Manipur act 047 of 2023 : The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Draft stage of the translated version)

Date: 1 Jul 2024

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THE BHARATIYASAKSHYA ADHINIYAM, 2023

NO. 47 OF 2023

[25th December, 2023.] An Act to consolidate and to provide for general rules and principles of evidence for fair trial.

BE it enacted by Parliament in the Seventy-fourth Year of the Republic of India as follows:—

PART I

CHAPTERI

PRELIMINARY

1. (1) This Act may be called the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023.

(2) It applies to all judicial proceedings in or before any Court, including Courts-martial, but not to affidavits presented to anyCourt or officer, nor to proceedings before an arbitrator. Short title,

application and

commencement.

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EXTRAORDINARY

Hkkx II — [k.M 1 PART II — Section 1 izkf/kdkj ls izdkf'kr

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

lañ 55] ubZ fnYyh] lkseokj] fnlEcj 25] 2023@ ikS"k 4] 1945 ¼'kd½ No. 55] NEW DELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2023/PAUSHA 4, 1945 (SAKA) bl Hkkx esa fHkUu i`"B la[;k nh tkrh gS ftlls fd ;g vyx ladyu ds :i esa j[kk tk ldsA Separate paging is given to this Part in order that it may be filed as a separate compilation. xxxGIDHxxx

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jftLVªh lañ Mhñ ,yñ—(,u)04@0007@2003—23

REGISTERED^NO.DL—(N)04/0007/2003—23

MINISTRY OF LAW AND JUSTICE

(Legislative Department)

New Delhi, the 25th December, 2023/Pausha 4, 1945 (Saka) The following Act of Parliament received the assent of the President on the 25th December, 2023 and is hereby published for general information:— सी.जी.-डी.एल.-अ.-25122023-250882

CG-DL-E-25122023-250882

ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯔ ꯃ. ꯗꯤ. ꯑꯦꯜ. — (ꯑꯦꯟ) 04/0007/2003 REGISTERED NO. DL— (N)04/0007/2003

ꯁꯤ.ꯖꯤ.-ꯗꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ.-ꯑꯤ.-25122023-250882 CG-DL-E-25122023-250882

ꯑꯦꯛꯁ� ꯇ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

EXTRAORDINARY

ꯄꯥꯔꯠ II —ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 1 PART II — Section 1 ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ

PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY

ꯃ. 55]

No. 55]

ꯅ� �ꯌ� ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯧꯀꯥꯕ, ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ 4,1945 (ꯁꯀꯥ) NEW DELHI, MONDAY, DECEMBER 25, 2023/PAUSHA 4, 1945 (SAKA) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯀꯝꯄꯥꯏꯂꯦꯁꯟꯑꯃꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯔꯨꯛꯑꯁꯤꯗꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕꯄꯦꯖꯤꯡꯄꯤ ꯫ Separate paging is given to this Part in order that it may be filed as a separate compilation. ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯃꯟꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯂꯩ

(ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�)

ꯅ� �ꯌ� ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ, ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023/ꯄꯧꯁꯥ 4,1945 (ꯁꯀꯥ) ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25ꯗ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯄꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯐꯣꯡꯏ: -

ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌꯥ ꯁꯛꯁ� ꯭ꯌ� ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ, 2023

ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ 47

[ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ 25,2023]

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯇ꯭ ꯑꯃ ꯫

ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯅ ꯔꯤꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ 74 ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ: - ꯁꯔꯨꯛ 1

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ I

ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯂꯤꯃꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯱. (꯱) ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯁꯛꯁ� ꯌ꯭� ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ, 2023 ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ (꯲) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�-ꯃꯥꯔꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯐꯤꯗꯦꯕꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ,

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯫.

(3) It shall come into force on such date as the Central Governmentmay, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint.

2. (1) In this Adhiniyam, unless the context otherwise requires,—

(a) "Court" includes all Judges and Magistrates, and all persons, except arbitrators, legally authorised to take evidence;

(b) "conclusive proof" means when one fact is declared by this Adhiniyam to be conclusive proof of another, the Court shall, on proof of the one fact, regard the other as proved, and shall not allow evidence to be given for the purpose of disproving it;

(c) "disproved" in relation to a fact, means when, after considering the matters before it, the Court either believes that it does not exist, or considers its non-existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it does not exist;

(d) "document" means any matter expressed or described or otherwise recorded upon any substance by means of letters, figures or marks or any other means or by more than one of those means, intended to be used, or which may be used, for the purpose of recording that matter and includes electronic and digital records. Illustrations.

(i)Awriting is a document.

(ii) Words printed, lithographed or photographed are documents.

(iii) Amap or plan is a document.

(iv) An inscription on a metal plate or stone is a document.

(v) Acaricature is a document. (vi)An electronic record on emails, server logs, documents on computers, laptop or smartphone, messages, websites, locational evidence and voice mail messages stored on digital devices are documents;

(e) "evidence" means and includes—

(i) all statements including statements given electronically which the Court permits or requires to be made before it by witnesses in relation to matters of fact under inquiry and such statements are called oral evidence;

(ii) all documents including electronic or digital records produced for the inspection of the Court and such documents are called documentary evidence;

(f) "fact" means and includes—

(i) any thing, state of things, or relation of things, capable of being perceived by the senses;

(ii) any mental condition of which any person is conscious. Illustrations.

(i) That there are certain objects arranged in a certain order in a certain place, is a fact.

(ii) That a person heard or saw something, is a fact.

(iii) That a person said certain words, is a fact. Definitions.

2 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

2 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ

ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ

(꯳) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯗ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯈꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯫

꯲. (꯱) ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, -

(a) "ꯀꯣꯔꯠ" ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯕꯤꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫

(b) "ꯀꯟꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯋꯦꯜ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯞ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯞꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯞꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯞ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(c) ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ "ꯌꯥꯗꯕ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) "ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯥꯔꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

(i) ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯅꯝꯂꯕ, ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯃꯦꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯙꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(v) ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(vi) ꯏꯃꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃ, ꯁꯔꯚꯔ ꯂꯣꯒꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯄꯇꯣꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯥꯐꯣꯔ� ꯟ꯭�, ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ, ꯋꯦꯕꯁꯥꯏꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯚꯣꯏꯁ ꯃꯦꯜ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) "ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ -

(i) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ;

(ii) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

(f) "ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ -

(i) ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯕꯛꯨꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ;

(ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

(i) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯦꯡꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯈꯔ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) That a person holds a certain opinion, has a certain intention, acts in good faith, or fraudulently, or uses a particular word in a particular sense, or is or was at a specified time conscious of a particular sensation, is a fact;

(g) "facts in issue" means and includes any fact from which, either by itself or in connection with other facts, the existence, non-existence, nature or extent of any right, liability or disability, asserted or denied in any suit or proceeding, necessarily follows.

Explanation.—Whenever, under the provisions of the law for the time being in force relating to civil procedure, any Court records an issue of fact, the fact to be asserted or denied in the answer to such issue is a fact in issue. Illustrations.

A is accused of the murder of B. At his trial, the following facts may be in issue:—

(i) That A caused B's death.

(ii) That A intended to cause B's death.

(iii) That A had received grave and sudden provocation from B.

(iv) ThatA, at the time of doing the act which caused B's death, was, by reason of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing its nature;

(h) "may presume".—Whenever it is provided by thisAdhiniyam that the Court may presume a fact, it may either regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved or may call for proof of it;

(i) "not proved".—A fact is said to be not proved when it is neither proved nor disproved;

(j) "proved".—A fact is said to be proved when, after considering the matters before it, the Court either believes it to exist, or considers its existence so probable that a prudent man ought, under the circumstances of the particular case, to act upon the supposition that it exists;

(k) "relevant".—A fact is said to be relevant to another when it is connected with the other in any of the ways referred to in the provisions of this Adhiniyam relating to the relevancy of facts;

(l) "shall presume".—Whenever it is directed by this Adhiniyam that the Court shall presume a fact, it shall regard such fact as proved, unless and until it is disproved.

(2)Words and expressions used herein and not defined but defined in the Information Technology Act, 2000, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 shall have the same meanings as assigned to them in the saidAct and Sanhitas.

PART II

CHAPTER II

R ELEVANCY^OFFACTS

3. Evidence may be given in any suit or proceeding of the existence or non-existence of every fact in issue and of such other facts as are hereinafter declared to be relevant, and of no others.

Explanation.—This section shall not enable any person to give evidence of a fact which he is disentitled to prove by any provision of the law for the time being in force relating to civil procedure.

Evidence may

be given of

facts in issue

and relevant

facts.

21 of 2000.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 3_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

2000 ꯒꯤ 21 ꯫

(iv) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯂꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(g) "ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯍꯛ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯕ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛ-ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ पाउखमुꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ: -

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤꯅ B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

(ii) Aꯅ B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯈꯤ ꯫

(iii) Aꯅ Bꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯫

(iv) A ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, B ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(h) "ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫"-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯫

(i) "ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) "ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯗꯛꯨꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

(k) "ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ" ꯫-ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ ꯫

(l) "ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ" ꯫-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2000, ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅꯒꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯇꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯔꯊꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ II

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ II

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ

꯳. ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯖꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ

ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

Illustrations.

(a) A is tried for the murder of B by beating him with a club with the intention of causing his death.

At A's trial the following facts are in issue:—

A's beating B with the club;

A's causing B's death by such beating;

A's intention to cause B's death.

(b) A suitor does not bring with him, and have in readiness for production at the first hearing of the case, a bond on which he relies. This section does not enable him to produce the bond or prove its contents at a subsequent stage of the proceedings, otherwise than in accordance with the conditions prescribed by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908. Closely connected facts

4. Facts which, though not in issue, are so connected with a fact in issue or a relevant fact as to form part of the same transaction, are relevant, whether they occurred at the same time and place or at different times and places.

