West bengal act 001 of 1899 : Bengal General Clauses Act, 1899

Preamble

Bengal General Clauses Act, 18991

[West Bengal Act No. 1 of 1899][18th January, 1899]
AMENDED … Ben. Act I of 1914. Ben. Act I of 1939. Ben. Act I of 1940.
REPEALED IN PART AND AMENDED. … Act I of 1903.
ADAPTED … … (a) The Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937. (b) The Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948. (c) The Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

An Act for further shortening the language used in Bengal Acts 2[and West Bengal Acts] and for other purposes.

Whereas it is expedient further to shorten the language used in Bengal Acts 2[and West Bengal Acts], and to make certain other provisions relating to those Acts;

It is hereby enacted as follows:-

1. LOCAL EXTENT.- Since this Act has no "local extent" clause, it must be taken originally to have extended to the whole of the former Province of Bengal including the de-regulationised tracts.

LEGISLATIVE PAPERS- For Statement of Objects and Reasons, see the Calcutta Gazelle of 1898, Pt. IV, page 570, and far Proceedings in Council, see ibid, supplement, pages 1426, 1428, 1579 and 2538.

OTHER SIMILAR ACTS- This Act closely follows the General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897), passed by the Governor General in Council (printed in volume V Pt, VIII, page 7 of the India Code). Some of its clauses are based on clauses of the Interpretation Act, 1889 (52 & 53 Vict, C, 63), Printed in the Collection or Statutes relating to India, 1913. Similar Acts have been passed by other Legislatures in India, viz., Madras Acts 1 of 1867 and I of 1891. Bombay Act lot 1904. Eastern Bengal and Assam Aa I of 1909. United Provinces Act I of 1904, Punjab Act I of 1898, and Assam Act III of 1915.

2. These words were inserted by paragraph (1) of Article 3 of and the Schedule to, the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

Section 1. Short title

Preliminary.

1. Short title.- This Act may be called the Bengal General Clauses Act, 1899.

Section 2. (Repeal of Bengal Act V of 1867)

2. (Repeal of Bengal Act V of 1867).- 1[* * *]

1 Rep. by s. 4 and the Third Sch. Of the Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903).

Section 3. Definitions

General Definitions.

3. Definitions.- In this Act, and in all Bengal Acts made after the commencement of this 1Act 2[and in all West Bengal Acts] unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-

(1) "Abet" "abet" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall have the same meaning as in the Indian Penal Code3;

(2)4 "Act" "act" used with reference to an offence or a civil wrong, shall include a series of acts; and words which refer to acts done shall extend also to illegal omissions;

(3)5 "Affidavit" "affidavit" shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing;

(4) "Barrister" "barrister" shall mean a barrister of England or Ireland, or a member of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland;

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(6)1 "Bengal Act", 24 & 25, Vict., c. 67, 55 & 56 Vict., c. 14.- "Bengal Act" shall mean an Act made by the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal in Council under 2[the Indian Councils Act, 1861, or] the 3Indian Councils Acts, 1861 and 1892 4[or the Indian Councils Acts, 1861, 1892 and 1909, or made by the Governor in Council of Fort William in Bengal under the 3Indian Council Acts, 1861, 1892 and 1909] 5[or the Government of India Act, 1915, or by the Local Legislature or the Governor of Bengal under the Government of India Act, or by the 6(Provincial Legislature) or the Governor of Bengal under the Government of India Act, 1935.]

(7) "Chapter" "Chapter" shall mean a Chapter of the Act in which the word occurs;

(8) "Collector" "Collector" shall mean, in Calcutta, the Collector of Calcutta, and elsewhere the chief officer in charge of the revenue administration of a district;

(9)7 "Commencement" "commencement", used with reference to an Act, shall mean the day on which the Act comes into force;

(10) "Commissioner" "Commissioner" shall mean the chief officer in charge of the revenue administration of a division;

(11)8 "Consular officer" "Consular officer" shall include consul-general, consul, vice-consul, consular agent, pro-consul and any person for the time being authorised to perform the duties of consul-general, consul, vice-consul or consular agent;

