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Case Summary: Lowe v. The State, No. S96A1930 (Supreme Court of Georgia, Nov. 25, 1996)

Factual and Procedural Background

The grand jury indicted Serchion Lowe for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (later severed), possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, aggravated assault, and alternative counts of malice and felony murder. After severance of the felon-in-possession count, Lowe was tried by a jury on the remaining counts. The jury found Lowe guilty of all offenses. The trial court entered judgments and sentences on the guilty verdicts for possession by a convicted felon (following Lowe's guilty plea) and aggravated assault (terms of years); because the guilty verdict on the felony-murder alternative was vacated by operation of OCGA § 16-1-7, the court entered a judgment of conviction and a life sentence only on the malice murder count. Lowe's motion for new trial was denied and he appealed.

Factual summary from the trial evidence: an initial verbal confrontation escalated into a fist fight between Lowe and the victim. Lowe broke away and fled; the victim chased and resumed hitting Lowe but then began to retreat toward a waiting car. Lowe's girlfriend handed him a gun and encouraged him to use it. Lowe fired one shot, wounding the victim's arm. The victim fell to his knees, pleaded for his life, and was unarmed and wounded. After walking over and standing above the victim, Lowe fired a second shot that struck the victim in the abdomen, causing his death.

Key post-trial dates in the record: crimes occurred June 17, 1994; indictment October 25, 1994; jury verdicts April 7, 1995 (same day Lowe pleaded guilty to the severed possession count); motion for new trial filed May 8, 1995 and denied May 1, 1996; notice of appeal May 29, 1996; appeal submitted October 21, 1996.

Legal Issues Presented

  1. Whether the evidence supported a conviction for malice murder rather than self-defense or only voluntary manslaughter.
  2. Whether the aggravated assault conviction merged with the murder conviction (merger issue) or could stand as a separate conviction and sentence.
  3. Whether the State improperly intimidated Lowe's girlfriend into withdrawing as a defense witness, thereby denying Lowe a fair trial.
  4. Whether a mistrial was required because of an emotional outburst (sobbing) by the victim's sister during closing argument.
  5. Whether various jury-instruction errors occurred and whether any were preserved for appellate review.
  6. Whether Lowe received ineffective assistance of trial counsel based on multiple alleged deficiencies (failure to give pretrial notice for a defense witness, failure to move for mistrial or continuance after the girlfriend withdrew, failure to move for directed verdict, failure to interview a State eyewitness, and related tactical decisions).

Arguments of the Parties

Appellant's (Lowe's) Arguments

  • He was not guilty of malice murder because he acted in self-defense or, at most, was guilty of voluntary manslaughter based on provocation.
  • The aggravated assault conviction merged into the murder conviction and therefore should not support a separate sentence.
  • The State intimidated his girlfriend into withdrawing as a defense witness by informing her she faced indictment, depriving Lowe of a fair trial.
  • A mistrial should have been granted after the victim's sister made an emotional outburst during the State's closing argument.
  • The trial court's instructions (including the instruction on justification) contained errors; some objections were preserved and some were not.
  • Trial counsel was ineffective for several reasons: failing to provide pre-trial notice for a witness to testify to prior violent acts by the victim, failing to move for mistrial or seek a continuance after the girlfriend withdrew, failing to move for a directed verdict on the murder charge, failing to interview an eyewitness, and general inadequacy of preparation.

Appellee's (State's) Arguments and Responses

  • The jury was authorized to reject the claim of self-defense because the victim, although initially the provocateur, was unarmed, wounded, pleading for his life, and did not pose a threat when Lowe fired the fatal shot.
  • Evidence supported separate convictions because the initial aggravated assault (the first shot wounding the arm) was a completed assault followed by an interval during which Lowe repositioned and deliberately aimed before firing the fatal shot—thus supporting an independent aggravated assault conviction and sentence.
  • Counsel for the State did not intimidate the girlfriend; informing her that she faced indictment afforded her the opportunity to invoke her constitutional right to remain silent, and her election to do so eliminated Lowe's right to call her as a defense witness (per controlling authority cited).
  • The emotional outburst by the victim's sister was non-specific sobbing with no intelligible words; the trial court promptly removed the jury and gave curative instructions, so a mistrial was not required.
  • Most alleged instruction errors were waived for failure to make contemporaneous objections; the one preserved objection (about an instruction on a limitation to justification) did not mislead the jury or violate due process because there was no evidence Lowe initially provoked the victim with the requisite intent.
  • The record demonstrates that trial counsel's performance fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance: procedural failings would not have changed the outcome (e.g., the testimony would have been excluded as irrelevant even if Chandler notice had been given), tactical decisions (no continuance) were reasonable, a directed verdict motion would have been denied because the evidence supported murder, counsel attempted to interview the State eyewitness who declined to speak, and counsel cross-examined effectively.

