S. Rajendra Babu, J. Leave granted.
2. The legal validity of “out-of-turn promotion” given to some police officials based upon their courage displayed during anti-terrorist operations or outstanding performance in sports is the foremost matter for judgment in this batch of cases.
Promotions based on courage displayed in anti-terrorist operations
1. SLP (C) No. 17591 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Chander Pal v. Ram Charan
3. Altogether 14 petitioners are in this case. All of them were appointed as Constables during the period 1976-89. They were promoted as Head Constables on the ground of showing bravery on anti-terrorist front or on the ground of outstanding performance in sports. Show-cause notices were issued to them and they were reverted to the original rank. Their writ petitions were disposed of by the High Court vide common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Challenging this order the present SLP is filed.
2. SLP (C) No. 19246 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Narinder Singh v. Ram Charan
4. The appellants got out-of-turn promotion on the basis of bravery shown on anti-terrorist front. The original WP was disposed of along with CWP No. 403 of 1997. Challenging this, the instant SLP.
3. SLP (C) No. 15944 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Sadhu Ram v. Ram Charan
5. Altogether 16 petitioners are in this case. All of them got one rank “out-of-turn” promotion based on their bravery and exemplary courage during activities on anti-terrorist front. Subsequently, the respondents herein filed writ petition before the High Court challenging the out-of-turn promotion given to these petitioners. The High Court allowed the writ petition. Aggrieved by the impugned judgment, the present SLP.
4. SLP (C) No. 2083 of 1999 (against final judgment dated 19-5-1998)
Rameshwar Singh v. State of Haryana
6. The petitioner was originally appointed as a Constable and was promoted as Head Constable. Later, was promoted as ASI on the basis of his bravery. Subsequently, reversion order was passed and he was reverted to the rank of Constable. This reversion order was challenged. The High Court disposed of the writ vide common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Challenging this, the instant SLP was filed.
5. SLP (C) No. 18492 of 2001 (against final order dated 31-8-2002 passed by Hon'ble Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in LPA No. 1957 of 2001)
Prem Das v. Bachan Singh Randhawa
7. All the petitioners in this case were given out-of-turn promotion on the basis of their meritorious service on anti-terrorist front as Inspectors on ORP basis. They were not parties to writ petition/appeals. In accordance with the impugned order passed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court, the Government is taking steps to revert the appellants. To prevent the furtherance of such an action, they approached the High Court. Both the petition and subsequent LPA were dismissed. Aggrieved by the same, the present SLP.
6. SLP (C) No. 14283 of 1998 (arising from final judgment dated 19-5-1998 in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
SI Ramesh Chander v. SI Ram Charan
8. Appellants 1 to 6 were given out-of-turn promotion on the basis of their courageous act on anti-terrorist front. After the final judgment of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 403 of 1997 they were reverted to lower ranks even without hearing. Present SLP challenges the said reversion orders.
7. SLP (C) No. 16514 of 1998 (arising from judgment dated 19-5-1998 in CWP No. 13023 of 1997)
Jahangir Singh v. State of Haryana
9. The appellant was appointed as Constable. Later, promoted as HC and then as ASI, his promotion was based on the activities on anti-terrorist front. Show-cause notice for reversion was served. Later an order of reversion was passed. Aggrieved by the decision he approached the High Court. The High Court did not allow his prayer. Hence the present SLP.
8. SLP (C) No. 16102 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 12536 of 1997)
Zile Singh v. State of Haryana
10. All the three petitioners were originally appointed as Constables during the period 1971-81. Later they were promoted as Head Constables and as ASIs. It was out-of-turn promotion based on the ground of bravery, which they had shown on anti-terrorist front. Later, reversion order was passed whereby they were reverted to the substantive rank of Constables. They approached the High Court. The High Court disposed of the matter saying that if they were outside the quota of 10%, then they might be demoted below the rank of Head Constable. Aggrieved by this, the present SLP.