(12) "District Judge" "District Judge" shall mean the Judge of a principal Civil Court of original jurisdiction, but shall not include a High Court in the exercise of its ordinary or extraordinary original civil jurisdiction;

(13)1 "Document" "document" shall include any matter written2, expressed or described upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or by more than one of those means, which is intended to be used or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter;

(14) "Enactment" "enactment" shall include a Regulation (as hereinafter3 defined) and any regulation of the Bengal Code, and shall also include any provision contained in any Act or in any such Regulation as aforesaid;

(15) "Father" "father" in the case of anyone whose personal law permits adoption, shall include an adoptive father;

(16) "Financial year" "financial year" shall mean the year commencing on the first day of April;

(17)4 "Good faith" a thing shall be deemed to be done in "good faith" where it is in fact done honestly, whether it is done negligently or not;

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(21)1 "Immovable property" "immovable property" shall include land, benefits to arise out of land, and things attached to the earth, or permanently fastened to anything attached to the earth;

(22) "Imprisonment" "imprisonment" shall mean imprisonment of either description2 as defined in the Indian Penal Code:

(23)3 "Local authority" "local authority" shall mean a Municipal Committee, District Board, body of Port Commissioners or other authority legally entitled to, or entrusted by the Government with, the control or management of a municipal or local fund;

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(25) "Magistrate" "Magistrate" shall include every person exercising all or any of the powers of a Magistrate under the Code of Criminal Procedure5 (Act V of 1998) for the time being in force;

(26)6 "Master" (of a Ship).- "master," used with reference to a ship, shall mean any person (except a pilot or harbour-master) having for the time being control or charge of the ship;

(27) "Month" "month" shall mean a month reckoned according to the British calendar;

(28)7 "Movable property" "movable property" shall mean properly of every description, except immovable property;

(29) "Oath" "oath" shall include affirmation and declaration in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing8;

(30)9 "Offence" "offence" shall mean any act or omission made punishable by any law for the time being in force;

(31) "Part" "Part" shall mean a part of the Act in which the word occurs;

(32)1 "person" shall include any company or association or body of individuals, whether incorporated or not;

(33) "Public nuisance" "public nuisance" shall mean a public nuisance as defined in the Indian Penal Code2;

(34) "Registered" "registered" used with reference to a document, shall mean registered in 3[a Part A State or a Part C State] under the law4 for the time being in force for the registration of documents:

5(35) "Regulation", 33 and 34 Vict., c. 3, 5 and 6 Geo. V, c, 61, 26 Geo. V, c. 2.- "Regulation" shall mean a Regulation made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 5 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution and shall include a Regulation made by the Central Government under the Government of India Act, 1870, or the Government of India Act, 1915, or the Government of India Act, 1935, or by the Governor under the Government of India Act, 1935, or by the President under Article 243 of the Constitution;

(36)6 "rule" "rule" shall mean a rule made in exercise of a power conferred by any enactment, and shall include a regulation made as a rule under any enactment;

(37) "Schedule" "Schedule" shall mean a schedule to the Act in which the word occurs;

(38) "Scheduled District" "Scheduled District" shall mean a "Scheduled District" as defined in the Scheduled Districts Act, 1874; (XIV of 1874)

(39) "Section" "section" shall mean a section of the Act in which the word occurs;

(40)1 "Ship" "ship" shall include every description of vessel2 used in navigation not exclusively propelled by ours;

(41) "Sign" "sign", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall, with reference to a person who is unable to write his name, include "mark" with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions;

(42) "Son" "son", in the case of anyone whose personal law permits adoption, shall include an adopted son;

(43)3 "Sub-section" "sub-section" shall mean a sub-section of the section in which the word occurs;

(44)3 "swear" "swear", with its grammatical variations and cognate expressions, shall include affirming and declaring in the case of persons by law allowed to affirm or declare instead of swearing;

(45)4 "Vessel" "vessel" shall include any ship 1 or boat or any other description of vessel used in navigation;

5(45a) "West Bengal Act" shall mean an Act made by the 6[Provincial] Legislature of West Bengal under the Government of India Act, 1935, 7[or by the Legislature of the State of West Bengal under the Constitution];

(46)8 "Will" "will" shall include a codicil and every writing making a voluntary posthumous disposition of property;

(47) "Writing" Expressions referring to "writing" shall be construed as including references to printing, lithography, photography and other modes of representing or reproducing words in visible form; and

(48) "Year" "year" shall mean a year reckoned according to the British calendar.1

1. Some or the definitions in this section apply also to Bengal Acts made between the 18th June, 1867. And commencement of the present Act-secs. 4. For two further definitions applying to such Acts see section 5.