Illustrations.

(a) A is accused of the murder of B by beating him.Whatever was said or done byA or B or the bystanders at the beating, or so shortly before or after it as to form part of the transaction, is a relevant fact.

(b) A is accused of waging war against the Government of India by taking part in an armed insurrection in which property is destroyed, troops are attacked and jails are broken open. The occurrence of these facts is relevant, as forming part of the general transaction, though Amay not have been present at all of them.

(c)A sues B for a libel contained in a letter forming part of a correspondence. Letters between the parties relating to the subject out of which the libel arose, and forming part of the correspondence in which it is contained, are relevant facts, though they do not contain the libel itself.

(d) The question is, whether certain goods ordered from B were delivered to A. The goods were delivered to several intermediate persons successively. Each delivery is a relevant fact.

5. Facts which are the occasion, cause or effect, immediate or otherwise, of relevant facts, or facts in issue, or which constitute the state of things under which they happened, or which afforded an opportunity for their occurrence or transaction, are relevant. Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A robbed B. The facts that, shortly before the robbery, B went to a fair with money in his possession, and that he showed it, or mentioned the fact that he had it, to third persons, are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether A murdered B. Marks on the ground, produced by a struggle at or near the place where the murder was committed, are relevant facts.

(c) The question is, whetherApoisoned B. The state of B's health before the symptoms ascribed to poison, and habits of B, known to A, which afforded an opportunity for the administration of poison, are relevant facts.

6. (1)Any fact is relevant which shows or constitutes a motive or preparation for any fact in issue or relevant fact.

Relevancy of

facts forming

part of same

transaction.

Facts which are

occasion, cause

or effect of

facts in issue or

relevant facts.

Motive,

preparation

and previous

or subsequent

conduct.

5 of 1908.

4 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

4 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ

ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ

ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯫

ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯃꯔꯝ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯑꯅꯤꯡꯕ,

ꯁꯦꯝ-ꯁꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ

꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯤꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯣꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯂꯤ: -

Aꯅ ꯆꯩꯇꯨꯞꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯐꯔꯨꯤ;

Aꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯐꯗꯨꯅꯨ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤ ꯫

Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯣꯗ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔ, 1908ꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯴. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯌꯩꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ A ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ B ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯩꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯌꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗ,ꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯔ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯜꯍꯧ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯗꯅꯨ ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯩꯁꯨꯝꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯒꯥꯨꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ A ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯀꯣꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛAꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯦꯁꯄꯣꯟꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯇꯨꯗꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Bꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ A ꯗ ꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯌꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯄꯨꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯵. ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯩ, ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏꯀꯨꯏ ꯀꯨꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, Bꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ ꯃꯦꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯦꯏ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯗꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯛꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫

(c) ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯕ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝ ꯁꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(2) The conduct of any party, or of any agent to any party, to any suit or proceeding, in reference to such suit or proceeding, or in reference to any fact in issue therein or relevant thereto, and the conduct of any person, an offence against whom is the subject of any proceeding, is relevant, if such conduct influences or is influenced by any fact in issue or relevant fact, and whether it was previous or subsequent thereto.

Explanation 1.—The word "conduct" in this section does not include statements, unless those statements accompany and explain acts other than statements; but this explanation is not to affect the relevancy of statements under any other section of this Adhiniyam.

Explanation 2.—When the conduct of any person is relevant, any statement made to him or in his presence and hearing, which affects such conduct, is relevant. Illustrations.

(a) Ais tried for the murder of B. The facts thatAmurdered C, that B knew thatAhad murderedC, and that B had tried to extortmoney fromAby threatening tomake his knowledge public, are relevant.

(b) A sues B upon a bond for the payment of money. B denies the making of the bond. The fact that, at the time when the bond was alleged to be made, B required money for a particular purpose, is relevant.

(c) A is tried for the murder of B by poison. The fact that, before the death of B, A procured poison similar to that which was administered to B, is relevant.

(d) The question is, whether a certain document is the will of A. The facts that, not long before, the date of the alleged will,Amade inquiry into matters to which the provisions of the alleged will relate; that he consulted advocates in reference to making the will, and that he caused drafts of other wills to be prepared, of which he did not approve, are relevant.

(e) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, either before, or at the time of, or after the alleged crime, A provided evidence which would tend to give to the facts of the case an appearance favourable to himself, or that he destroyed or concealed evidence, or prevented the presence or procured the absence of persons who might have been witnesses, or suborned persons to give false evidence respecting it, are relevant.

(f) The question is, whetherA robbed B. The facts that, after B was robbed, C said in A's presence—"the police are coming to look for the person who robbed B", and that immediately afterwardsA ran away, are relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A owes B ten thousand rupees. The facts that A asked C to lend him money, and that D said to C inA's presence and hearing—"I advise you not to trust A, for he owes B ten thousand rupees", and that A went away without making any answer, are relevant facts.

(h) The question is, whether A committed a crime. The fact that A absconded, after receiving a letter, warningA that inquiry was being made for the criminal, and the contents of the letter, are relevant.

(i) A is accused of a crime. The facts that, after the commission of the alleged crime, A absconded, or was in possession of property or the proceeds of property acquired by the crime, or attempted to conceal things which were or might have been used in committing it, are relevant.

(j) The question is, whetherAwas raped. The fact that, shortly after the alleged rape, A made a complaint relating to the crime, the circumstances under which, and the terms in which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that, without making a complaint, A said that A had been raped is not relevant as conduct under this section, though it may be relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as corroborative evidence under section 160.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 5_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

(꯲) ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ "ꯀꯟꯗꯛꯠ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯟꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲- ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯒꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯗꯤ Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ Bꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯪꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ Aꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Bꯅ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯦ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ A. ꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ A. ꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ; ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯁꯥꯅꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Aꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯣꯠꯇꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Cꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ "ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ Aꯅ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(g) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯕꯤ ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯗꯤ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯅ Cꯗ A ꯈꯪꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ-"ꯑꯩꯅ ꯅꯉꯣꯟꯗ Aꯕꯨ ꯊꯖꯥꯗꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ B ꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ," ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯕꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯫ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, A ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯣꯠꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(j) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ Aꯁꯤ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯑꯊꯕꯨꯗ, Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯗꯅ, Aꯅ Aꯕꯨ ꯏꯖꯠ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯕꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯚ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫

(k) The question is, whether A was robbed. The fact that, soon after the alleged robbery,Amade a complaint relating to the offence, the circumstances under which, and the terms in which, the complaint was made, are relevant. The fact that A said he had been robbed, without making any complaint, is not relevant, as conduct under this section, though it may be relevant as a dying declaration under clause (a) of section 26, or as corroborative evidence under section 160.

7. Facts necessary to explain or introduce a fact in issue or relevant fact, or which support or rebut an inference suggested by a fact in issue or a relevant fact, or which establish the identity of anything, or person whose identity, is relevant, or fix the time or place at which any fact in issue or relevant fact happened, or which show the relation of parties by whom any such fact was transacted, are relevant in so far as they are necessary for that purpose.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether a given document is the will of A. The state of A's property and of his family at the date of the alleged will may be relevant facts.

(b) A sues B for a libel imputing disgraceful conduct to A; B affirms that the matter alleged to be libellous is true. The position and relations of the parties at the time when the libel was publishedmay be relevant facts as introductory to the facts in issue. The particulars of a dispute betweenAand B about a matter unconnected with the alleged libel are irrelevant, though the fact that there was a dispute may be relevant if it affected the relations between A and B.

(c) A is accused of a crime. The fact that, soon after the commission of the crime, A absconded from his house, is relevant under section 6, as conduct subsequent to and affected by facts in issue. The fact that, at the time when he left home, A had sudden and urgent business at the place to which he went, is relevant, as tending to explain the fact that he left home suddenly. The details of the business on which he left are not relevant, except in so far as they are necessary to show that the business was sudden and urgent.

(d) A sues B for inducing C to break a contract of service made by him withA. C, on leaving A's service, says to A—"I am leaving you because B has made me a better offer".

This statement is a relevant fact as explanatory of C's conduct, which is relevant as a fact in issue.

(e) A, accused of theft, is seen to give the stolen property to B, who is seen to give it toA's wife. B says as he delivers it—"A says you are to hide this". B's statement is relevant as explanatory of a fact which is part of the transaction.

(f)Ais tried for a riot and is proved to have marched at the head of a mob. The cries of the mob are relevant as explanatory of the nature of the transaction.

8. Where there is reasonable ground to believe that two or more persons have conspired together to commit an offence or an actionable wrong, anything said, done or written by any one of such persons in reference to their common intention, after the time when such intention was first entertained by any one of them, is a relevant fact as against each of the persons believed to be so conspiring, as well for the purpose of proving the existence of the conspiracy as for the purpose of showing that any such person was a party to it.

Illustration.

Reasonable ground exists for believing thatAhas joined in a conspiracy to wage war against the State.

The facts that B procured arms in Europe for the purpose of the conspiracy, C collected money in Kolkata for a like object, D persuaded persons to join the conspiracy in Mumbai, E published writings advocating the object in view atAgra, and F transmitted fromDelhi to Facts

necessary to

explain or

introduce fact

in issue or

relevant facts.

Things said or

done by

conspirator in

reference to

common

design.