9. SLP (C) No. 2082 of 1999 (arising from common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997)
Chander Bhan v. Ram Charan
11. The petitioners got out-of-turn promotion on the basis of their performance in sports or on the ground of bravery displayed in anti-terrorist operations. Later, reverted after issuing show-cause notices. Their writ to the High Court was disposed of by common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Aggrieved by this, the present SLP.
Promotions based on performance in various sports and games
1. SLP (C) No. 20840 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Naresh Kumar v. Ram Charan
12. Petitioner 1 was promoted as Sub-Inspector of Police on the basis of displaying courage in anti-terrorist operations and Petitioner 2 was promoted as Head Constable on the basis of performance in sports. Later a show-cause notice was issued which was followed by reversion order. Challenging this, the present SLP.
2. SLP (C) No. 15943 of 1998 (arising from final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Ashok Kumar v. SI Ram Charan
13. Eighteen petitioners — all of them were originally appointed as Constables during the period 1976-89. Later all of them were promoted to the post of Head Constable on the basis of their performance in various sports items. Subsequently, the respondents herein filed writ petition before the High Court challenging the out-of-turn promotion given to these petitioners. The High Court allowed the writ petition. Aggrieved by the impugned judgment, the present SLP.
3. SLPs (C) Nos. 7817-18 of 1999 (arising from CWPs Nos. 15548 and 15550 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Anoop Singh v. DGP of Haryana
14. The appellants originally were appointed as Constables. Later were promoted as Head Constables and subsequently as ASIs. Promotion was based on their performance in sports. Later they were reverted to the original rank after serving show-cause notices. The case of the appellants was disposed of along with other cases on 19-5-1998 vide the final judgment in CWP No. 403 of 1997 before the Punjab and Haryana High Court.
4. SLP (C) No. 2080 of 1999 (arising from judgment dated 19-5-1998 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 12536 of 1997 which was disposed of along with CWP No. 403 of 1997)
Baljith Singh v. State of Haryana
15. The appellant got promotion to the rank of Head Constable on the basis of his performance in sports. Later he was served with a show-cause notice and was subsequently reverted to the rank of Constable. He challenged the reversion order before the High Court. It was disposed of by common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Aggrieved by the same, the present SLP.
5. SLP (C) No. 17648 of 1999 (arising from final order dated 19-12-1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in Review Application No. 292 of 1997 in CWP No. 8672 of 1997)
Harpal Singh v. State of Haryana
16. The petitioner was originally appointed as Constable. On the basis of his performance in sports he was promoted as Head Constable and later as ASI. Order of reversion was served on him. He challenged the reversion order before the High Court. His case along with other cases was disposed of vide common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Review petition was also dismissed. Hence SLP.
6. SLP (C) No. 15542 of 1998 (arising from final judgment dated 25-5-1998 in CWP No. 13006 of 1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court)
Shamser Singh v. State of Haryana
17. The petitioner was appointed as a Constable in Haryana. Later, promoted as Head Constable. On the basis of his distinguished contribution in the field of sports, he was promoted to the post of ASI. Later he was demoted as a Head Constable. He challenged this decision before the High Court. Dissatisfied by the High Court decision he filed the instant SLP.
7. SLPs (C) Nos. 14694-95 of 1998 (arising from judgment dated 22-10-1997 passed by the Division Bench of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWPs Nos. 12827 and 12829 of 1997)
HC Krishan Kumar v. State of Haryana
18. The appellants were promoted as Head Constables in Haryana on the basis of their distinguished achievements in sports/games. They were served show-cause notices of reversion. Reversion orders were passed. The appellants filed CWPs Nos. 12827 and 12829 of 1997 before the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The High Court quashed the reversion order with the finding that the show-cause notice issued to the appellants does not properly comply with the natural justice requirement. At the same time the High Court granted liberty to the respondents therein to issue fresh show-cause notices and to revert these appellants. Aggrieved by this conclusion, the present SLP.