2. These words were inserted by paragraph (1) of Article 3 of and the Schedule to the Indian Independence (Adapialiun of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

3. See Act XLV of 1860, sections 107, 1 of and 108A, in Vol. III, Pt. IV. Page 3 or the India Code.

4. Cf. section 33 of the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860) in the India Code.

5. Cf. the definitions of "oath" and "swear" in clauses (29) and (44).

For the law relating in judicial oaths, affirmations and declarations, see the Indian Oaths Act, 1873 (X of 1873), in the India Code.

6. As to affidavits to be used before Civil Courts, see also section 139 of and rules I in 3 in Order XIX in Sch. 1 to the Code of Civil Procedure (Act V of 1908) in the India Cade.

As to affidavits to be used before a High Court in Criminal mailers, see also section 539 and section 539A of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898), in the India Code.

Clause (5) was omillcil by para. 3 and Sch. IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

1. A similar definition is given in clause (3) of section 3 or the General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897) printed in the India Code. The definition was inserted in order to introduce a uniform method of citing Acts of the Bengal Council and to suggest the abandonment of the various other methods formerly adopted, eg. "Act (B.C.) of 1869," "Act 1 of 1869 passed by the Lieutenant Governor or Bengal in Council". The method of citation most commonly adopted was "Act I (B.C.) of 1869." but the abbreviation of "(B.C.)" is peculiarly inappropriate, inasmuch as it would stand equally well for Acts or lite Bombay or Burma Council, and is the recognised abbreviation for "Before Christ.".

2. These words and figures were inserted by s. 3 and the Second Sch. of the Amending Act, 1903 (I of 1903).

3. These Acts have been repenled by the Government of India Act, 1915 (5 & 6 Geo. 5, c. 61), s. 130 and the Fourth Schedule.

4. These words and figures were added by the Bengal Laws Act, 1914 (Ben. Act I of 1914).

5. These words and figures were inserted by para. 3 and Sch. IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

6. This expression shall stand unmodified, Vide para. 3 and the Eleventh Sch. of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

7. As to when an Act comes into force, see section 6.

8. For a similar definition, see the Consular Salaries and Fees Act, 1891 (54 & 55 Vict., c. 36) section 3.

1. For similar definitions, set the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860), section 29, in the India Code and the Indian Evidence Act, I 1971 of 1872), section 3, in the India Code.

2. As to construction of expressions referring to writing, see clause (47) of this section.

3. See clause (35) of this section.

4. For a similar definitions the Bills of Exchange Act, 1882 (45 & 46 Vict c. 61), section 90. And the Sale of Good Act, 1893 (55 & 56 Vict., c. 71), section 62(2).

For a discussion in His Excellency the Viceroy's Council upon as similar definition of "good faith" contained in clause (20) of section 3 of the General Clauses Act, 1897, see the Gazelle of India, March, 1897. Pt. VI, pages 55 to 62 and 76 to 79.

The definition in the present Act differs from the definition of "good faith" contained in section 52 or the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860).

5. Clause 18 was omitted by section 2(1) of the Bengal General Clauses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act I of 1940).

6. "Clauses 19 and 24 were omitted by para. 3 and Sch. IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

7. "Clause 20 was omitted by s. 2(1) of the Bengal General Clauses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act I of 1940).

1. The expression "immovable property" is defined differently in the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (XVI of 1908), section 2(6). For a definition or "land" applicable to Bengal Acts made between the Isl June, 1867, and the 18th January, 1899, see section 5.

2. i.e., rigorous or simple, see sec. 53 of Act XLV of 1860.