6 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

6 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ

ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯛ

ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯀꯃꯟ

ꯗꯤꯖꯏꯥꯟꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯔꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ

ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ, Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ, ꯀꯝꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯏꯡ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯟꯐꯣꯔꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

꯷. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯂꯟꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Aꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ; Bꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯛ ꯊꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯠꯁꯤꯜꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯁꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯅꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯛꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯕꯦꯜꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 6ꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯕꯥꯔꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ Aꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯒꯥꯨꯏꯕꯤ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Cꯅ, Aꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯔꯚꯤꯁꯇꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯍꯥꯏ - "ꯑꯩꯅ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ Bꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯐꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤꯅꯤ"꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) ꯍꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ Aꯅ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏ-"Aꯅ ꯅꯪ ꯂꯣꯠꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏ" ꯫ Bꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(f) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯈꯣꯡꯆꯠ ꯆꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯥꯎꯈꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯁꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯍꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯌꯨꯔꯣꯞꯇ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ, Cꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈꯤ, Dꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ, Eꯅ ꯑꯥꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡꯗ ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯨꯕꯨ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ Cꯅ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Hꯅ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Fꯅ ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤꯗꯒꯤ Gꯗ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕꯅꯤ,

G at Singapore the money which C had collected at Kolkata, and the contents of a letter written by H giving an account of the conspiracy, are each relevant, both to prove the existence of the conspiracy, and to prove A's complicity in it, although he may have been ignorant of all of them, and although the persons by whom they were done were strangers to him, and although they may have taken place before he joined the conspiracy or after he left it.

9. Facts not otherwise relevant are relevant—

(1) if they are inconsistent with any fact in issue or relevant fact;

(2) if by themselves or in connection with other facts they make the existence or non-existence of any fact in issue or relevant fact highly probable or improbable. Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A committed a crime at Chennai on a certain day. The fact that, on that day, A was at Ladakh is relevant. The fact that, near the time when the crime was committed, A was at a distance from the place where it was committed, which would render it highly improbable, though not impossible, that he committed it, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whetherA committed a crime. The circumstances are such that the crime must have been committed either by A, B, C or D. Every fact which shows that the crime could have been committed by no one else, and that it was not committed by either B, C or D, is relevant.

10. In suits in which damages are claimed, any fact which will enable the Court to determine the amount of damages which ought to be awarded, is relevant.

11. Where the question is as to the existence of any right or custom, the following facts are relevant—

(a) any transaction by which the right or custom in question was created, claimed, modified, recognised, asserted or denied, or which was inconsistent with its existence;

(b) particular instances in which the right or custom was claimed, recognised or exercised, or in which its exercise was disputed, asserted or departed from. Illustration.

The question is, whether A has a right to a fishery. A deed conferring the fishery on A's ancestors, a mortgage of the fishery byA's father, a subsequent grant of the fishery by A's father, irreconcilable with themortgage, particular instances in whichA's father exercised the right, or in which the exercise of the right was stopped by A's neighbours, are relevant facts.

12. Facts showing the existence of any state of mind, such as intention, knowledge, good faith, negligence, rashness, ill-will or goodwill towards any particular person, or showing the existence of any state of body or bodily feeling, are relevant, when the existence of any such state of mind or body or bodily feeling is in issue or relevant. Explanation 1.—A fact relevant as showing the existence of a relevant state of mind must show that the state of mind exists, not generally, but in reference to the particular matter in question.

Explanation 2.—But where, upon the trial of a person accused of an offence, the previous commission by the accused of an offence is relevant within the meaning of this section, the previous conviction of such person shall also be a relevant fact. When facts

not otherwise

relevant

become

relevant.

Facts tending

to enable Court

to determine

amount are

relevant in suits

for damages.

Facts relevant

when right or

custom is in

question.

Facts showing

existence of

state of mind,

or of body or

bodily feeling.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 7_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯇꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ - (꯱) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ; (꯲) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯗꯥꯈꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ A, B, C ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ D ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯅ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰. ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯱꯱. ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ -

(a) ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ, ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ, ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ, ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(b) ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ, ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯗ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ, Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ,Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯉꯥ ꯐꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯣꯔ� ꯒ꯭�ꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯁꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ Aꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲. ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ, ꯈꯡꯕ, ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ, ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱ - ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ - ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯁꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ

ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ

ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ

ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ,

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ

ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

Illustrations. (a)Ais accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. It is proved that he was in possession of a particular stolen article. The fact that, at the same time, he was in possession of many other stolen articles is relevant, as tending to show that he knew each and all of the articles of which he was in possession to be stolen.

(b) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to another person a counterfeit currency which, at the time when he delivered it, he knew to be counterfeit. The fact that, at the time of its delivery, A was possessed of a number of other pieces of counterfeit currency is relevant. The fact that A had been previously convicted of delivering to another person as genuine a counterfeit currency knowing it to be counterfeit is relevant. (c)A sues B for damage done by a dog of B's, which B knew to be ferocious. The fact that the dog had previously bitten X, Y and Z, and that they had made complaints to B, are relevant.

(d) The question is, whetherA, the acceptor of a bill of exchange, knew that the name of the payee was fictitious. The fact that A had accepted other bills drawn in the same manner before they could have been transmitted to him by the payee if the payee had been a real person, is relevant, as showing that A knew that the payee was a fictitious person.

(e) A is accused of defaming B by publishing an imputation intended to harm the reputation of B. The fact of previous publications byA respecting B, showing ill-will on the part of A towards B is relevant, as proving A's intention to harm B's reputation by the particular publication in question. The facts that there was no previous quarrel betweenA and B, and thatA repeated the matter complained of as he heard it, are relevant, as showing that A did not intend to harm the reputation of B.

(f) A is sued by B for fraudulently representing to B that C was solvent, whereby B, being induced to trust C, who was insolvent, suffered loss. The fact that, at the time when A represented C to be solvent, C was supposed to be solvent by his neighbours and by persons dealing with him, is relevant, as showing that A made the representation in good faith.

(g)A is sued by B for the price of work done by B, upon a house of whichA is owner, by the order of C, a contractor. A's defence is that B's contract was with C. The fact that A paid C for the work in question is relevant, as proving thatAdid, in good faith, make over to C the management of the work in question, so that C was in a position to contract with B on C's own account, and not as agent for A.

(h) A is accused of the dishonest misappropriation of property which he had found, and the question is whether, when he appropriated it, he believed in good faith that the real owner could not be found. The fact that public notice of the loss of the property had been given in the place whereAwas, is relevant, as showing that A did not in good faith believe that the real owner of the property could not be found. The fact that A knew, or had reason to believe, that the notice was given fraudulently by C, who had heard of the loss of the property and wished to set up a false claim to it, is relevant, as showing that the fact that A knew of the notice did not disprove A's good faith.

(i)A is charged with shooting at B with intent to kill him. In order to showA's intent, the fact of A's having previously shot at B may be proved.

(j) A is charged with sending threatening letters to B. Threatening letters previously sent by A to B may be proved, as showing the intention of the letters.

(k) The question is, whether A has been guilty of cruelty towards B, his wife. Expressions of their feeling towards each other shortly before or after the alleged cruelty are relevant facts.

(l) The question is, whether A's death was caused by poison. Statements made by A during his illness as to his symptoms are relevant facts.

8 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

8 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯔꯥꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯀꯌꯥꯁꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯣꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯍꯨꯍ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯇꯂꯃꯤ,ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯕꯤ ꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯡꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯍꯨꯍ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯥꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯀꯁ,ꯋꯥꯍ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯖꯦꯇ ꯆꯤꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇꯥ ꯊꯡꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯕꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯅꯨ Bꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ B◌ꯤꯕꯨ ꯏꯀꯥꯏ ꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯇꯥꯕꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫

(f) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯗ ꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ,ꯍꯅꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯣꯍꯕ ꯁꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯔꯨꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯕꯤ ꯃꯥꯡꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫Aꯅꯥ Cꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯊꯪꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅꯤ꯫

(g) ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ Aꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯅ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯝꯃꯤ꯫ B ꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Aꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯆꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ꯫ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯟ ꯂꯥꯡꯅꯕ Aꯅ Cꯗ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ Cꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯟꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ,ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ꯫

(h) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, Aꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯈꯪꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤꯕ Cꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ Aꯅ ꯈꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(i) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ Bꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ, Aꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ Bꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) A ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯗ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯕꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ B ꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯈꯥꯤꯕ ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯕꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯗ ꯑꯣꯠ-ꯅꯩꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯠ-ꯃꯤꯅꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯒ-ꯑꯃꯒꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(l) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(m) The question is, what was the state ofA's health at the time when an assurance on his life was effected. Statements made byAas to the state of his health at or near the time in question are relevant facts.

(n) A sues B for negligence in providing him with a car for hire not reasonably fit for use, wherebyAwas injured. The fact that B's attention was drawn on other occasions to the defect of that particular car is relevant. The fact that B was habitually negligent about the cars which he let to hire is irrelevant.

(o)A is tried for the murder of B by intentionally shooting him dead.The fact thatAon other occasions shot at B is relevant as showing his intention to shoot B. The fact that A was in the habit of shooting at people with intent to murder them is irrelevant.

(p) A is tried for a crime. The fact that he said something indicating an intention to commit that particular crime is relevant. The fact that he said something indicating a general disposition to commit crimes of that class is irrelevant.

13. When there is a question whether an act was accidental or intentional, or done with a particular knowledge or intention, the fact that such act formed part of a series of similar occurrences, in each of which the person doing the act was concerned, is relevant. Illustrations.

(a) A is accused of burning down his house in order to obtain money for which it is insured. The facts that A lived in several houses successively each of which he insured, in each of which a fire occurred, and after each of which fires A received payment from a different insurance company, are relevant, as tending to show that the fires were not accidental.

(b)Ais employed to receivemoney from the debtors of B. It isA's duty tomake entries in a book showing the amounts received by him. He makes an entry showing that on a particular occasion he received less than he really did receive. The question is, whether this false entry was accidental or intentional. The facts that other entries made byA in the same book are false, and that the false entry is in each case in favour of A, are relevant.

(c) A is accused of fraudulently delivering to B a counterfeit currency. The question is, whether the delivery of the currency was accidental. The facts that, soon before or soon after the delivery to B, A delivered counterfeit currency to C, D and E are relevant, as showing that the delivery to B was not accidental.