Table of Precedents Cited

Precedent Rule or Principle Cited For Application by the Court (how the court used it)
Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369 (1993) Operation of OCGA § 16-1-7 vacating an alternative guilty verdict. Explained that the guilty verdict on the felony-murder alternative was vacated by operation of the statute, so the trial court properly entered judgment only on the malice murder count.
Rhodes v. State, 257 Ga. 368 (1987) Rejection of self-defense when the victim is unarmed and pleading. Used to support the conclusion that the jury could reject Lowe's claim of self-defense because the victim was unarmed, wounded, and begging for his life when the fatal shot was fired.
Linder v. State, 132 Ga. App. 624 (1974) (overruled on other grounds by Woodard) Concept that a "cooling off" period can convert provocation into deliberate revenge. Used to support the jury's finding that the killing resulted from a sufficient interval (cooling off) and was deliberate revenge rather than heat of passion.
Woodard v. State, 234 Ga. 901 (1975) Noted as overruling Linder on other grounds. Referenced to show that Linder was overruled on other grounds; Linder's cooling-off principle was nevertheless cited in the court's analysis.
Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 (1979) Standard for reviewing sufficiency of the evidence (view evidence in light most favorable to the verdict). Applied to conclude that a rational trier of fact could find beyond a reasonable doubt that Lowe was guilty of malice murder.
Drane v. State, 265 Ga. 255 (1995) When a separate judgment and sentence are authorized for an aggravated assault independent of the act causing death. Applied to hold that a separate conviction/sentence for aggravated assault was authorized where the assault was independent of the murder (supported by separate evidence).
Grace v. State, 262 Ga. 746 (1993) Independent aggravated assault requires evidence not used to prove the murder. Applied to analyze whether evidence proving the aggravated assault was distinct from the evidence proving the murder; court found they rested on independent evidentiary predicates.
Montes v. State, 262 Ga. 473 (1992) Where murder results from a single act of firing shots "in quick succession," no separate aggravated assault is shown. Distinguished Montes on the facts: unlike quick succession shots, here an interval occurred between shots supporting independent aggravated assault.
Knight v. State, 190 Ga. App. 87 (1989) Example supporting independent aggravated assault when there is a temporal interval. Cited as a supporting authority for finding the aggravated assault independent when the defendant repositioned and deliberately aimed before the fatal shot.
Watson v. State, 178 Ga. App. 778 (1986) Another authority supporting independence of assault where acts are separated by an interval. Used as supporting precedent for the conclusion that the initial assault and the subsequent murder had independent evidentiary predicates.
Hayes v. State, 265 Ga. 1 (1995) Comparison where continuous assault was interrupted only by accidental dropping of the weapon rather than deliberate repositioning. Contrasted with the present facts to show that, unlike Hayes, Lowe deliberately repositioned before firing the fatal shot, supporting separate assault conviction.
Simmons v. State, 155 Ga. App. 716 (1980) Prosecutorial intimidation standard for witnesses. Applied to conclude there was no "overt prosecutorial attempt to intimidate" the girlfriend when she was informed she faced indictment.
Dodd v. State, 236 Ga. 572 (1976) When a witness elects to invoke the right to remain silent, the defendant loses the right to call her as a defense witness. Applied to hold that once Lowe's girlfriend invoked her constitutional right to remain silent, Lowe could not call her as a defense witness.
Byrd v. State, 262 Ga. 426 (1992) Standard for appellate review of trial court's denial of a mistrial (discretionary review). Applied to uphold the trial court's denial of a mistrial after the victim's sister sobbed and the court gave curative instructions.
McCoy v. State, 262 Ga. 699 (1993) Failure to make a contemporaneous objection waives appellate review of instructional errors. Applied to find that most of Lowe's enumerations challenging instructions were waived for lack of contemporaneous objection.
Dukes v. State, 265 Ga. 422 (1995) Prohibition on instructing a jury in a way that authorizes conviction for an uncharged crime. Applied to explain that the challenged instruction did not authorize conviction of a crime not charged and did not violate due process in context.
Trammel v. State, 265 Ga. 156 (1995) Availability of a motion for new trial on general grounds as a remedy for insufficient evidence. Cited to note that if a directed-verdict motion were denied improperly, the trial court could grant a new trial on general grounds.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984) Two-part standard for ineffective assistance: deficient performance and prejudice (reasonable probability of different outcome). Applied as the governing standard for evaluating Lowe's ineffective-assistance claims.
White v. State, 265 Ga. 22 (1995) Georgia's application of the Strickland standard. Referenced in connection with explaining the required showing for an ineffective-assistance claim under Georgia authority.
Chandler v. State, 261 Ga. 402 (1991) Procedural requirement of pre-trial notice to admit certain defense testimony about prior acts. Cited regarding Lowe's claim that counsel failed to provide required pretrial notice; court found notice failure was secondary because the testimony was excluded primarily as irrelevant.
Fortson v. State, 240 Ga. 5 (1977) Tactical decisions (e.g., whether to move for continuance) are within counsel's professional judgment and do not by themselves establish ineffectiveness. Applied to reject Lowe's claim that counsel was ineffective for not seeking a continuance after the girlfriend invoked her right to remain silent.
Stewart v. State, 263 Ga. 843 (1994) Presumption that counsel's performance falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance. Relied upon to note the strong presumption in favor of competence and to conclude Lowe did not rebut that presumption.
Lindsey v. State, 262 Ga. 665 (1993) Principle that ambiguous jury verdicts should be construed in favor of the defendant. Cited in the dissent to support the view that the aggravated-assault conviction merged as a matter of law into the felony murder conviction because the jury did not specify which assault it relied upon.