3. For a very similar definition, see the Local Authorities Loans Act, 1914 (IX of 1914), section 2.

4. See foot-note 6 on page 162, ante.

5. The Code now in force is Act V of 1898.

6. For a similar definition, see the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 (57 and 58 Vicl., e. 60), section 742, in the Collection of Statutes relating to India, 1913.

7. For a comprehensive definition of the word "property," see section 168 of the Bankruptcy Act, 1883 (46 and 47 Vict. c. 52).

8. Cf. the definition of "affidavit" in clauses (3) of this section and see the foot-notes thereto.

9. For a similar definition, see section 4(O) the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898).

1. For a different definition or "person" applicable to Bengal Acts made between the 18th June, 1867, and the 18th January, 1899, see section 5.

2. See Act XLV of 1860, section 268. For procedure in dealing with public nuisances, see Ch. X of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898 (Act V of 1898).

3. The words "a Province" were originally subsitutited for the words "British India" by paragraph (1) of Article 3 or, and the Schedule to, the Indian Independence (Adaption of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 19-18, and thereafter these words and ??? were substituted for the words a Province by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule to the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

4. See the Indian Registration Act, 1908 (XVI of 1908).

5. This clause was substituted for the former clause by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule to the Adaptation of Laws order, 1950.

6. For provisions as to rules, see sections 21 to 26, 29 and 30.

1. For a similar definition, see the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 (57 and 58 Vict., c. 60) section 742, in the Collection of Statutes relating to India, 1913.

2. For definition or "vessel", see clause (45) or this section.

3. Cf. the definition of "affidavir" in clause (3) of this section, and see the foot-notes thereto.

4. For a similar definition, see the Merchant Shipping Act, 1894 (57 and 58 Vict. c. 60) section 742, in the Collection of Statutes relating to India.

The word "vessel" is differently defined in the Indian Penal Code (Act XLV of 1860), section 48.

5. This clause was inserted by paragraph (1) of Article 3 of, and the Schedule to, the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

6. This word shall stand unmodified, see para. 3 and the Eleventh Sch. Of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

7. These words within square brackets were added, ibid.

8. The word "will" is differently defined in the Indian Succession Act, 1925 (XXXIX of 1925), section 2(h).

1. For definition of "financial year," see clause (16) of this section.

Section 4. Application of certain of the foregoing definitions to previous Bengal Acts

4. Application of certain of the foregoing definitions to previous Bengal Acts.- The definitions in section 3 of the following words, that is to say, "affidavit," "Magistrate," "month," "oath," and "swear," apply also, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, to all Bengal Acts, made between the first day of June, 1867, and the commencement of this Act.

Section 5. Continuance of certain definitions for purposes of previous Bengal Act

5. Continuance of certain definitions for purposes of previous Bengal Act.- In all Bengal Acts made between the first day of June, 1867, and the commencement of this Act, unless there is any thing repugn ant in the subject or context,-

(1) "land" includes houses and buildings and corporeal hereditaments and tenements of any tenure, unless where there are words to exclude houses and buildings or to restrict the meaning to tenements of some particular tenure; and

(2) "person" includes any incorporated company or incorporated association of persons.

Section 5-A. Application of certain definitions in section 3 of Act X of 1897 to all Bengal and West Bengal Acts

25-A.3 Application of certain definitions in section 3 of Act X of 1897 to all Bengal and West Bengal Acts.- [(1) The definitions in section 3 of the General Clauses Act, 1897 (X of 1897) of the expressions "British India", "Central Act", "Central Government", "Chief Controlling Revenue Authority", "Chief Revenue Authority", "Constitution", "Gazette", "Government". "Government securities". "High Court", "India", "Indian Law", "Indian State", "merged territories", "Official Gazette", "Part A State", "Part B State", "Part C State", "Province", "Provincial Act", "Provincial Government", "State", "State Act", and "State Government" shall apply also unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context to all Bengal and West Bengal Acts.]

(2) In any Bengal Act 4[or West Bengal Act], references to the "State5 Government" or "Central Government" in any provision conferring power to make appointments to the civil services of, or civil posts under, the Government6 in India include references to such person us the State1 Government or the Central Government, as the case may be, may direct, and in any provision conferring power to make rules prescribing the conditions of service of persons serving 2[Government] in a civil capacity in India, include references to any person authorised by the State1 Government or the Central Government, as the case may be, to make rules for the purpose.