14. When there is a question whether a particular act was done, the existence of any course of business, according to which it naturally would have been done, is a relevant fact. Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether a particular letter was dispatched. The facts that it was the ordinary course of business for all letters put in a certain place to be carried to the post, and that particular letter was put in that place are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether a particular letter reachedA. The facts that it was posted in due course, and was not returned through the Return Letter Office, are relevant. Admissions

15. An admission is a statement, oral or documentary or contained in electronic form, which suggests any inference as to any fact in issue or relevant fact, and which is made by any of the persons, and under the circumstances, hereinafter mentioned.

16. (1) Statements made by a party to the proceeding, or by an agent to any such party, whom the Court regards, under the circumstances of the case, as expressly or impliedly authorised by him to make them, are admissions.

Facts bearing

on question

whether act

was accidental

or intentional.

Existence of

course of

business when

relevant.

Admission

defined.

Admission by

party to

proceeding or

his agent.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 9_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

(m) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ A. ꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯅꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ A ꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(n) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯒꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯒꯥꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(o) ꯊꯑꯥꯣꯍꯅꯥBꯕꯨ ꯀꯥꯄꯇꯨꯅ ꯍꯥꯇꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯀ A ꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯇꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯀꯥꯞꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯩꯅꯕꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(p) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳. ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯈꯥꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ,ꯌꯨꯃ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ,ꯌꯨꯃ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯩ ꯊꯛꯥꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯔꯦꯟꯁ ꯀꯝꯄꯅꯤ ꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯗꯣꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ A ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯅ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ A ꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯦ ꯒꯤ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯄꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯔꯒ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, Aꯅ C, D ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Eꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯴. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯍꯂ� ꯁ꯭� ꯇ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯄꯣꯁ� ꯠ꯭ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯁꯨꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ A. ꯗ ꯌꯧꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯣꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯇꯔꯟ ꯂꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ

꯱꯵. ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤ ꯫

꯱꯶. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ

ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯇꯧꯒꯦꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ

ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯐꯝ

ꯂꯩꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ

ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯕꯇꯤꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯟ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ

ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯫

(2) Statements made by—

(i) parties to suits suing or sued in a representative character, are not admissions, unless they were made while the party making them held that character; or

(ii) (a) persons who have any proprietary or pecuniary interest in the subject matter of the proceeding, and whomake the statement in their character of persons so interested; or

(b) persons from whom the parties to the suit have derived their interest in the subject matter of the suit,

are admissions, if they are made during the continuance of the interest of the persons making the statements.

17. Statements made by persons whose position or liability, it is necessary to prove as against any party to the suit, are admissions, if such statements would be relevant as against such persons in relation to such position or liability in a suit brought by or against them, and if they are made whilst the person making them occupies such position or is subject to such liability.

Illustration.

Aundertakes to collect rents for B. B suesA for not collecting rent due from C to B.A denies that rent was due from C to B.A statement by C that he owed B rent is an admission, and is a relevant fact as against A, if A denies that C did owe rent to B.

18. Statements made by persons to whom a party to the suit has expressly referred for information in reference to a matter in dispute are admissions. Illustration.

The question is, whether a horse sold by A to B is sound. A says to B—"Go and ask C, C knows all about it". C's statement is an admission.

19. Admissions are relevant and may be proved as against the person who makes them, or his representative in interest; but they cannot be proved by or on behalf of the person who makes them or by his representative in interest, except in the following cases, namely:—

(1) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it is of such a nature that, if the person making it were dead, it would be relevant as between third persons under section 26;

(2) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, when it consists of a statement of the existence of any state of mind or body, relevant or in issue, made at or about the time when such state of mind or body existed, and is accompanied by conduct rendering its falsehood improbable;

(3) an admission may be proved by or on behalf of the person making it, if it is relevant otherwise than as an admission.

Illustrations.

(a) The question between A and B is, whether a certain deed is or is not forged. A affirms that it is genuine, B that it is forged.Amay prove a statement by B that the deed is genuine, and B may prove a statement by A that deed is forged; but A cannot prove a statement by himself that the deed is genuine, nor can B prove a statement by himself that the deed is forged.

(b) A, the captain of a ship, is tried for casting her away. Evidence is given to show that the ship was taken out of her proper course. A produces a book kept by him in the ordinary course of his business showing observations alleged to have been taken by him Admissions by

persons whose

position must

be proved as

against party

to suit.

Admissions by

persons

expressly

referred to by

party to suit.

Proof of

admissions

against persons

making them,

and by or on

their behalf.

10 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

10 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ

ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ

ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯁ� �ꯌ�ꯠ

ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ

ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ

ꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯟꯕ ꯫

ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ,

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ

ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ

ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ

ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯗꯦ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(ii) (a) ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯗꯛꯨꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(b) ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯷. ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ C ꯗꯒꯤ B. Aꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ� ꯇ꯭� ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ Cꯅ ꯔꯦꯅ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ Cꯗꯒꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ� ꯇ꯭� ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ� ꯇ꯭� ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯅ� ꯇ꯭� ꯂꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯸. ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯁꯥꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯆꯠꯂꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Cꯗ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯌꯨ, Cꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯈꯪꯏ" ꯫ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯹. ꯟꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: - (꯱) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(꯲) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯏꯕꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯍꯁ� ꯇ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯏ, Bꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ Bꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ Aꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯨ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯕꯖꯔꯕꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ,

from day to day, and indicating that the ship was not taken out of her proper course. Amay prove these statements, because they would be admissible between third parties, if he were dead, under clause (b) of section 26.

(c)A is accused of a crime committed by him at Kolkata. He produces a letter written by himself and dated at Chennai on that day, and bearing the Chennai post-mark of that day. The statement in the date of the letter is admissible, because, if A were dead, it would be admissible under clause (b) of section 26.

(d) A is accused of receiving stolen goods knowing them to be stolen. He offers to prove that he refused to sell them below their value.Amay prove these statements, though they are admissions, because they are explanatory of conduct influenced by facts in issue.

(e) A is accused of fraudulently having in his possession counterfeit currency which he knew to be counterfeit. He offers to prove that he asked a skilful person to examine the currency as he doubted whether it was counterfeit or not, and that person did examine it and told him it was genuine. Amay prove these facts.

20. Oral admissions as to the contents of a document are not relevant, unless and until the party proposing to prove them shows that he is entitled to give secondary evidence of the contents of such document under the rules hereinafter contained, or unless the genuineness of a document produced is in question.

21. In civil cases no admission is relevant, if it is made either upon an express condition that evidence of it is not to be given, or under circumstances fromwhich the Court can infer that the parties agreed together that evidence of it should not be given. Explanation.—Nothing in this section shall be taken to exempt any advocate from giving evidence of any matter of which he may be compelled to give evidence under sub-sections (1) and (2) of section 132.

22. A confession made by an accused person is irrelevant in a criminal proceeding, if the making of the confession appears to the Court to have been caused by any inducement, threat, coercion or promise having reference to the charge against the accused person, proceeding from a person in authority and sufficient, in the opinion of the Court, to give the accused person grounds which would appear to him reasonable for supposing that by making it he would gain any advantage or avoid any evil of a temporal nature in reference to the proceedings against him:

Provided that if the confession is made after the impression caused by any such inducement, threat, coercion or promise has, in the opinion of the Court, been fully removed, it is relevant:

Provided further that if such a confession is otherwise relevant, it does not become irrelevant merely because it was made under a promise of secrecy, or in consequence of a deception practised on the accused person for the purpose of obtaining it, or when he was drunk, or because it was made in answer to questions which he need not have answered, whatever may have been the form of those questions, or because he was not warned that he was not bound to make such confession, and that evidence of it might be given against him.

23. (1) No confession made to a police officer shall be proved as against a person accused of any offence.

(2) No confession made by any person while he is in the custody of a police officer, unless it is made in the immediate presence of a Magistrate shall be proved against him:

When oral

admissions as

to contents of

documents are

relevant.

Admissions in

civil cases

when relevant.

Confession

caused by

inducement,

threat,

coercion or

promise, when

irrelevant in

criminal

proceeding.

Confession to

police officer.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 11_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

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(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏ ꯄꯣꯁ� ꯠ꯭�-ꯃꯥꯔꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ A ꯁꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (b) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯂꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯊꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

(e) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯊꯨꯡꯥꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯰. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯫

꯲꯱. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ - ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 132ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (1) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ (2) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯲꯲. ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯍꯟꯕ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯨ ꯊꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯑꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯑꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯲꯳. (꯱) ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ (꯲) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯗꯣꯛꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯫

ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭�ꯇ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ

ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ,

ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ

ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ

ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ

ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯗ

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯫

Provided that when any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence, in the custody of a police officer, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact discovered, may be proved.

24. When more persons than one are being tried jointly for the same offence, and a confession made by one of such persons affecting himself and some other of such persons is proved, the Court may take into consideration such confession as against such other person as well as against the person who makes such confession. Explanation I.—"Offence", as used in this section, includes the abetment of, or attempt to commit, the offence.

Explanation II.—A trial of more persons than one held in the absence of the accused who has absconded or who fails to comply with a proclamation issued under section 84 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 shall be deemed to be a joint trial for the purpose of this section.

Illustrations.

(a) A and B are jointly tried for the murder of C. It is proved that A said—"B and I murdered C". The Court may consider the effect of this confession as against B. (b)A is on his trial for the murder of C. There is evidence to show that C wasmurdered by A and B, and that B said—"A and I murdered C". This statement may not be taken into consideration by the Court against A, as B is not being jointly tried.

25. Admissions are not conclusive proof of the matters admitted but theymay operate as estoppels under the provisions hereinafter contained.