Court's Reasoning and Analysis

The court divided its analysis into numbered parts corresponding to the appellant's enumerations of error.

1. Sufficiency of the evidence for malice murder and merger of aggravated assault (Division 1(a) and 1(b)).

On the malice murder claim (1(a)), the court reasoned that the evidence authorized the jury to reject Lowe's claim of self-defense because, at the time of the fatal shot, the victim was unarmed, wounded, on his knees, and pleading for his life; under Rhodes, such circumstances permit rejection of self-defense. The court further concluded that the evidence supported a finding of a "cooling off" interval sufficient to transform the initial provocation into deliberate revenge, citing Linder and related authority. Applying the Jackson standard, the court concluded that a rational trier of fact could find Lowe guilty of malice murder beyond a reasonable doubt.

On the merger argument (1(b)), the court analyzed whether the aggravated assault was independent of the murder. It explained that a separate aggravated-assault conviction and sentence are permissible when the assault is independent of the act causing death and can be proven by evidence distinct from that used to prove murder (Drane; Grace). The court found that Lowe first fired a shot wounding the victim's arm (a completed aggravated assault). That was followed by an interval during which Lowe walked around, took deliberate aim, and then fired the fatal shot. Because the initial assault and the subsequent killing were separated by an interval and distinct evidence, the court concluded the aggravated assault did not merge as a matter of fact with the murder and therefore a separate judgment and sentence were authorized. The court distinguished Montes and Hayes where shots were in quick succession or the interruption was accidental rather than the defendant's deliberate repositioning.

2. Alleged intimidation of Lowe's girlfriend (Division 2).

The court found that the State's counsel merely informed Lowe's girlfriend that she faced indictment as a party to the murder; that information did not constitute prosecutorial intimidation but instead informed her of her right to remain silent. The girlfriend consulted counsel and elected to remain silent; under Dodd, once she invoked that right, Lowe lost the ability to call her as a defense witness. The court likened the situation to Simmons and found no overt prosecutorial intimidation.