8. SLP (C) No. 14313 of 1998 (arising from judgment dated 19-5-1998 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 12536 of 1997 — this was disposed of along with CWP No. 403 of 1997)
Kuldeep Singh v. State of Haryana
19. Six petitioners — they got “out-of-turn promotion” on the basis of their distinguished achievements in the field of sports. They were promoted to Head Constable rank. Show-cause notices were issued and subsequently reverted to the rank of Constable. Petitioners' writ before the High Court was disposed of with the common order in CWP No. 403 of 1997. Aggrieved by the same, the instant SLP.
9. SLP (C) No. 19245 of 1998 (arising from the judgment dated 22-10-1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 13014 of 1997)
Salinder Singh v. State of Haryana
20. The petitioner was originally appointed as Constable. On the basis of his performance in sports he was promoted to the next higher rank. Later he was served with show-cause notice for reversion. Reversion order was passed. He challenged this decision in a writ petition before the High Court. Though the High Court quashed the reversion for want of natural justice requirement, it permitted the State to revisit the decision by issuing fresh show-cause notice. Challenging this, the present SLP.
10. SLP (C) No. 20839 of 1998 (arising from judgment dated 22-10-1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 12703 of 1997)
Sohan Singh v. State of Haryana
21. The petitioner was appointed as Constable. Later, promoted as Head Constable based on his performance in the field of sports. Subsequently, he was served with a show-cause notice and was reverted later to the post of Constable. His writ before the High Court was disposed of without allowing his prayer. Challenging this, the present SLP.
11. SLPs (C) Nos. 15945-46 of 1998 (arising from final judgment dated 23-9-1997 of the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWPs Nos. 8620 and 8632 of 1997 which were disposed of along with CWP No. 10129 of 1997)
Ashok Kumar v. State of Haryana
22. There are 14 petitioners. On the basis of their distinguished contribution in the field of sports, all of them were promoted to the post of Head Constable. The State later served them with show-cause notices alleging that the promotions were not covered either by any rules or instructions by DGP and were subsequently reversed. This was challenged before the High Court. The High Court allowed the petition for the reason (sic) but left it open to the State to initiate fresh proceedings as per law for reverting the petitioners herein. SLP filed.
Promotions to superior ranks
1. SLPs (C) Nos. 18493-94 of 2001 (arising from final judgment dated 31-8-2001 passed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in LPA No. 1957 of 2001)
Narinder Pal Singh v. Bachan Singh Randhawa
23. The petitioners are SPs and Dy. SPs. They got “out-of-turn promotion” on ORP basis to the respective present ranks on the basis of their extraordinary bravery and courageous acts on anti-terrorist front. The respondent filed CWP No. 1386 of 1996 before the Punjab and Haryana High Court. The learned Single Judge disposed of the writ saying “creation and granting of ORP ranks is not in conformity with the rules applicable to the Punjab Police Force”. Appeal was preferred before the Division Bench (Nos. 1957 and 1959 of 2001). The same was also dismissed. Aggrieved by this, the present SLP.
2. SLP (C) No. 18497 of 2001 (arising from final judgment dated 31-8-2001 passed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in LPA No. 1957 of 2001)
Naginder Singh Rana v. Bachan Singh Randhawa
24. All the petitioners are appointed as Dy. SPs on ORP basis. The respondent in this case filed petition before the High Court, challenging the promotion on ORP basis. Learned Single Judge and subsequently the Division Bench were of the opinion that the ORP promotion is beyond the scope of the relevant rules. Aggrieved by this, the present SLP.
25. Background of the present proceeding is as follows:
The police forces in Punjab, Haryana and in some other States are covered by the Punjab Police Rules, 1934. On 11-11-1982 the Director General of Police (DGP) of Haryana issued a circular saying that police personnel selected to the national team are entitled to special consideration for promotion. On 9-9-1993 the DGP of Punjab issued guidelines and criteria for giving one-rank promotion to police personnel who show exemplary courage and bravery in anti-terrorist operations. It is also mentioned in the said guidelines that though there is no provision in the Punjab Police Rules, 1934 (the Police Rules) for ad hoc promotion, it is necessary that they may be given one-rank promotion on ad hoc basis. Based on these circulars or guidelines some police officials were given “out-of-turn promotion”. But, it is alleged that such promotions were also given to many other police officials even without citing any reasons.