Statements by persons who cannot be called as witnesses

26. Statements, written or verbal, of relevant facts made by a person who is dead, or who cannot be found, or who has become incapable of giving evidence, or whose attendance cannot be procured without an amount of delay or expense which under the circumstances of the case appears to the Court unreasonable, are themselves relevant facts in the following cases, namely:—

(a) when the statement is made by a person as to the cause of his death, or as to any of the circumstances of the transaction which resulted in his death, in cases in which the cause of that person's death comes into question. Such statements are relevant whether the person who made them was or was not, at the time when they were made, under expectation of death, and whatever may be the nature of the proceeding in which the cause of his death comes into question;

(b) when the statement was made by such person in the ordinary course of business, and in particular when it consists of any entry or memorandummade by him in books kept in the ordinary course of business, or in the discharge of professional duty; or of an acknowledgement written or signed by him of the receipt of money, goods, securities or property of any kind; or of a document used in commerce written or signed by him; or of the date of a letter or other document usually dated, written or signed by him;

(c) when the statement is against the pecuniary or proprietary interest of the person making it, or when, if true, it would expose him or would have exposed him to a criminal prosecution or to a suit for damages;

(d) when the statement gives the opinion of any such person, as to the existence of any public right or custom or matter of public or general interest, of the existence of which, if it existed, he would have been likely to be aware, and when such statement was made before any controversy as to such right, custom or matter had arisen; Consideration

of proved

confession

affecting

person making

it and others

jointly under

trial for same

offence.

Admissions

not conclusive

proof, but

may estop.

Cases in which

statement of

relevant fact

by person who

is dead or

cannot be

found, etc., is

relevant.

12 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

(e) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption between persons as to whose relationship by blood, marriage or adoption the person making the statement had special means of knowledge, and when the statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;

(f) when the statement relates to the existence of any relationship by blood, marriage or adoption between persons deceased, and is made in any will or deed relating to the affairs of the family to which any such deceased person belonged, or in any family pedigree, or upon any tombstone, family portrait or other thing on which such statements are usually made, and when such statement was made before the question in dispute was raised;

(g) when the statement is contained in any deed, will or other document which relates to any such transaction as is specified in clause (a) of section 11;

(h) when the statement was made by a number of persons, and expressed feelings or impressions on their part relevant to the matter in question. Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whetherAwas murdered by B; orA dies of injuries received in a transaction in the course of which she was raped. The question is whether she was raped by B; or the question is, whether A was killed by B under such circumstances that a suit would lie against B byA's widow. Statements made byAas to the cause of his or her death, referring respectively to the murder, the rape and the actionable wrong under consideration, are relevant facts.

(b) The question is as to the date of A's birth. An entry in the diary of a deceased surgeon regularly kept in the course of business, stating that, on a given day he attended A's mother and delivered her of a son, is a relevant fact.

(c) The question is, whetherAwas in Nagpur on a given day.A statement in the diary of a deceased solicitor, regularly kept in the course of business, that on a given day the solicitor attendedAat a place mentioned, in Nagpur, for the purpose of conferring with him upon specified business, is a relevant fact.

(d) The question is, whether a ship sailed from Mumbai harbour on a given day. A letter written by a deceasedmember of a merchant's firm bywhich she was chartered to their correspondents in Chennai, to whom the cargo was consigned, stating that the ship sailed on a given day from Mumbai port, is a relevant fact.

(e) The question is, whether rent was paid to A for certain land. A letter from A's deceased agent to A, saying that he had received the rent on A's account and held it at A's orders is a relevant fact.

(f) The question is, whetherAand Bwere legally married. The statement of a deceased clergyman that he married them under such circumstances that the celebration would be a crime is relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A, a person who cannot be found, wrote a letter on a certain day. The fact that a letter written by him is dated on that day is relevant.

(h) The question is, what was the cause of the wreck of a ship. A protest made by the captain, whose attendance cannot be procured, is a relevant fact.

(i) The question is, whether a given road is a public way.A statement byA, a deceased headman of the village, that the road was public, is a relevant fact.

(j) The question is, what was the price of grain on a certain day in a particular market. A statement of the price, made by a deceased business person in the ordinary course of his business, is a relevant fact.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 13_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

12 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ

ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ

ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ

ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ

ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯟꯁꯟꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯡ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯛꯄ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ,

ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ

ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ

ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯠ-ꯃꯤꯅꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯄꯥꯎꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯴. ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯈꯔꯕꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯁꯨꯨ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ I.-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ "ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭�" ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ II-ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅꯥꯒꯔꯤꯛ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯁꯥ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯴ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ-"B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯅ ꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ" ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ C ꯑꯁꯤ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ-"A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩꯅ Cꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤ" ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯗꯦ ꯫

꯲꯵. ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯲꯶. ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯗꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯗ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯜ, ꯄꯣꯠ, ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯇꯥꯡ, ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ;

(c) ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯄꯍꯨꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ;

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯛ, ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(g) when the statement is contained in any deed, will or other document which relates to any such transaction as is specified in clause (a) of section 11;

(h) when the statement was made by a number of persons, and expressed feelings or impressions on their part relevant to the matter in question. Illustrations.

(f) The question is, whetherAand Bwere legally married. The statement of a deceased clergyman that he married them under such circumstances that the celebration would be a crime is relevant.

(g) The question is, whether A, a person who cannot be found, wrote a letter on a certain day. The fact that a letter written by him is dated on that day is relevant.

(h) The question is, what was the cause of the wreck of a ship. A protest made by the captain, whose attendance cannot be procured, is a relevant fact.

(i) The question is, whether a given road is a public way.A statement byA, a deceased headman of the village, that the road was public, is a relevant fact.

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

(e) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯍꯦꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯣꯛꯈꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ-ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯡ, ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(g) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ, ꯋꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯅ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ Aꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ Bꯅ ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ Aꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ, ꯔꯦꯄ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯁꯔꯖꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯤꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯒ ꯎꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯁꯣꯂꯤꯁꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯤꯗ, ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯣꯜꯁꯤꯇꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯟꯅꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯅꯥꯒꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯦꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯗꯅꯨ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯥꯏꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯦꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯔ� ꯝ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯝꯨꯕꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯊꯐꯥꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯠꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯦ ꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ A ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯇ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ A ꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(f) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(g) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(h) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯞꯇꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(i) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(j) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯩ-ꯃꯔꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(k) The question is, whetherA, who is dead, was the father of B.A statement byA that B was his son, is a relevant fact.

(l) The question is, what was the date of the birth of A. A letter from A's deceased father to a friend, announcing the birth of A on a given day, is a relevant fact.

(m) The question is, whether, and when, A and B were married. An entry in a memorandum book by C, the deceased father of B, of his daughter's marriage withA on a given date, is a relevant fact.

(n) A sues B for a libel expressed in a painted caricature exposed in a shop window. The question is as to the similarity of the caricature and its libellous character. The remarks of a crowd of spectators on these points may be proved.

27. Evidence given by a witness in a judicial proceeding, or before any person authorised by law to take it, is relevant for the purpose of proving, in a subsequent judicial proceeding, or in a later stage of the same judicial proceeding, the truth of the facts which it states, when the witness is dead or cannot be found, or is incapable of giving evidence, or is kept out of the way by the adverse party, or if his presence cannot be obtained without an amount of delay or expense which, under the circumstances of the case, the Court considers unreasonable:

Provided that the proceeding was between the same parties or their representatives in interest; that the adverse party in the first proceeding had the right and opportunity to cross-examine and the questions in issue were substantially the same in the first as in the second proceeding.

Explanation.—Acriminal trial or inquiry shall be deemed to be a proceeding between the prosecutor and the accused within the meaning of this section. Statements made under special circumstances

28. Entries in the books of account, including those maintained in an electronic form, regularly kept in the course of business are relevant whenever they refer to a matter into which the Court has to inquire, but such statements shall not alone be sufficient evidence to charge any person with liability.

Illustration.

A sues B for one thousand rupees, and shows entries in his account books showing B to be indebted to him to this amount. The entries are relevant, but are not sufficient, without other evidence, to prove the debt.

29. An entry in any public or other official book, register or record or an electronic record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact, and made by a public servant in the discharge of his official duty, or by any other person in performance of a duty specially enjoined by the law of the country in which such book, register or record or an electronic record, is kept, is itself a relevant fact.

30. Statements of facts in issue or relevant facts, made in published maps or charts generally offered for public sale, or in maps or plans made under the authority of the Central Government or any State Government, as to matters usually represented or stated in such maps, charts or plans, are themselves relevant facts.

31. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any fact of a public nature, any statement of it, made in a recital contained in any Central Act or StateAct or in a Central Government or State Government notification appearing in the respective Official Gazette or in any printed paper or in electronic or digital form purporting to be such Gazette, is a relevant fact.

Relevancy of

certain

evidence for

proving, in

subsequent

proceeding,

truth of facts

therein stated.

Entries in

books of

account when

relevant.

Relevancy of

entry in public

record or an

electronic

record made in

performance

of duty.

Relevancy of

statements in

maps, charts

and plans.

Relevancy of

statement as

to fact of

public nature

contained in

certain Acts or

notifications.

14 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

14 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ

ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ,

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ

ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ

ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯄꯕ� ꯭ꯂ�ꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯗ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯤ

ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ� ꯑꯃꯗ

ꯆꯪꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯦꯔ� ꯭ꯠ�ꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯫

(k) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(l) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(m) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯄꯥ Cꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯅꯗꯝ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ Aꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(n) Aꯅ ꯗꯀꯥꯨꯟꯒꯤ ꯎꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯦꯛꯄ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯤꯀꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯈꯝꯨꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯲꯷. ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡꯀꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯪꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯞꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ; ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯟꯀ� ꯋ꯭�ꯦꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯲꯸. ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤ,ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯅ ꯇꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯎꯟ ꯒꯤ ꯍꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ,ꯍꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅꯗꯤ ꯇꯣꯟꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯥꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯗꯦ,

꯲꯹. ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯂꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ, ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯰. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯁꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

32. When the Court has to form an opinion as to a law of any country, any statement of such law contained in a book purporting to be printed or published including in electronic or digital form under the authority of the Government of such country and to contain any such law, and any report of a ruling of the Courts of such country contained in a book including in electronic or digital form purporting to be a report of such rulings, is relevant. How much of a statement is to be proved

33. When any statement of which evidence is given forms part of a longer statement, or of a conversation or part of an isolated document, or is contained in a document which forms part of a book, or is contained in part of electronic record or of a connected series of letters or papers, evidence shall be given of so much and no more of the statement, conversation, document, electronic record, book or series of letters or papers as the Court considers necessary in that particular case to the full understanding of the nature and effect of the statement, and of the circumstances under which it was made. Judgments of Courts when relevant

34. The existence of any judgment, order or decree which by law prevents any Court from taking cognizance of a suit or holding a trial, is a relevant fact when the question is whether such Court ought to take cognizance of such suit or to hold such trial.