3. Mistrial after victim's sister's outburst (Division 3).

The court noted the sister sobbed but uttered no intelligible words, the jury was promptly removed, and the court gave curative instructions upon the jury's return. Because the source of the sobbing was not disclosed and the incident did not convey intelligible, prejudicial statements to the jury, the court held the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying a mistrial, citing Byrd.

4. Jury instructions and preservation of objections (Division 4).

Most of Lowe's contentions about instructions were waived because defense counsel failed to lodge contemporaneous objections when the trial court specifically inquired—per McCoy. The single preserved objection concerned an instruction that justification is unavailable to one who initially provokes force with intent to use it as an excuse. The court found the instruction did not authorize conviction for an uncharged crime (Dukes) and, given there was no evidence Lowe initially provoked the victim with the requisite intent, inclusion of the principle in the broader charge did not mislead the jury or violate due process.

5. Ineffective assistance of counsel (Division 5 and subparts).

The court applied the two-part Strickland standard (as explained in Georgia authority such as White): defendant must show deficient performance and prejudice (reasonable likelihood of a different outcome absent the deficiency). The court addressed each subclaim:

  • Failure to give pre-trial notice for a defense witness (Chandler): the court found lack of notice was only a secondary reason for excluding the testimony; the primary ground was irrelevance, so compliance with procedural notice would not likely have changed the outcome.
  • Failure to move for mistrial or continuance after the girlfriend invoked the Fifth (Fortson): because her election to remain silent did not violate Lowe's rights, a motion for mistrial lacked foundation; further, counsel reasonably believed she would not reverse that election, so declining to seek a continuance was tactical and not ineffective.
  • Failure to move for directed verdict on murder: because the evidence supported murder (see Division 1(a)), a directed-verdict motion would have been non-meritorious and likely denied; counsel's failure to make a futile motion does not constitute ineffective assistance.
  • Failure to interview a State eyewitness: counsel attempted to speak to the witness; she declined; counsel interviewed many other eyewitnesses and adequately prepared cross-examination; no prejudice shown.

The court emphasized the strong presumption that counsel's performance falls within a wide range of reasonable professional assistance (Stewart) and concluded Lowe did not rebut that presumption; his ineffective-assistance claims therefore failed.

Holding and Implications

Holding: Judgments affirmed. The Supreme Court of Georgia affirmed the trial court's judgments and sentences: the malice murder conviction (life sentence) and the separate convictions and sentences for aggravated assault and possession (terms of years) were upheld.

Implications for the parties: The direct effect is affirmation of Lowe's convictions and sentences as entered by the trial court. The court rejected Lowe's claims of self-defense, merger of aggravated assault with murder (finding the assault was independent), prosecutorial intimidation, a need for mistrial based on the sister's sobbing, most instruction-based claims (many waived), and ineffective assistance of counsel claims.

Note on precedent or broader legal impact: The opinion applies existing Georgia and federal standards (e.g., Jackson sufficiency review, Strickland ineffective-assistance standard) to the facts but does not announce a new rule of law. The opinion includes a partial dissent: Fletcher, P.J., and Sears, J., dissented as to Division 1(b), arguing that the aggravated assault merged as a matter of law into the felony murder conviction because the jury did not specify which assault served as the underlying felony.

LOWE v. THE STATE

CARLEY, Justice.

The grand jury indicted Serchion Lowe for the following offenses: possession of a firearm by a convicted felon; possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony; aggravated assault; and, alternative counts of malice and felony murder. After severance of the count charging possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, Lowe stood trial before a jury on the remaining charges. The jury found Lowe guilty of all of the offenses. On the guilty verdicts for possession of a firearm by a convicted felon and aggravated assault, the trial court entered judgments of conviction and sentences to a term of years. Since the guilty verdict on the alternative felony murder count was vacated by operation of OCGA § 16-1-7, the trial court properly entered a judgment of conviction and life sentence only on the alternative malice murder count. Malcolm v. State, 263 Ga. 369, 372 (5) ( 434 S.E.2d 479) (1993). The trial court denied Lowe's motion for new trial and he appeals.