26. Several cases were filed before the Punjab and Haryana High Court challenging the very scheme of “out-of-turn promotion”. Before the High Court, the respondents herein challenged the “out-of-turn promotion” given to the appellants herein and some others. They also prayed to restrain the State from making any promotion that is contrary to the criteria as provided under Rule 13(1) of the Police Rules and to fill up the consequent vacancies according to the procedure prescribed under Rule 13 of the said Rules. The appellants stated that they got “out-of-turn promotion” either on the basis of bravery that they have shown in anti-terrorist operations or on their outstanding performance in sports. By a common order dated 19-5-1998 the High Court disposed of all the cases.
27. Relevant portion of the judgment dated 19-5-1998 in CWP No. 403 of 1997 is extracted hereunder:
“… It will be in the fitness of things if a working seniority is drawn by the respondents of all the Head Constables (both List C-I and List C-II combined) and then see if any Head Constables junior to the writ petitioners are still working as Assistant Sub-Inspectors. If that is so, any person who is senior to such an ASI will not be reverted till such an ASI is allowed to retain the rank. Learned counsel for the respondents further state that the petitioners, whosoever is within the 10% quota of List C-II would be deputed to the Intermediate School Course in their turn.
The reversion orders in these writ petitions are quashed to the extent that for the time being none of the petitioners would be reverted below the rank of Head Constable. However, if the petitioners are found to be beyond 10% quota meant under Rule 13.8(2) of the Rules, they may be reverted even below the rank of Head Constable. If after making a working seniority of Head Constables (as observed above) it is found that any Head Constable who is junior to the petitioners as a Head Constable is still working as an ASI, though even on ad hoc basis, then qua such senior Head Constable the reversion order from the post of ASI would be deemed to have been quashed, meaning thereby as if the reversion order was never passed and such a person would be allowed to continue as ASI even on officiating basis till his junior is allowed to continue as ASI.”
This decision is impugned before us.
28. It is the definite case of these appellants that their case was not discussed by the High Court while disposing of the writ; that their case stands different since they got promotion on the basis of bravery and showing exemplary courage in anti-terrorist activities or on the basis of their outstanding performance in games/sports; that such promotion altogether stands on a different pedestal while comparing with the regular promotions since they got it as a recognition/reward of their superior work; that in the above-dated guidelines issued by DGP dated 9-9-1993, it has been specifically directed that promotions made for showing bravery and exemplary courage by police officials in dealing with terrorist activities will be in addition to the Police Rules; that the writ ought not to have been admitted by the High Court due to the inordinate delay on the part of the respondents in approaching the High Court; that as per the dictum in P.S Sadasivaswamy v. State of T.N (1975) 1 SCC 152, (1975) 2 SCR 356 a person who is aggrieved by the promotion of a junior would have to challenge such promotion order within six months or within a maximum of one year; that, therefore, it is submitted that the decision of the High Court is liable to be reversed.
29. Some other police officials who got “out-of-turn promotion” were ordered to be reverted to the original rank. They filed the other writ petitions before the High Court challenging the respective reversion orders. Dissatisfied by the decision, the petitioners in those cases also preferred to appeal before this Court. The validity of “out-of-turn promotion” given to some officials to higher ranks such as DSP/SP is to be decided in other connected matters. All these cases were clubbed together in the instant appeal.
30. Consequently, the question for consideration is whether out-of-turn promotion based upon “courage on anti-terrorist front or outstanding performance in sports” by the Director General of Police is permissible under the format of the Punjab Police Rules, 1934.