35. (1) A final judgment, order or decree of a competent Court or Tribunal, in the exercise of probate, matrimonial, admiralty or insolvency jurisdiction, which confers upon or takes away from any person any legal character, or which declares any person to be entitled to any such character, or to be entitled to any specific thing, not as against any specified person but absolutely, is relevant when the existence of any such legal character, or the title of any such person to any such thing, is relevant.

(2) Such judgment, order or decree is conclusive proof that—

(i) any legal character, which it confers accrued at the time when such judgment, order or decree came into operation;

(ii) any legal character, to which it declares any such person to be entitled, accrued to that person at the time when such judgment, order or decree declares it to have accrued to that person;

(iii) any legal character which it takes away from any such person ceased at the time fromwhich such judgment, order or decree declared that it had ceased or should cease; and

(iv) anything to which it declares any person to be so entitled was the property of that person at the time from which such judgment, order or decree declares that it had been or should be his property.

36. Judgments, orders or decrees other than thosementioned in section 35 are relevant if they relate to matters of a public nature relevant to the enquiry; but such judgments, orders or decrees are not conclusive proof of that which they state. Illustration.

A sues B for trespass on his land. B alleges the existence of a public right of way over the land, which A denies. The existence of a decree in favour of the defendant, in a suit by A against C for a trespass on the same land, in which C alleged the existence of the same right of way, is relevant, but it is not conclusive proof that the right of way exists. Relevancy of

statements as

to any law

contained in

law books

including

electronic or

digital form.

What evidence

to be given

when statement

forms part of a

conversation,

document,

electronic

record, book or

series of letters

or papers.

judgments

relevant to bar

a second suit

or trial.

Relevancy of

certain

judgments in

probate, etc.,

jurisdiction.

Relevancy and

effect of

judgments,

orders or

decrees, other

than those

mentioned in

section 35.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 15_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯳꯲. ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯌꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯒꯦ

꯳꯳. ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯥꯡꯂꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ, ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ

꯳꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯳꯵. (꯱) ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯦꯠ, ꯃꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯣꯅꯤꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯔꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯟꯁꯣꯜꯚꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕ� �ꯌ�ꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ (꯲) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(i) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(ii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ;

(iii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯈꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iv) ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯟꯊꯝꯨꯅꯤ꯫

꯳꯶. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯵ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ Aꯅ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯗꯤꯐꯦꯟꯗꯦꯟꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ Cꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ

ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ

ꯋꯥꯔꯤ-ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ,

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ�, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ

ꯄꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ

ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ

ꯑꯃ ꯊꯤꯡꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯦꯠꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ,

ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯁꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯗ

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯵ꯗ

ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯩ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯫

37. Judgments or orders or decrees, other than those mentioned in sections 34, 35 and 36, are irrelevant, unless the existence of such judgment, order or decree is a fact in issue, or is relevant under some other provision of this Adhiniyam. Illustrations.

(a) A and B separately sue C for a libel which reflects upon each of them. C in each case says that the matter alleged to be libellous is true, and the circumstances are such that it is probably true in each case, or in neither.Aobtains a decree against C for damages on the ground that C failed to make out his justification. The fact is irrelevant as between B and C.

(b) A prosecutes B for stealing a cow from him. B is convicted. A afterwards sues C for the cow, which B had sold to him before his conviction. As between A and C, the judgment against B is irrelevant.

(c) A has obtained a decree for the possession of land against B. C, B's son, murders A in consequence. The existence of the judgment is relevant, as showingmotive for a crime.

(d) A is charged with theft and with having been previously convicted of theft. The previous conviction is relevant as a fact in issue.

(e) Ais tried for the murder of B. The fact that B prosecutedA for libel and thatAwas convicted and sentenced is relevant under section 6 as showing the motive for the fact in issue.

38. Any party to a suit or other proceeding may show that any judgment, order or decree which is relevant under section 34, 35 or 36, and which has been proved by the adverse party, was delivered by a Court not competent to deliver it, or was obtained by fraud or collusion.

Opinions of third persons when relevant

39. (1) When the Court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law or of science or art, or any other field, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions, the opinions upon that point of persons specially skilled in such foreign law, science or art, or any other field, or in questions as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions are relevant facts and such persons are called experts.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether the death of A was caused by poison. The opinions of experts as to the symptoms produced by the poison by which A is supposed to have died, are relevant.

(b) The question is, whether A, at the time of doing a certain act, was, by reason of unsoundness of mind, incapable of knowing the nature of the act, or that he was doing what was either wrong or contrary to law. The opinions of experts upon the question whether the symptoms exhibited by A commonly show unsoundness of mind, and whether such unsoundness of mind usually renders persons incapable of knowing the nature of the acts which they do, or of knowing that what they do is either wrong or contrary to law, are relevant.

(c) The question is, whether a certain document was written byA.Another document is produced which is proved or admitted to have been written byA. The opinions of experts Judgments,

etc., other

than those

mentioned in

sections 34, 35

and 36 when

relevant.

Fraud or

collusion in

obtaining

judgment, or

incompetency

of Court, may

be proved.

Opinions of

experts.

16 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

16 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴, ꯳꯵

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯳꯶ꯇ

ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇꯕ,

ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯐꯪꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯊꯛꯥ

ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯌꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ,

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯈꯪ-ꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

꯳꯷. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴, ꯳꯵ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯳꯶ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯊꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Cꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯁꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ Cꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯃꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯗ ꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ B, Cꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯝ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ A ꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ ꯫

(d) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶ꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯳꯸. ꯁ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳꯴,꯳꯵ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯳꯶ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ, ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯟꯁꯤꯟꯅꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯁꯨꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ

꯳꯹. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯥꯏꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯖꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ, ꯁꯥꯏꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯂꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯣꯏꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯖꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯦꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ , ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

on the question whether the two documents were written by the same person or by different persons, are relevant.

(2) When in a proceeding, the court has to form an opinion on any matter relating to any information transmitted or stored in any computer resource or any other electronic or digital form, the opinion of the Examiner of Electronic Evidence referred to in section 79A of the Information TechnologyAct, 2000, is a relevant fact.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this sub-section, an Examiner of Electronic Evidence shall be an expert.

40. Facts, not otherwise relevant, are relevant if they support or are inconsistent with the opinions of experts, when such opinions are relevant. Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether Awas poisoned by a certain poison. The fact that other persons, who were poisoned by that poison, exhibited certain symptoms which experts affirm or deny to be the symptoms of that poison, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whether an obstruction to a harbour is caused by a certain sea-wall. The fact that other harbours similarly situated in other respects, but where there were no such sea-walls, began to be obstructed at about the same time, is relevant.

41. (1)When the Court has to form an opinion as to the person bywhom any document was written or signed, the opinion of any person acquainted with the handwriting of the person by whom it is supposed to be written or signed that it was or was not written or signed by that person, is a relevant fact.

Explanation.—A person is said to be acquainted with the handwriting of another person when he has seen that person write, or when he has received documents purporting to be written by that person in answer to documents written by himself or under his authority and addressed to that person, or when, in the ordinary course of business, documents purporting to be written by that person have been habitually submitted to him. Illustration.

The question is, whether a given letter is in the handwriting of A, a merchant in Itanagar. B is a merchant in Bengaluru, who has written letters addressed toAand received letters purporting to be written by him. C, is B's clerk whose duty it was to examine and file B's correspondence. D is B's broker, to whom B habitually submitted the letters purporting to be written by A for the purpose of advising him thereon. The opinions of B, C and D on the question whether the letter is in the handwriting of A are relevant, though neither B, C nor D ever sawAwrite.

(2) When the Court has to form an opinion as to the electronic signature of any person, the opinion of the Certifying Authority which has issued the Electronic Signature Certificate is a relevant fact.

42. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the existence of any general custom or right, the opinions, as to the existence of such custom or right, of persons who would be likely to know of its existence if it existed, are relevant.

Explanation.—The expression "general custom or right" includes customs or rights common to any considerable class of persons.

Illustration.

The right of the villagers of a particular village to use the water of a particular well is a general right within the meaning of this section.

43. When the Court has to form an opinion as to—

(i) the usages and tenets of any body of men or family; Facts bearing

upon opinions

of experts.

Opinion as to

handwriting

and signature,

when relevant.

Opinion as to

existence of

general custom

or right, when

relevant.

Opinion as to

usages, tenets,

etc., when

relevant.

21 of 2000.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 17_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯲꯱ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯲꯰꯰꯰ ꯫ (꯲) ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯏꯟꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 2000ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯹Aꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯏꯅꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯖꯟ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯰. ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯖꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯨ ꯄꯤꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯎꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯐꯛꯂꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯍꯥꯔꯕꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯍꯤꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯐꯛꯂꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯱. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫ - ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯎꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯇ ꯍꯩꯅ-ꯍꯩꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯇꯥꯅꯒꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ Aꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯕꯦꯡꯒꯂꯨꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯗ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯪꯂꯦ ꯫ C ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯔꯛꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯧꯗꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ D ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯀꯔꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Bꯅ Aꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯨꯝꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯔꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ D ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ A ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯎꯗꯦ ꯫ (꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯌꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯲. ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-"ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯅꯥꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯡꯨꯒꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯒꯨꯍꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯳. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ -

(i) ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ; ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ

ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ

ꯂꯩ ꯫

(ii) the constitution and governance of any religious or charitable foundation; or

(iii) the meaning of words or terms used in particular districts or by particular classes of people,

the opinions of persons having special means of knowledge thereon, are relevant facts.