Commission of the crimes occurred on June 17, 1994 and the grand jury indicted Lowe on October 25, 1994. The jury returned its guilty verdicts on April 7, 1995 and, immediately thereafter, Lowe entered a guilty plea to the pending charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. On that same day, the trial court entered its judgments of conviction and sentences on the jury's verdicts and Lowe's guilty plea. Lowe filed a motion for new trial on May 8, 1995 and the trial court denied that motion on May 1, 1996. Lowe filed a notice of appeal on May 29, 1996 and the case was docketed in this court on August 30, 1996. Lowe submitted his appeal for decision on October 21, 1996.

1. The victim confronted Lowe and an initial exchange of angry words escalated into a fist fight. When Lowe broke away and fled, the victim gave chase. Although he caught and resumed hitting Lowe, the victim soon relented and began to retreat toward an awaiting car. As the victim did so, Lowe's girlfriend gave him a gun and encouraged him to use it. Lowe then ran after and confronted the unarmed victim. More angry words were exchanged. Lowe fired one shot which struck the victim in the arm and caused him to fall to his knees. Lowe walked over and stood above the victim who was pleading for his life. Ignoring the victim's pleas, Lowe fired a second shot which struck the victim in the abdomen. The victim died from the gunshot to his abdomen.

(a) Lowe enumerates the general grounds, urging that he was not guilty of malice murder by reason of self-defense or that he was, at most, guilty of voluntary manslaughter. However, the jury was authorized to reject Lowe's claim of self-defense, based upon the evidence that, at the time he fired the fatal shot, the unarmed and wounded victim did not present a threat and was begging for his life. See Rhodes v. State, 257 Ga. 368, 369 (3) ( 359 S.E.2d 670) (1987). As to provocation by the victim, it is undisputed that he initiated a confrontation with Lowe which developed into an exchange of blows.

[H]owever, if there should have been an interval between the provocation and the killing sufficient for the voice of reason and humanity to be heard, of which the jury in all cases shall be the judge, the killing shall be attributed to deliberate revenge and be punished as murder.

OCGA § 16-5-2 (a). Here, the jury was authorized to find that Lowe's fatal shooting of the unarmed victim was not the result of sudden and irresistible heat of passion, but was a deliberate act of revenge committed after a sufficient "cooling off" period. See Linder v. State, 132 Ga. App. 624 (1) ( 208 S.E.2d 630) (1974), overruled on other grounds, Woodard v. State, 234 Ga. 901, 905 (7) (a) ( 218 S.E.2d 629) (1975). It follows that, from the evidence adduced at trial, a rational trier of fact was authorized to find proof beyond a reasonable doubt of Lowe's guilt of malice murder. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 ( 99 S.C. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560) (1979).

(b) Lowe further urges that the aggravated assault merged into the malice murder as a matter of fact. However, a separate judgment of conviction and sentence would be authorized if Lowe committed an aggravated assault independent of the act which caused the victim's death. Drane v. State, 265 Ga. 255, 260 (9) ( 455 S.E.2d 27) (1995). Such an independent aggravated assault was committed if it could be proven by evidence that was not used to prove the murder itself. Grace v. State, 262 Ga. 746, 747 (2) ( 425 S.E.2d 865) (1993). If, however, the murder itself resulted from the single act of firing a series of shots "in quick succession" at the victim, no aggravated assault independent of the murder would be shown. Montes v. State, 262 Ga. 473, 475 (1) ( 421 S.E.2d 710) (1992).