(3) The references in any Bengal Act 3[or West Bengal Act] to servants of or under, or to service of or under, the Central Government or the State1 Government or the State4 of 5[West Bengal], to property of, or belonging to, or vested in, the Secretary of State in Council or the Central Government or the Provincial Government or the Province of Bengal, and to forfeitures to the Central Government or the Provincial Government or the Province or Bengal, shall be construed as references respectively to persons in the service of the Crown, to the service of the Crown, to properly vested in the Clown, and 10 forfeitures to the Crown.

2. This section was inserted by s. 3 of the Bengal General Clauses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act I of 1940).

3. Sub-section (1) was substituted for the former sub-section by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule to the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

4. These words were inserted by paragraph (1) or Article 3 of. And the Sch. to, the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

5. The word "State" was substituted for the word "Provincial by paragraph (1) of the Adaptation or Laws Order, 1950.

6. The word "Government" was substituted for the word "Crowit" by paragraph 4(1) of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

1. See foot-note 5 on pagc 180, ante.

2. This word was substituted forthe words "His Majesty" by paragraph 4(1) of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

3. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

4. The word "State" was substituted for the word "Province" by paragraph 4(1) of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

5. Substituted for the word "Bengal" by para. 3(2) or the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

Section 6. Coming into operation of Bengal Acts or West Bengal Acts

General Rules of Construction.

6. Coming into operation of Bengal Acts or West Bengal Acts.- 6[(1) Where any Bengal Act or West Bengal Act is not expressed to come into operation on a particular day,-

(a) in the case of a Bengal Act or West Bengal Act made before the commencement of the Constitution, it shall come into operation, if it is an Act of the Legislature, on the day on which the asset thereto of the Governor, the Governor General or His Majesty, as the case may require, is first published in the Official Gazette, and if it is an Act of the Governor of Bengal, on the day on which it is first published as an Act in the Official Gazette;

(b) in the case of a West Bengal Act made after the commencement of the Constitution, it shall come into operation on the day on which the assent thereto of the Governor or the President, as the case may require, is first published in the Official Gazette.]

(2) Unless the contrary is expressed, a Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act] shall be construed as coming into operation immediately on the expiration of the day preceding its commencement.

6. Sub-section (1) was substituted for the Former sub-section (1) by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule to, the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 7. Printing of date on which Act is published after having received the assent of the Governor, Governor-General or His Majesty or the President

7. Printing of date on which Act is published after having received the assent of the Governor, Governor-General or His Majesty or the President.- In this Act, and in every Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, the date of such publication as is mentioned in section 6,2 shall be printed above the title of the Act, and shall form part of the Act.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

2. The word, figure and brackets "sub-section (1). "were omitted by para. 3 and Schedule IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

Section 8. Effect of repeal

8. Effect of repeal.- Where this Act, or any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, repeals any enactment hitherto made or hereafter to be made, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not-

(a) revive anything not in force or existing at the time at which the repeal takes effect; or

(b) affect the previous operation of any enactment so repealed or anything duly done3 or suffered thereunder; or

(c) affect any right, privilege, obligation, or liability3 acquired, accrued or incurred under any enactment so repealed; or

(d) affect any penally, forfeiture or punishment incurred in respect of any offence committed against any enactment so repealed; or

(e) affect any investigation, legal proceeding or remedy, in respect of any such right privilege, obligation, liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment as aforesaid;

and any such investigation, legal proceeding or remedy may be instituted, continued or enforced, and any such penally, forfeiture or punishment may be imposed, as if the repealing Act had not been passed.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

3. As to the continuance of orders, etc. made under an enactment which is repealed and re-enacted, see section 25.

Section 8-A. Repeal of Act mating textual amendment in former Act

18-A. Repeal of Act mating textual amendment in former Act.- Where any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act repeals any enactment by which the text of any former enactment was amended by the express omission, insertion or subs rim lion of any matter, then, unless a different intention appears, the repeal shall not affect the continuance of any such amendment made by the enactment so repealed and in operation at the time of such repeal.

