Criminal Law — Practice — Dismissal of charges against defendants — Constitutional right to speedy trial — Pa. R. Crim. P. 1100 to be applied prospectively only — Balancing test to determine whether a defendant is denied right to a speedy trial — Delay not resulting in prejudice to defendants.
1. In this case there was a delay of one year from the filing of criminal complaints against the defendants on June 13, 1973, until the cases were called for trial in June, 1974. Two continuances were granted by the court, one because defense counsel desired to file pre-trial motions, and the other because a material witness was unavailable. It was Held that the court below erred in discharging the defendants under Pa. R. Crim. P. 1100.
2. Pa. R. Crim. P. 1100(a) (1) provides: "Trial in a court case in which a written complaint is filed against the defendant after June 30, 1973 but before July 1, 1974 shall commence no later than two hundred seventy (270) days from the date on which the complaint is filed."
3. Pa. R. Crim. P. 1100 is to be applied prospectively only.
4. A defendant is granted the right to a speedy trial both under the United States Constitution and the Pennsylvania Constitution.
5. Where a criminal complaint is filed prior to June 30, 1973, a balancing test is applied to determine whether a particular defendant was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial.
6. The four factors to be considered in the balancing test are the length of the delay, the reason for the delay, the assertion of the right to speedy trial, and prejudice to the accused.
7. It was Held in this case that on balance the defendants were not denied their constitutional right to a speedy trial.
Submitted November 15, 1974.
OPINION BY HOFFMAN, J., February 27, 1975:
These cases are before this Court on an appeal by the Commonwealth from an Order of Court signed July 5, 1974, discharging the appellees under Rule 1100 of the Pennsylvania Rules of Criminal Procedure and dismissing the charges against them with prejudice.
The order of the court below is clearly a "final order." Thus, this Court has jurisdiction to entertain this appeal by virtue of the Appellate Court Jurisdiction Act, Act of July 31, 1970, P.L. 673, No. 223, art. III, § 302, 17 Pa.C.S.A. § 211.302. Because the question involved in this case is purely one of law, the Commonwealth may appeal. See Commonwealth v. Bosurgi, 411 Pa. 56, 190 A.2d 304 (1963); Commonwealth v. Melton, 402 Pa. 628, 168 A.2d 328 (1961).
The criminal complaints initiating these prosecutions were filed on June 13, 1973. A preliminary hearing was held on July 20, 1973, and a decision directing that the appellees be held for court was rendered on July 25, 1973. The Grand Jury of Westmoreland County returned True Bills of Indictment on October 30, 1973, charging the appellees with burglary, larceny, receiving stolen goods, and conspiracy. The cases were initially set for trial on December 5, 1973. Counsel for the appellees, however, desired to present motions to suppress evidence, and both the Commonwealth and the defense agreed to continue the cases until the next term of the court. On March 19, 1974, the cases were again ordered continued to the next term of court because a material witness to the prosecution's case was unavailable due to illness. The cases were called for trial on June 24, 1974. During the trial, defense counsel moved for a mistrial which was granted by the court. The appellees then moved for dismissal and discharge pursuant to Rule 1100.
It is clear that the federal constitution requires the states to provide every defendant a speedy trial. Dickey v. Florida, 398 U.S. 30 (1970). Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution also provides that "In all criminal prosecutions the accused hath a right to . . . a speedy public trial." In Commonwealth v. Hamilton, 449 Pa. 297, 297 A.2d 127 (1972), our Supreme Court adopted the balancing test announced in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514 (1972), as the means of determining whether a particular defendant was denied his constitutional right to a speedy trial. The Court stated, however, that the best solution would be the adoption of a rule providing a stated time period in which defendants must be brought to trial: "An alternative to a balancing test is a stated time period within which accused persons must be either brought to trial or released from any threat of prosecution. The theory behind this type of rule is that it eliminates the inherent vagueness encompassed in any balancing process and it avoids the necessity of a court determining a violation of this constitutional right on a case-by-case basis. It is also felt that a mandatory time requirement will act as a stimulant to those entrusted with the responsibility of managing court calendars." 449 Pa. at 308, 297 A.2d at 132-133 (footnote omitted). Rule 1100 was devised pursuant to the opinion in Hamilton.
By its very terms, Rule 1100 is inapplicable to the present cases. Rule 1100(a)(1) provides: "Trial in a court case in which a written complaint is filed against the defendant after June 30, 1973 but before July 1, 1974 shall commence no later than two hundred seventy (270) days from the date on which the complaint is filed." (Emphasis added) Thus, Rule 1100 is prospective only and it was error for the lower court to apply the Rule to a case where the complaint was filed before June 30, 1973. The Comment to the Rule indicates the reasons underlying the decision not to make it effective immediately: "The Rule is to be prospective only. Furthermore, although the ultimate goal is to require all cases to be tried within 180 days from the filing of a complaint, it is recognized that such a goal cannot be achieved immediately in all counties. The backlog of cases in some urban counties and the present lack of sufficient court terms in some less populous judicial districts would pre[v]ent the immediate achievement of the goal."
The delay in the instant cases amounted to approximately one year. The appellees attempt to characterize this as "inordinate." We do not agree. The cases were continued twice, both times to the following term of court. One continuance was granted because the defense desired to file pre-trial motions. The second continuance was granted because a witness essential to the prosecution's case was unavailable as a result of illness. The four factors to be considered in the balancing test are the length of the delay, the reason for the delay, the assertion of the right to speedy trial, and prejudice to the accused. On balance, the appellees were not denied their constitutional right to a speedy trial: the delay was only one year, the delay was occasioned by the absence of a material witness, and the appellees assert no prejudice. The Commonwealth has made a bona fide effort to bring these cases to trial.
Order of the court below is reversed and the case remanded for trial.