The evidence showed that Lowe initially committed a completed aggravated assault by firing a shot and inflicting a non-fatal wound to the victim's arm. Unlike Montes v. State, supra, however, this completed aggravated assault was not then followed "in quick succession" by the firing of the fatal shot. Instead, there was an ensuing interval during which Lowe walked around the car and, before firing the fatal shot, took deliberate aim at the wounded and pleading victim. See Drane v. State, supra; Grace v. State, supra; Knight v. State, 190 Ga. App. 87, 88 (2) ( 378 S.E.2d 373) (1989); Watson v. State, 178 Ga. App. 778, 780 (2) ( 344 S.E.2d 667) (1986). Compare Hayes v. State, 265 Ga. 1, 2 (2) ( 453 S.E.2d 11) (1995) (continuous assault interrupted only by the defendant's unintentional dropping of the weapon, rather than by his deliberate act of repositioning himself for another shot). Thus, the initial aggravated assault and the subsequent murder rest upon entirely independent evidentiary predicates. Since the evidence authorized a finding that Lowe committed an initial aggravated assault independent of his subsequent act which caused the victim's death, a separate judgment of conviction and sentence for that initial aggravated assault were authorized. Drane v. State, supra; Grace v. State, supra.

2. Lowe urges that the State violated his right to a fair trial by intimidating his girlfriend into withdrawing as a defense witness. However, the record shows that counsel for the State merely informed Lowe's girlfriend that she faced indictment as a party to the murder. By doing so, counsel for the State did not engage in intimidation, but afforded Lowe's girlfriend the opportunity to remain silent as to her involvement in a crime for which she faced criminal prosecution. She conferred with her own counsel and, as was her constitutional right, elected to remain silent rather than to testify. Thus, here, as in Simmons v. State, 155 Ga. App. 716, 717 (1) ( 272 S.E.2d 506) (1980), there is nothing to suggest an "overt prosecutorial attempt to intimidate a witness. . . ." When Lowe's girlfriend informed the trial court of her election to invoke her constitutional right to remain silent, Lowe lost the right to call her as a defense witness. See Dodd v. State, 236 Ga. 572, 576 ( 224 S.E.2d 408) (1976).

3. Lowe urges that the trial court erred in failing to grant a mistrial after the victim's sister made an emotional outburst during the State's closing argument. The record shows, however, that the sister only sobbed and uttered no intelligible words, and that the court ordered that the jury be removed from the courtroom shortly after the sobbing began. The source of the sobbing was not disclosed, so the jury had no way of knowing whether it came from a friend or relative of the victim or of Lowe. When the jury returned to the courtroom, the trial court gave curative instructions to disregard the incident as irrelevant to the case. Under these circumstances, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying Lowe's motion for a mistrial. Byrd v. State, 262 Ga. 426 (1) ( 420 S.E.2d 748) (1992).

4. In several enumerations, Lowe urges error in the trial court's instructions. However, all but one of those enumerations was waived when, in response to the trial court's direct inquiry, trial counsel did not raise a contemporaneous objection or preserve the right to object at a later time. McCoy v. State, 262 Ga. 699, 700 (2) ( 425 S.E.2d 646) (1993).

The only objection which Lowe preserved relates to the trial court's instruction on justification. The charge on that issue included the principle that a claim of justification would be unavailable to one who "[i]nitially provokes the use of force against himself with the intent to use such force as an excuse to inflict bodily harm upon the assailant. . . ." OCGA § 16-3-21 (b) (1). The objection raised in the trial court was to the factual applicability of this principle, since the initial provocation came from the victim rather than from Lowe.

The charge did not authorize the jury to convict Lowe "`of the commission of a crime in a manner not charged in the indictment.'" Dukes v. State, 265 Ga. 422, 423 ( 457 S.E.2d 556) (1995). It addressed the inapplicability of justification as a defense to the crimes charged in the indictment. Since there was no evidence or contention that Lowe initially provoked the victim's use of force with the intent to use that force as an excuse to shoot the victim, inclusion of the instruction on that principle in the context of the entirety of the charge on justification "did not mislead the jury or violate [Lowe's] due process rights." Dukes v. State, supra at 424.

5. Lowe urges that he was not afforded effective assistance of trial counsel. To prevail on this contention, Lowe is

required to show not only that trial counsel's performance was deficient, but also that, absent trial counsel's deficient performance, there is a reasonable likelihood that the outcome of the trial would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 ( 104 S.C. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674) (1984).
White v. State, 265 Ga. 22-23 (2) ( 453 S.E.2d 6) (1995).