1. This section was inserted by s. 4 of the Bengal General Clauses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act 1 of 1940).

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 9. Revival of repealed enactments

9. Revival of repealed enactments.- (1) In any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act it shall be necessary, for the purpose of reviving, cither wholly or partially, any enactment wholly or partially repealed, expressly to state that purpose.

(2) This section applies also to all Bengal Acts made between the first day of June, 1867, and the commencement of this Act.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 10. Construction of references to repealed enactments

10. Construction of references to repealed enactments.- Where this Act, or any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, repeals and re-enacts with or without modifications, any provision of a former enactment, then references in any other enactment or in any instrument to the provision so repealed shall, unless a different intention appears, be construed as references to the provision so re-enacted.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 11. Commencement and termination of time

11. Commencement and termination of time.- In any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of excluding the first in a series of days or any other period of time to use the word "from" and, for the purpose of including the last in a series of days on any other period of time, to use the word "to".

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 12. Computation of time

12. Computation of time.- Where, by any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Acc, any act or proceeding is directed or allowed to be done or taken in any Court or office on a certain day or within a prescribed period, then if the Court or office is closed on that day or the last day of the prescribed period, the act or proceeding shall be considered as done or taken in due time if it is done or taken on the next day afterwards on which the Court or office is open:

Provided that nothing in this section shall apply to any act or proceeding to which the Indian Limitation Act, 3[1908], (IX of 1908) applies.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

3. These figures were substituted for the figures "1817" by s. 2 and the First Sch. of the Bengal Repealing and Amended Act, 1938 (Ben. Act 1 of 1939).

Section 13. Measurement of distances

13. Measurement of distances.- In the measurement of any distance for the purposes of any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, that distance shall, unless a different intention appears, be measured in a straight line on a horizontal plane.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 14. Gender and number

14. Gender and number.- In all Bengal Acts 1[and West Bengal Acts], unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context,-

(1) words inporting the masculine gender shall be taken to include females; and

(2) words in the singular shall include the plural, and vice versa.

1. These words were inserted by paragraph (1) of Article 3 of, and the Schedule to, the Indian Independence (Adaptation of Bengal and Punjab Acts) Order, 1948.

Section 14-A. References to the Sovereign

14-A. References to the Sovereign.- 1[* * *]

1 [Rep by, para. 3 and the Eleventh Sch. of the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950].

Section 15. Powers conferred to be exercisable from time to time

15. Powers conferred to be exercisable from time to time.- Where, by any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act, any power is conferred 3[then, unless a different intention appears] that power may be exercised from time to time as occasion requires.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180 ante.

3. These, words were substituted for the words "on the Government, then" by s. 6 of the Bengal General Clauses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act 1 of 1940).

Section 16. Power appoint to include power to appoint ex-officio

16. Power appoint to include power to appoint ex-officio.- Where, by any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act], a power to appoint any person to 1111 any office or execute any function is conferred, then, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any such appointment, if it is made after the commencement of this Act, may he made either by name or by virtue of office.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180 ante.

Section 17. Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss

17. Power to appoint to include power to suspend or dismiss.- 4Where, by any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act], a power to make any appointment is conferred, then, unless a different intention appears, the authority having power to make the appointment shall also have power to suspend or dismiss any person appointed by it in exercise of that power.

4. As to section 17, see the Notes on Clauses appended to the Statement of Objects.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180 ante.

Section 18. Substitution of functionaries

18. Substitution of functionaries.- In any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the application of a law to every person or number of persons for the time being executing the functions of an office, to mention the official title of the officer at present executing the functions, or that of the officer by whom the functions are commonly executed.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180 ante.

Section 19. Successors

19. Successors.- In any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of indicating the relation of a law to the successors of any functionaries or of corporations having perpetual succession, to express its relation to the functionaries or corporations.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 20. Official chiefs and subordinates

20. Official chiefs and subordinates.- In any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act] made after the commencement of this Act it shall be sufficient, for the purpose of expressing that a law relative to the chief or superior of an office shall apply to the deputies or subordinates lawfully performing the duties of that office in the place of their superior, to prescribe the duty of the superior.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 21. Construction of orders, etc. issued under Bengal Acts or West Bengal Acts

Provisions as to Orders, Rules, etc., made under Enactments.

