a license. In the case of a license for running a factory the master is altogether different and very definite services are carried out by officers of the department; which renews the license, as I have held above. When this petition was about to come up for actual hearing, an application was filed on behalf of the company asking as to call on the department to furnish some facts and figures from which it would be possible to come to a decision as to how much of the total fees realized from the owners of factories licensed in the Delhi area was actually expanded on the activities of the department. For myself, I was rather of the opinion that once it is held that substantial services are being paid for out of the sums realized from the license renewal fees, it would not be open to any petitioner in a case of this kind to call on the department concerned for what virtually amounts to a rendition of accounts, but we were prevailed on to ask for some facts and figures because it was pointed out to us that in a similar case, Maharaja Sri Umaid Mills, Ltd. v. State of Rafasthan , Wanchoo, C.J., and Modi, J., had actually adopted this course. Incidentally, this case is an authority for the fact that the inspectors appointed under the Act render services to the owners of factories by seeing that the provisions of the Act are carried out, and although the figures for the year in question which submitted in that case showed that Rs. 65,000 had been realized and only Rs. 23,500 spent, the learned Judges dismissed the writ petition.
11. In the present case we have been given detailed figures for the year 1962-63 which is the relevant year as regards the filing of the present petition, which was filed in January 1963. These figures show a total realization of Rs. 1,54,658 including some arrears from the previous year and some amount on account of late fees, while the total expenditure on the personnel of the department is shown as Rs. 98.542. According to these figures 63-5 per cent of the amount realized as license fee was spent on running the department. The only item is the expenditure which was seriously criticized by the learned Counsel for the company was one of Rs. 11,890 as one-fifth share of the salaries of additional inspectors of factories. It seems that certain officers appointed under other Acts such as conciliation officer under the Industrial Disputes Act are also ex officious appointed as inspectors of factories and, in my opinion, it is not unfair to include one-fifth of such officers' salaries as expended in this department. If this amount were included, the percentage would be about 57 per cent. There is unfortunately no authority, except the Rajasthan decision to which I have referred, in which any standard has been laid down regarding the minimum percentage of sums realized as license fees and utilized on services by the department concerned which would cause a licenses fee to be held as merely a calculable disguise for the imposition of tax, but I should certainly not be inclined to strike down such a licence fee where about 60 per cent is actually spent on services rendered. In the Rajasthan case, the percentage was considerably below, but several special circumstances existed in that case. Perhaps a bill will have to be drawn somewhere, but this is not a case for it. The result is that I would dismiss the petition with costs. Counsel's fee Rs. 200.
Mehar Singh, J.
12. I agree.