31. The Punjab Police Rules were framed under Section 2 of the Indian Police Act, 1861 (the Police Act). The voluminous Punjab Police Rules cover all aspects of police administration. They have withstood the test of time and have undergone many amendments and modifications. Yet, the basic structure of the Rules has not changed. It is worthwhile to mention that the Punjab Police Rules are still in force in six States in India and even in some Provinces in Pakistan. First of all it has to be clarified that the pay and other conditions of service of police has to be decided by the State Government under Section 2 of the Police Act. (See generally Constitution Bench decision of this Court in Ram Sharan v. DIG of Police, Ajmer AIR 1964 SC 1559 and also State of Rajasthan v. Ram Saran AIR 1964 SC 1361.) The right to be considered for promotion and procedure to be followed for effecting promotion is a condition of service. Promotions could be made only under Section 2 of the Police Act and no other procedure could be adopted for effecting promotion. Since the Punjab Police Rules are framed under Section 2 of the Police Act, the promotions could be made only by following the procedure established under the relevant Rules. No promotions could be made by any procedure outside the scope of Section 2 of the Police Act. Therefore, the exercise is to see whether the impugned promotions are made following the Punjab Police Rules, which are framed under Section 2 of the Police Act.
32. Admittedly, even in the memorandum issued by the DGP wherein the impugned ad hoc promotions were detailed, it was clarified that the same were not based on the provisions of the Punjab Police Rules. In the instant case since the impugned promotions are not made under the Punjab Police Rules, as a result, those promotions are ultra vires Section 2 of the Police Act. Here, the powers exercised by the DGP could only be traced from Section 12 of the Police Act. Powers under Section 12 extend to administrative or organisational matters and the authority for promotion is not vested with the DGP. As per the scheme of the Police Act only the State Government is empowered to determine promotional aspects. Therefore, the impugned promotion made by the DGP cannot be treated as regular promotion under Chapter 13 of the Punjab Police Rules. The ad hoc promotion carried out in the instant case is only ornamental in nature.
33. Though the regular promotion could not be made by the DGP, he can definitely forge some methods under Section 12 of the Police Act so as to encourage efficient officers who did yeomen service on anti-terrorist front or who earned laurels for the Department. The impugned ad hoc promotions could be treated as one such method to improve the efficiency of the police force by according special status to meritorious officers. Similarly, under the Punjab Police Rules, Rule 13.2-A, a subordinate (enrolled) police officer could be given next higher rank as local rank, in the interest of better functioning of the force. Such granting of a next higher rank is only an exercise of Section 12 powers of the Police Act by the IG/DGP so as to improve the efficiency of the force or for administrative convenience. At the same time, it cannot be treated as regular promotion under Chapter 13 of the Punjab Police Rules.
34. Anyhow, in accordance with the earlier-mentioned circular/guidelines issued by the Director General of Police in the States of Haryana and Punjab, some officials were given out-of-turn promotion on ad hoc basis. On 6-12-2000 while hearing these matters this Court made the following order:
“After having heard the counsel for the parties for some time, it was suggested that it would be appropriate for the Government to explore the feasibility of regularising its action in having promoted out of turn some of the petitioners before us for their exemplary action in showing brave and courageous acts on anti-terrorist front.”
35. Pursuant to this order, after due deliberations the State proposed the “Own Rank and Pay” policy (ORP). The relevant portion of the affidavit submitted on behalf of the State before this Court wherein the ORP policy is explained as hereunder:
“… After examining the pros and cons of the matter, it has now been decided that Constables promoted within the prescribed quota of 10% under PPR 13.8, may be granted regular promotion as per decision of the Hon'ble Punjab and Haryana High Court in Lachhman Singh v. State of Haryana CWP No. 14844 of 1997 (P&H). Those Head Constables who have been promoted on ad hoc basis and are in excess of 10% quota prescribed under Rule 13.8 of PPR and ASIs, SIs and Inspectors who have been granted ad hoc/out-of-turn promotion shall continue to wear badges of their present rank against their substantive rank and pay. This will be known as promotion in their ‘own rank and pay’. A person who has been promoted in his own rank and pay for all intents and purposes shall be treated as an official in his substantive rank and will not consume or exhaust any substantive post of higher ranks in the regular channel of promotion…. However, in order to avoid financial hardship in respect of the officials falling in category (a) above, the pay of such officials will be fixed in the substantive rank and the difference of the existing pay as on 1-12-1999 and their substantive pay will be adjusted as their personal pay. … They would get their regular promotions as HCs, ASIs, SIs and Inspectors as per their turn and seniority subject to passing promotional courses on their own….”