44. When the Court has to form an opinion as to the relationship of one person to another, the opinion, expressed by conduct, as to the existence of such relationship, of any person who, as a member of the family or otherwise, has special means of knowledge on the subject, is a relevant fact:

Provided that such opinion shall not be sufficient to prove a marriage in proceedings under the Divorce Act, 1869, or in prosecution under sections 82 and 84 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

Illustrations.

(a) The question is, whether A and B were married. The fact that they were usually received and treated by their friends as husband and wife, is relevant.

(b) The question is, whetherAwas the legitimate son of B. The fact thatAwas always treated as such by members of the family, is relevant.

45. Whenever the opinion of any living person is relevant, the grounds on which such opinion is based are also relevant.

Illustration.

An expert may give an account of experiments performed by him for the purpose of forming his opinion.

Character when relevant

46. In civil cases the fact that the character of any person concerned is such as to render probable or improbable any conduct imputed to him, is irrelevant, except in so far as such character appears from facts otherwise relevant.

47. In criminal proceedings the fact that the person accused is of a good character, is relevant.

48. In a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66, section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70, section 71, section 74, section 75, section 76, section 77 or section 78 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is in issue, evidence of the character of the victim or of such person's previous sexual experience with any person shall not be relevant on the issue of such consent or the quality of consent.

49. In criminal proceedings, the fact that the accused has a bad character, is irrelevant, unless evidence has been given that he has a good character, in which case it becomes relevant.

Explanation 1.—This section does not apply to cases in which the bad character of any person is itself a fact in issue.

Explanation 2.—A previous conviction is relevant as evidence of bad character. Opinion on

relationship,

when relevant.

Grounds of

opinion, when

relevant.

In civil cases

character to

prove conduct

imputed,

irrelevant.

In criminal

cases previous

good character

relevant.

Evidence of

character or

previous sexual

experience not

relevant in

certain cases.

Previous bad

character not

relevant,

except in reply.

4 of 1869.

18 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

18 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ

ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯊꯧꯋꯣꯡ ꯎꯠꯅꯅꯕ ꯅꯩꯅꯕ

ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯦ꯫

ꯀ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ

ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ

ꯑꯐꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ

ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯈꯤꯕ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ

ꯈꯔꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯁꯇ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ,

ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ

ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

(ii) ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯟꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯤꯇ� �ꯌ�ꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(iii) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯤꯂꯥꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯫

꯴꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯒ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯚꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯸꯶꯹ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯲ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯸꯴ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ B ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯩ -ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯏꯃꯡꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯵. ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯁꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ

꯴꯶. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯴꯷. ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

꯴꯸. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯷, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯹, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯰, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯱, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯷ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯸ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯕꯗ, ꯅꯥꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯴꯹. ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.-ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯐꯠꯇꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯆꯦꯟꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲-ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯠ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯝꯆꯠ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯴ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯱꯸꯶꯹ ꯫

50. In civil cases, the fact that the character of any person is such as to affect the amount of damages which he ought to receive, is relevant.

Explanation.—In this section and sections 46, 47 and 49, the word "character"

includes both reputation and disposition; but, except as provided in section 49, evidence may be given only of general reputation and general disposition, and not of particular acts by which reputation or disposition has been shown.

PART III

ON PROOF

CHAPTER III

FACTS WHICH NEED NOT BE PROVED

51. No fact of which the Court will take judicial notice need be proved.

52. (1) The Court shall take judicial notice of the following facts, namely:—

(a) all laws in force in the territory of India including laws having extra-territorial operation;

(b) international treaty, agreement or convention with country or countries by India, or decisions made by India at international associations or other bodies;

(d) the seals of all Courts and Tribunals;

(e) the seals of Courts ofAdmiralty andMaritime Jurisdiction, Notaries Public, and all seals which any person is authorised to use by the Constitution, or by an Act of Parliament or State Legislatures, or Regulations having the force of law in India;

(f) the accession to office, names, titles, functions, and signatures of the persons filling for the time being any public office in any State, if the fact of their appointment to such office is notified in any Official Gazette;

(g) the existence, title and national flag of every country or sovereign recognised by the Government of India;

(h) the divisions of time, the geographical divisions of the world, and public festivals, fasts and holidays notified in the Official Gazette;

(i) the territory of India;

(j) the commencement, continuance and termination of hostilities between the Government of India and any other country or body of persons;

(k) the names of the members and officers of the Court and of their deputies and subordinate officers and assistants, and also of all officers acting in execution of its process, and of advocates and other persons authorised by law to appear or act before it;

(l) the rule of the road on land or at sea.

(2) In the cases referred to in sub-section (1) and also on all matters of public history, literature, science or art, the Court may resort for its aid to appropriate books or documents of reference and if the Court is called upon by any person to take judicial notice of any fact, it may refuse to do so unless and until such person produces any such book or document as it may consider necessary to enable it to do so.

Character as

affecting

damages.

Fact judicially

noticeable

need not be

proved.

Facts of which

Court shall

take judicial

notice.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 19_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯵꯰. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯥꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 46,47 ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 49ꯗ, "ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯋꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 49ꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯈꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ III

ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ III

ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯵꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯵꯲. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯠꯌꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯦꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�-ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯈꯩꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ;

(b) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯅ ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ;

(d) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕ� �ꯌ�ꯅꯦꯜ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ;

(e) ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯔꯜꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯦꯔꯤꯇꯥꯏꯝ ꯖꯨꯔꯤꯁꯗꯤꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯀꯟꯁꯇꯤꯇ� �ꯌ�ꯁꯟꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯠ꯭ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯡꯒꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯔꯦꯒꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ;

(f) ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ, ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯧꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯕꯗꯤ;

(g) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯛꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ, ꯃꯤꯡꯊꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯇꯥꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗ;ꯨ

(h) ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯏꯥꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯥꯂꯦꯝꯒꯤ ꯖꯤꯑꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯨꯝꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ, ꯆꯔꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ;

(i) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯈꯩ;

(j) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯄ, ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯕ;

(k) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯇꯨꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ;

(l) ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯃꯗꯨ� ꯔ꯭� ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯫ (꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯄꯋꯥꯨꯔꯤ, ꯁꯥꯍꯤꯇ� ꯌ꯭�, ꯁꯥꯏꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯤꯐꯔꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ-ꯇꯥꯛꯍꯟꯕꯗ

ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯭ꯌ�ꯦꯜ

ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

53. No fact needs to be proved in any proceeding which the parties thereto or their agents agree to admit at the hearing, or which, before the hearing, they agree to admit by any writing under their hands, or which by any rule of pleading in force at the time they are deemed to have admitted by their pleadings:

Provided that the Court may, in its discretion, require the facts admitted to be proved otherwise than by such admissions.

CHAPTER IV

OF ORAL EVIDENCE

54. All facts, except the contents of documents may be proved by oral evidence.

55. Oral evidence shall, in all cases whatever, be direct; if it refers to,—

(i) a fact which could be seen, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he saw it;

(ii) a fact which could be heard, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he heard it;

(iii) a fact which could be perceived by any other sense or in any other manner, it must be the evidence of a witness who says he perceived it by that sense or in that manner;

(iv) an opinion or to the grounds on which that opinion is held, it must be the evidence of the person who holds that opinion on those grounds:

Provided that the opinions of experts expressed in any treatise commonly offered for sale, and the grounds on which such opinions are held, may be proved by the production of such treatises if the author is dead or cannot be found, or has become incapable of giving evidence, or cannot be called as a witness without an amount of delay or expense which the Court regards as unreasonable:

Provided further that, if oral evidence refers to the existence or condition of any material thing other than a document, the Court may, if it thinks fit, require the production of such material thing for its inspection.

CHAPTERV

O^FDOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

56. The contents of documents may be proved either by primary or by secondary evidence.

57. Primary evidence means the document itself produced for the inspection of the Court.

Explanation 1.—Where a document is executed in several parts, each part is primary evidence of the document.

Explanation 2.—Where a document is executed in counterpart, each counterpart being executed by one or some of the parties only, each counterpart is primary evidence as against the parties executing it.

Explanation 3.—Where a number of documents are all made by one uniform process, as in the case of printing, lithography or photography, each is primary evidence of the contents of the rest; but, where they are all copies of a common original, they are not primary evidence of the contents of the original.

Facts admitted

need not be

proved.

Proof of facts

by oral

evidence.

Oral evidence

to be direct.

Proof of

contents of

documents.

Primary

evidence.

20 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

20 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ

ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

꯫

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ

ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯠ�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯆꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

꯵꯳. ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯖꯔꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ IV

ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ

꯵꯴. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯉꯥꯡꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯵꯵. ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, -

(i) ꯎꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯎꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯊꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯥꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯈꯪꯍꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ V

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯵꯶. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯵꯷. ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱-ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ -ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯥ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯇ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯔꯅ ꯈꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯤꯌꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯦꯖꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯳ -ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟꯇꯤꯡ, ꯂꯤꯊꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯨꯝꯅ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

Explanation 4.—Where an electronic or digital record is created or stored, and such storage occurs simultaneously or sequentially in multiple files, each such file is primary evidence.

Explanation 5.—Where an electronic or digital record is produced from proper custody, such electronic and digital record is primary evidence unless it is disputed. Explanation 6.—Where a video recording is simultaneously stored in electronic form and transmitted or broadcast or transferred to another, each of the stored recordings is primary evidence.

Explanation 7.—Where an electronic or digital record is stored in multiple storage spaces in a computer resource, each such automated storage, including temporary files, is primary evidence.

Illustration.

A person is shown to have been in possession of a number of placards, all printed at one time from one original. Any one of the placards is primary evidence of the contents of any other, but no one of them is primary evidence of the contents of the original.

