Substantial-Evidence Review of Mixed Questions after Wilkinson: A Comprehensive Commentary on Jose Ramos Jimenez v. Attorney General United States of America (3d Cir. Aug. 15 2025)

1. Introduction

In Jose Ramos Jimenez v. Attorney General, the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit denied a petition for review by Honduran nationals seeking asylum, withholding of removal, and Convention Against Torture (CAT) protection. Although the panel designated the opinion “Not Precedential,” the decision contributes two notable doctrinal clarifications:

• It re-affirms that “affluent nationals” – here, “affluent Hondurans” – do not constitute a cognizable Particular Social Group (PSG) for asylum purposes.
• It situates the standard of review for “mixed questions of law and fact” firmly within the substantial-evidence framework after the Supreme Court’s 2024 decision in Wilkinson v. Garland.

The petitioners claimed extortion-based threats in Honduras, asserting persecution on the basis of membership in a PSG comprised of “affluent Hondurans.” After an Immigration Judge (IJ) and the Board of Immigration Appeals (BIA) rejected the applications, the family petitioned the Third Circuit for review. Judge Chung, writing for a unanimous panel that included Judges Restrepo and Bibas, upheld the agency determinations.

2. Summary of the Judgment

The Court affirmed the BIA on all three forms of relief:

• Asylum & Withholding of Removal: The Court agreed that “affluent Hondurans” fails the immutability-particularity-social distinction test. Even if cognizable, the record showed the threats were motivated by financial gain, not by a protected ground.
• CAT Protection: The extortionate telephone threats and a single instance of surveillance did not rise to the regulatory definition of torture, and the petitioners did not show a likelihood of future torture by or with government acquiescence.

Critically, the panel underscored that the substantial-evidence standard governs review of the BIA’s application of legal standards – such as “past persecution,” “torture,” and “social group” – to established facts, citing the Supreme Court’s recent guidance in Wilkinson v. Garland (2024).

3. Analysis

A. Precedents Cited

The opinion canvasses significant prior authorities:

• Wilkinson v. Garland, 601 U.S. 209 (2024) – Clarified that applying a statutory standard to facts generally presents a reviewable mixed question, ordinarily judged under a deferential standard in immigration cases.
• In re A-M-E- & J-G-U-, 24 I.&N. Dec. 69 (BIA 2007) – First rejected “affluent Guatemalans” as a PSG; foundational for today’s holding.
• Herrow v. Attorney General, 93 F.4th 107 (3d Cir. 2024) – Restated the immutability and particularity elements for PSG analysis.
• S.E.R.L. v. Attorney General, 894 F.3d 535 (3d Cir. 2018) – Articulated the “social distinction” requirement.
• Gomez-Zuluaga, Saravia, Gonzalez-Posadas, Hernandez Garmendia, and Valdiviezo-Galdamez – All shaping the contours of protected grounds and causation.
• Nasrallah v. Barr, 590 U.S. 573 (2020) – Delineated CAT scope (relief tied to country of removal).

By weaving these authorities, the panel both acknowledges settled doctrine (affluence alone is not enough) and harmonizes the appellate review framework with Wilkinson.

B. Legal Reasoning

1. Particular Social Group Analysis
   The Court applied the three-part test:
   • Immutability: Wealth is transient and not fundamental; therefore not immutable.
   • Particularity: “Affluent” lacks definable boundaries; testimony that the petitioner was not “rich-rich” underscored vagueness.
   • Social Distinction: No evidence Honduras views “affluent Hondurans” as a distinct class for persecution.
2. Nexus
   Even if the PSG were viable, substantial evidence indicated the anonymous caller’s motive was purely economic (ransom), not animus toward a protected ground.
3. CAT Framework
   The threats did not constitute “torture” under 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1)–(2); nor did petitioners establish government acquiescence or a greater-than-50% likelihood of future torture.
4. Standard of Review
   Relying heavily on Wilkinson, the Court characterized determinations such as “past persecution,” “likelihood of torture,” and “cognizable PSG” as mixed questions “primarily factual.” Consequently, it invoked the substantial-evidence standard, which requires reversal only if no reasonable adjudicator could reach the same conclusion.

C. Impact

Although labeled non-precedential, the opinion’s reasoning is likely to reverberate:

• Practitioner Guidance: Asylum advocates will have an even steeper hill when defining PSGs based on economic status. Documentary proof of a clear, socially recognizable wealthy class – and a persecutor’s protected-ground motive – will be essential.
• Review Standard Solidification: The Third Circuit effectively adopts Wilkinson’s mixed-question taxonomy, signaling restrained appellate intervention except where factual findings are plainly unsupported.
• Institutional Efficiency: By emphasizing substantial-evidence review, the Court discourages petitions that merely re-argue facts, thus conserving judicial resources.
• Comparative Jurisprudence: Other circuits have occasionally treated “past persecution” findings as questions of law (de novo). This opinion adds momentum toward the deferential model, bridging circuit variances.

4. Complex Concepts Simplified

• Particular Social Group (PSG) – Think of it as a club whose members share (1) something they cannot change or should not be forced to change (immutability); (2) clear membership rules (particularity); and (3) recognition by the wider society (social distinction).
• Substantial-Evidence Standard – The appellate court asks, “Could a reasonable fact-finder see it that way?” If yes, the finding stands, even if the court might have decided differently on a blank slate.
• Mixed Question of Law and Fact – When a legal standard (e.g., “torture,” “past persecution”) is applied to specific facts. Post-Wilkinson, immigration courts treat many such questions as fact-dominant, triggering deferential review.
• Convention Against Torture (CAT) – A treaty-based protection that bars removal to a country where the applicant is “more likely than not” to be tortured by, or with the acquiescence of, public officials.

5. Conclusion

Ramos Jimenez reinforces two interconnected themes in modern asylum jurisprudence:

1. Economic characteristics, by themselves, rarely suffice for PSG recognition under U.S. immigration law.
2. After the Supreme Court’s 2024 guidance, the Third Circuit will review the application of asylum and CAT standards through the lens of substantial evidence, affording broad deference to the BIA and IJ on fact-laden determinations.

For litigants, the decision underscores the imperative to craft narrowly defined, socially recognized PSGs and to marshal robust evidence connecting the persecution to that protected ground. For the broader legal community, the opinion provides another data point in the emerging post-Wilkinson consensus that appellate courts should seldom disturb agency findings absent clear factual error.