This Court had occasion to look into the validity of promotion to a police officer in accordance with Rule 13.8(2) in Rishal Singh v. State of Haryana JT (1994) 2 SC 157. Here it was held that a promotion within the 10% quota as provided in Rule 13.8(2) could only be treated as a regular one and not as an ad hoc/temporary promotion. It is also held that the language in which the appointment order is couched is irrelevant and such a promotion could never be an ad hoc/temporary one. This view was again followed in Jagbir Singh v. State of Haryana (1996) 11 SCC 752, JT (1996) 4 SC 332. In the special circumstances of this case, though the impugned promotions are not promotions under the Rules, the State came up with a proposal of the ORP Scheme so as to deal with the out-of-turn/ad hoc promotees. Therefore, we are of the opinion that those officials who are promoted within the 10% limit of Rule 13.8(2) could be given regular promotion and those who are beyond the 10% limit of Rule 13.8(2) could be given ORP promotion which is designed to encourage and reward the good work of meritorious officers without excessively burdening the exchequer.
36. Before parting with the case it has to be clarified that “out-of-turn” or ad hoc promotion is to encourage the subordinate police officers and shall be given only to “enrolled police officers” as under Rule 1.13 of the Punjab Police Rules i.e up to the rank of Inspectors. As per Rule 13.3(1) the power to make promotions among gazetted officers and from non-gazetted to gazetted rank vests in the local Government with the concurrence of the Governor. Therefore, the “gazetted police officers” i.e Deputy Superintendents and above cannot come under the ORP Scheme which is essentially an exercise of powers under Section 12 of the Police Act. In order to avoid similar controversies in the future, it will be appropriate for the State Government to formulate appropriate rules/policies so as to streamline the promotion for appreciation.
37. The appeals shall stand disposed of accordingly.
SLP (C) No. 16829 of 1998 (arising from judgment dated 3-12-1997 passed by the Punjab and Haryana High Court in CWP No. 8460 of 1997)
State of Haryana v. Dayal Chand
38. The respondent served in the Indian Army between 1970 and 1975. On 30-9-1976 he was recruited as a Constable (Dog Handler) in the Dogs Squad. After 18 years he was promoted as Head Constable (Dog Handler). Authorities served a reversion order on him saying that he was promoted “outof turn”. The High Court noted that the Department ignored no person senior to him while this respondent was promoted, and quashed the reversion. The State has filed the present appeal by special leave.
39. There is no provision in the relevant Rules for promotion of Constable (Dog Handler) to the post of Head Constable. In view of the fact that the respondent had put in long service, the Department felt that he should be promoted to the post of Head Constable even in the absence of rules enabling the same. In the normal course when he could not have been promoted to a post which did not exist, the proper course for the Government would have been to create a post of Head Constable (Dog Handler), if necessary, with retrospective effect from the date he was promoted either by amending the relevant Rules or in exercise of its executive power under Article 162 of the Constitution. Unless such exercise is taken, he could not be appointed to the post of Head Constable (Dog Handler). Hence the High Court ought to have upheld the order of reversion.
40. Now that he has been in the promoted cadre since the year 1994 and the High Court has quashed the order of reversion of the appellant, we do not think we should disturb that state of affairs but direct the Government to regularise the appointment made as indicated by us in the course of this order.
41. The appeal is disposed of accordingly.