21. Construction of orders, etc. issued under Bengal Acts or West Bengal Acts.- Where, by any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], a power to issue any order, scheme, rule, by law, notification or form is conferred, then expressions used in the order, scheme, rule, bye-law, notification or form, if it is made after the commencement of this Act, shall, unless there is anything repugnant in the subject or context, have the same respective meanings as in the Act conferring the power.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 22. Power to issue to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind orders, etc.

22. Power to issue to include power to add to, amend, vary or rescind orders, etc.- Where, by any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], a power to 2[issue] orders, rules, bye-laws, or notifications is conferred, then, that power includes a power, exerciseable in the like manner and subject to the like sanction and conditions (if any), to add to, amend, vary or rescind any orders, rules, bye-laws or notifications so 3[issued].

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

2. This word was substituted for the word "make" by s. 7 of the Bengal General Onuses (Amendment) Act, 1940 (Ben. Act 1 of 1940).

3. This word was substituted for the word "made" ibid.

Section 23. Making of rules or bye-laws

23. Making of rules or bye-laws* and issuing of orders between passing and commencement of Bengal Act or West Bengal Act.- Where, by any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], which is not to come into operation 4[immediately on the passing thereof] a power is conferred to make rules or bye-laws, or to issue orders with respect to the application of the Act, or with respect to the establishment of any Court or office, or the appointment of any judge or officer thereunder, or with respect to the person by whom, or the time when, or the place where, or the manner in which, or the fees for which, anything is to be done under the Act,

then that power may be exercised at any time 1[after the passing of the Act], but rules, bye-laws or orders so made or issued shall not take effect till the commencement of the Act.

* Marginal note of section 23 ??? in next page.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

4. These words were substituted for the words "on the day on which it is first published in the Calcutta Gazette after having received the assent of the Governor General by para. 3 and Sch. IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

1. These words were substituted for the words "after the Act has been published as aforesaid" by para. 3 of. And Sch. IV to, the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

Section 24. Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication

24. Provisions applicable to making of rules or bye-laws after previous publication.- Where, by any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act], a power to make rules or bye-laws is expressed to be given subject to the condition of the rules or bye-laws being made after previous publication, then the following provisions shall apply, namely:-

(1) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws shall, before making them, publish a draft of the proposed rules or bye-laws for the information of persons likely to be affected thereby;

(2) the publication shall be made in such manner as that authority deems to be sufficient, or, if the condition with respect to previous publication so requires, in such manner as the 3[Government concerned] prescribes;

(3) there shall be published with the draft a notice specifying a date on or after which the draft will be taken into consideration;

(4) the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws, and, where the rules or bye-laws are to be made with the sanction, approval or concurrence of another authority, that authority also, shall consider any objection or suggestion which may be received by the authority having power to make the rules or bye-laws from any person with respect to the draft before the date so specified;

(5) the publication in the 1[Official Gazette] of a rule or bye-law purporting to have been made in exercise of a power to make rules or bye-laws after previous publication shall be conclusive proof that the rule or bye-law has been duly made.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

3. The words "Central Government or as the case may be lite Provincial Government" were originally substituted for lite words "Local Government" by para. 3 of, and Schedule IV to the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937. And thereafter these words were substituted for the words "Central Government or, as the case may be, the Provincial Government" by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule lo, the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

1. These words were substituted for the words "Calcutta Gazette" by paragraph 4(1) of the Government of India (Adaptation or Indian Laws) Order, 1937.

Section 25. Continuation or orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted

25. Continuation or orders, etc., issued under enactments repealed and re-enacted.- Where any enactment is, after the commencement of this Act, repealed and re-enacted by a Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] with or without modification, then, unless it is otherwise expressly provided, any 3[appointment], order, scheme, rule, bye-law, notification or form 4[made or] issued under the repealed enactment shall, so far as it is not inconsistent with the provisions re-enacted, continue in force, and be deemed to have been 4[made or] issue under the provisions so re-enacted, unless and until it is superseded by any 3[appointment], order, scheme, rule, bye-law, notification or form 4[made or] issued under the provisions so re-enacted.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

3. This word was inserted by s. 3 and the Second Sch. of the Amending Act, 1903 (1 of 1903).

4. These words were inserted, ibid.

Section 26. Recovery of fines

Miscellaneous.