(a) Lowe asserts that trial counsel was ineffective for failure to provide pre-trial notice of the intent to call a defense witness who would testify to the victim's commission of prior violent acts against her. Chandler v. State, 261 Ga. 402, 407 (3) ( 405 S.E.2d 669) (1991). The record shows, however, that the lack of pre-trial notice was only a secondary reason for the trial court's refusal to allow the defense witness to testify. The primary reason was the trial court's determination that the defense witness' testimony did not relate to relevant prior acts of violence by the victim, but to irrelevant prior instances of his threats and menaces. Since the trial court based its ruling primarily upon the irrelevancy of the witness' proffered testimony, there is no reasonable likelihood that the outcome of the trial would have been different had trial counsel complied with the procedural requirements of Chandler. Even if trial counsel gave pre-trial notice, the trial court still would have excluded the testimony as irrelevant.

(b) Lowe asserts that, when his girlfriend withdrew as a defense witness, trial counsel should have moved for a mistrial or a continuance. As previously discussed in Division 2, however, the election by Lowe's girlfriend to remain silent was not a violation of Lowe's rights to a fair trial and was not, therefore, a predicate for a valid motion for mistrial. With regard to a continuance, trial counsel testified at the hearing on Lowe's motion for new trial that he had no reason to believe that Lowe's girlfriend might reverse her announced election to remain silent and become a defense witness at some later date. The response of the defense to the election by Lowe's girlfriend to invoke her right to remain silent was a matter of trial tactics and the decision by trial counsel not to move for a continuance does not show his ineffectiveness. See Fortson v. State, 240 Ga. 5 (1) ( 239 S.E.2d 335) (1977).

(c) Lowe urges that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to move for a directed verdict of acquittal on the murder charge. As previously discussed in Division 1 (a), however, the evidence authorized a guilty verdict as to the murder. It must be assumed that the trial court would have denied a non-meritorious motion and properly submitted the issue of Lowe's guilt for murder to the jury. Moreover, if the trial court doubted the sufficiency of the evidence of Lowe's guilt for murder, it could have granted the motion for new trial on the general grounds. See Trammel v. State, 265 Ga. 156 (1) ( 454 S.E.2d 501) (1995).

(d) Lowe urges that trial counsel was ineffective because he failed to interview an eyewitness who testified for the State. The record shows, however, that trial counsel did attempt to talk with the eyewitness before she testified, but she declined to speak with him. Trial counsel did interview numerous other eyewitnesses and the record shows he was sufficiently prepared to conduct a thorough and sifting cross-examination of the one eyewitness who had declined an out-of-court interview.

There is a strong presumption that the performance of trial counsel "`"falls within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. . . ."' [Cit.]" Stewart v. State, 263 Ga. 843, 846 (6) ( 440 S.E.2d 452) (1994). Since Lowe has not rebutted this strong presumption, there is no merit to his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel.

Judgments affirmed. All the Justices concur, except Fletcher, P.J., and Sears, J., who dissent as to Division 1 (b).

CARLEY, Justice.

DECIDED NOVEMBER 25, 1996 — RECONSIDERATION DENIED DECEMBER 20, 1996.

FLETCHER, Presiding Justice, dissenting in part.

I dissent to Division 1 (b) because the aggravated assault count merged with the felony murder conviction as a matter of law and, therefore, the trial court erred in sentencing Lowe on both counts. Although the evidence would support the finding that two assaults occurred, there is no way to tell which assault the jury relied upon in convicting Lowe of felony murder. The indictment specified only one assault. Neither the jury instructions nor the verdict form required the jury to distinguish between the two assaults or to specify which assault it relied upon as the underlying felony in the felony murder count. In construing this ambiguous verdict, this Court must give the defendant the benefit of the doubt. The majority refuses to follow this principle of law and instead erroneously uses the standard of review appropriate for a review of the sufficiency of the evidence. Application of the proper analysis requires a holding that the aggravated assault conviction merged as a matter of law into the felony murder conviction. Accordingly, I dissent.

Lindsey v. State, 262 Ga. 665 ( 424 S.E.2d 616) (1993).

Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307 ( 99 S.C. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560) (1979) (evidence viewed in light most favorable to jury's determination of guilt).

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LOWE v. STATE
(Nov 25, 1996)