26. Recovery of fines.- Sections 63 to 70 of the Indian Penal Code, (Act XLV of 1860 Act V of 1898) and the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure for the time being in force in relation to the issue and the execution of warrants for the levy of fines5 shall apply to all fines imposed under any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act] or any rule or bye-law made under any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act], unless the Act, rule or bye-law contains an express provision to the contrary.

5. See sections 386 to 389 of Act V of 1898.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 27. Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments

27. Provision as to offences punishable under two or more enactments.- Where an act or omission constitutes on offence6 under two or more encactments then the offender shall be liable to be prosecuted and punished under either or any of those enactments, but shall not be liable to be punished twice for the same offence.

6. For definition of "offence", see 3(30), ante.

Section 28. Meaning of service by post

28. Meaning of service by post.- Where any Bengal Act 2[or West Bengal Act], made after the commencement of this Act authorizes or requires any document to be served by post, whether the expression "serve" or either of the expressions "give" or "send" or any other expression is used, then, unless a different intention appears, the service shall be deemed to be effected by properly addressing, prepaying and posting by registered post, a letter containing the document, and, unless the contrary is proved, to have been effected at the rime at which the letter would be delivered in the ordinary course of post.

2. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

Section 29. Citation or enactments

29. Citation or enactments.- (1) In any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], and in any rule, bye-law, instrument or document made under, or with reference to any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], any enactment may be cited by reference to the title or short title (if any)2 conferred thereon or by reference to the number and year thereof, and any provision in an enactment may be cited by reference to the section or sub-section of the enactment in which the provision is contained.

(2) In this Act, and in any Bengal Act 1[or West Bengal Act], made after the commencement of this Act, a description or citation of a portion of another enactment shall, unless a different intention appears, be construed as including the word, section or other part mentioned or referred to as forming the beginning and as forming the end of the portion comprised in the description or citation.

1. See foot-note 4 on page 180, ante.

2. Short lilies have been conferred on at the enactments printed in the West Bengal Code.

Section 30. Saving far previous Acts, rules and bye-laws

30. Saving far previous Acts, rules and bye-laws.- Where any Act, rule or bye-law made after the commencement of this Act continues or amends any Acts, rules or bye-laws made before the commencement of this Act, the foregoing sections of this Act shall not by reason merely of such continuance or amendment affect the construction of such Acts, rules or bye-laws.

Section 31. Application to Eastern Bengal and Assam Acts and Ordinances and Regulations

331. Application to Eastern Bengal and Assam Acts and Ordinances and Regulations.- The provisions of this Act shall apply,-

(a) in relation to any Eastern Bengal and Assam Acts as in force in West Bengal and any Regulation made by the Governor under action 92 of the Government of India Act, 1935, as they apply in relation to a Bengal Act or West Bengal Act made by the Provincial Legislature, and in relation to any Ordinance promulgated by the Governor of Bengal under section 88 or section 89 of the said Act or by the Governor of West Bengal under section 88 of the said Act, as they apply in relation to a Bengal Act made under the said Act by the Governor; and

(b) in relation to any Ordinance promulgated by the Governor under article 213 of the Constitution or any Regulation made by the Governor under sub-paragraph (2) of paragraph 5 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution, as they apply in relation to a West Bengal Act made by the State Legislature:

Provided that clause (b) of sub-section I of section 6 of this Act shall apply to any Ordinance referred to in clause (b) as if for the reference in the said clause (b) of sub-section (1) to the day of the first publication of the assent to an Act in the Official Gazette there were substituted a reference to the day of the first publication of the Ordinance in that Gazette.

3. Section 31 was substituted for the former section 31 [which was inserted by para. 3 of, and Sch. IV to, the Government of India (Adaptation of Indian Laws) Order, 1937 [by paragraph 3 of, and the Eleventh Schedule to, the Adaptation of Laws Order, 1950.

SECTIONS