58. Secondary evidence includes—

(i) certified copies given under the provisions hereinafter contained;

(ii) copies made from the original by mechanical processes which in themselves ensure the accuracy of the copy, and copies compared with such copies;

(iii) copies made from or compared with the original;

(iv) counterparts of documents as against the parties who did not execute them;

(v) oral accounts of the contents of a document given by some person who has himself seen it;

(vi) oral admissions;

(vii) written admissions;

(viii) evidence of a person who has examined a document, the original of which consists of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot conveniently be examined in Court, and who is skilled in the examination of such documents. Illustrations.

(a) A photograph of an original is secondary evidence of its contents, though the two have not been compared, if it is proved that the thing photographed was the original.

(b) A copy compared with a copy of a letter made by a copying machine is secondary evidence of the contents of the letter, if it is shown that the copy made by the copying machine was made from the original.

(c) A copy transcribed from a copy, but afterwards compared with the original, is secondary evidence; but the copy not so compared is not secondary evidence of the original, although the copy from which it was transcribed was compared with the original.

(d) Neither an oral account of a copy compared with the original, nor an oral account of a photograph or machine-copy of the original, is secondary evidence of the original.

59. Documents shall be proved by primary evidence except in the cases hereinafter mentioned.

Secondary

evidence.

Proof of

documents by

primary

evidence.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 21_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯴-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯊꯪ-ꯃꯅꯥꯎ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯵-ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯶-ꯚꯤꯗꯤꯑꯣ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯂꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯤꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯆꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯷.—ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕꯥ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭�ꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯐꯥꯏꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯇꯣꯃꯦꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯥꯔꯤ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯅꯤ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯀꯥꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯥꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯀꯥꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯵꯸. ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ -

(i) ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯤꯖꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ

(ii) ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯃꯦꯀꯥꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ;

(iii) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ;

(iv) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇꯔꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯤ; (ꯚꯤ) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯎꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ;

(vi) ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ;

(vii) ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ;

(viii) ꯗꯣꯛꯌꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯇ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯂꯕ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯩ ꯗꯣꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯩꯊꯣꯏ-ꯁꯤꯡꯊꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯁꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯔꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯗꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯁꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯈꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯣꯇꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟ-ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ꯫

꯵꯹. ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ

ꯏꯕꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ (ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ) ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ

ꯏꯕꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ

ꯏꯟꯅ

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐ।

60. Secondary evidence may be given of the existence, condition, or contents of a document in the following cases, namely: —

(a) when the original is shown or appears to be in the possession or power—

(i) of the person against whom the document is sought to be proved; or

(ii) of any person out of reach of, or not subject to, the process of the Court; or

(iii) of any person legally bound to produce it, and when, after the notice mentioned in section 64 such person does not produce it;

(b) when the existence, condition or contents of the original have been proved to be admitted in writing by the person against whom it is proved or by his representative in interest;

(c) when the original has been destroyed or lost, or when the party offering evidence of its contents cannot, for any other reason not arising from his own default or neglect, produce it in reasonable time;

(d) when the original is of such a nature as not to be easily movable;

(e) when the original is a public document within the meaning of section 74;

(f) when the original is a document of which a certified copy is permitted by this Adhiniyam, or by any other law in force in India to be given in evidence;

(g) when the originals consist of numerous accounts or other documents which cannot conveniently be examined in Court, and the fact to be proved is the general result of the whole collection.

Explanation.—For the purposes of—

(i) clauses (a), (c) and (d), any secondary evidence of the contents of the document is admissible;

(ii) clause (b), the written admission is admissible;

(iii) clause (e) or (f), a certified copy of the document, but no other kind of secondary evidence, is admissible;

(iv) clause (g), evidence may be given as to the general result of the documents by any person who has examined them, and who is skilled in the examination of such document.

61. Nothing in thisAdhiniyam shall apply to deny the admissibility of an electronic or digital record in the evidence on the ground that it is an electronic or digital record and such record shall, subject to section 63, have the same legal effect, validity and enforceability as other document.

62. The contents of electronic records may be proved in accordance with the provisions of section 63.

63. (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in this Adhiniyam, any information contained in an electronic record which is printed on paper, stored, recorded or copied in optical or magnetic media or semiconductor memory which is produced by a computer or any communication device or otherwise stored, recorded or copied in any electronic form (hereinafter referred to as the computer output) shall be deemed to be also a document, if the conditions mentioned in this section are satisfied in relation to the information and Cases in which

secondary

evidence

relating to

documents may

be given.

Electronic or

digital record.

Special

provisions as to

evidence

relating to

electronic

record.

Admissibility

of electronic

records.

22 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

22 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ

ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ� ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ�ꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ

ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯕ

ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯫

꯶꯰. ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯒꯨꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯥꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ -

(i) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(ii) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯉꯝꯈꯩꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(iii) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(b) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ, ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯅ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(c) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯥꯏꯍꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯁꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(d) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(e) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯴ꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(g) ꯑꯔꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯖꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯈꯣꯝꯖꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯃꯍꯩꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ -

(i) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a), (c) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ (d), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ;

(ii) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (b) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(iii) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (e) ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ (f), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ, ꯌꯥꯗꯦ;

(iv) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (g), ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯐꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯶꯱. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯗ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯍꯩ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯲. ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯶꯳. (꯱) ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯆꯦꯗ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯒꯅꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯃꯤꯀꯟꯗꯛꯇꯔ ꯃꯦꯃꯦꯔꯤꯗ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ, ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ, ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ (ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯅꯩ) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

computer in question and shall be admissible in any proceedings, without further proof or production of the original, as evidence or any contents of the original or of any fact stated therein of which direct evidence would be admissible.

(2) The conditions referred to in sub-section (1) in respect of a computer output shall be the following, namely:—

(a) the computer output containing the information was produced by the computer or communication device during the period over which the computer or communication device was used regularly to create, store or process information for the purposes of any activity regularly carried on over that period by the person having lawful control over the use of the computer or communication device;

(b) during the said period, information of the kind contained in the electronic record or of the kind from which the information so contained is derived was regularly fed into the computer or communication device in the ordinary course of the said activities;

(c) throughout the material part of the said period, the computer or communication device was operating properly or, if not, then in respect of any period in which it was not operating properly or was out of operation during that part of the period, was not such as to affect the electronic record or the accuracy of its contents; and

(d) the information contained in the electronic record reproduces or is derived from such information fed into the computer or communication device in the ordinary course of the said activities.

(3)Where over any period, the function of creating, storing or processing information for the purposes of any activity regularly carried on over that period as mentioned in clause (a) of sub-section (2) was regularly performed bymeans of one or more computers or communication device, whether—

(a) in standalone mode; or

(b) on a computer system; or

(d) on a computer resource enabling information creation or providing information processing and storage; or

(e) through an intermediary, all the computers or communication devices used for that purpose during that period shall be treated for the purposes of this section as constituting a single computer or communication device; and references in this section to a computer or communication device shall be construed accordingly.

(4) In any proceeding where it is desired to give a statement in evidence by virtue of this section, a certificate doing any of the following things shall be submitted along with the electronic record at each instance where it is being submitted for admission, namely:—

(a) identifying the electronic record containing the statement and describing the manner in which it was produced;

(b) giving such particulars of any device involved in the production of that electronic record as may be appropriate for the purpose of showing that the electronic recordwas produced by a computer or a communication device referred to in clauses (a) to (e) of sub-section (3);

and purporting to be signed by a person in charge of the computer or communication device or the management of the relevant activities (whichever is appropriate) and an expert shall be evidence of any matter stated in the certificate; and for the purposes of this sub-section it shall be sufficient for a matter to be stated to the best of the knowledge and belief of the person stating it in the certificate specified in the Schedule. Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 23_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯅ, ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯔꯦꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

(꯲) ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ: -

(a) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕ, ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(d) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧꯏ ꯫ (꯳) ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯒꯤ, ꯂꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, -

(a) ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯟꯑꯣꯂꯣꯟ ꯃꯣꯗꯇ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(b) ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(d) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯔꯤꯁꯣꯁ ꯑꯃꯗ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(e) ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(4) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ;

(b) ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯳) ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (a) ꯗꯒꯤ (e) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕ;

(c) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ-ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯟꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯤꯟꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ (ꯃꯗꯨ ꯈ� ꯋ꯭�ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ) ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯈ� ꯋ꯭�ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(5) For the purposes of this section,—

(a) information shall be taken to be supplied to a computer or communication device if it is supplied thereto in any appropriate form and whether it is so supplied directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment;

(b) a computer output shall be taken to have been produced by a computer or communication device whether it was produced by it directly or (with or without human intervention) by means of any appropriate equipment or by other electronic means as referred to in clauses (a) to (e) of sub-section (3).

64. Secondary evidence of the contents of the documents referred to in clause (a) of section 60, shall not be given unless the party proposing to give such secondary evidence has previously given to the party in whose possession or power the document is, or to his advocate or representative, such notice to produce it as is prescribed by law; and if no notice is prescribed by law, then such notice as the Court considers reasonable under the circumstances of the case:

Provided that such notice shall not be required in order to render secondary evidence admissible in any of the following cases, or in any other case in which the Court thinks fit to dispense with it:—

(a) when the document to be proved is itself a notice;

(b) when, from the nature of the case, the adverse party must know that he will be required to produce it;

(d) when the adverse party or his agent has the original in Court;

(e) when the adverse party or his agent has admitted the loss of the document;

(f) when the person in possession of the document is out of reach of, or not subject to, the process of the Court.

65. If a document is alleged to be signed or to have been written wholly or in part by any person, the signature or the handwriting of so much of the document as is alleged to be in that person's handwriting must be proved to be in his handwriting.

66. Except in the case of a secure electronic signature, if the electronic signature of any subscriber is alleged to have been affixed to an electronic record, the fact that such electronic signature is the electronic signature of the subscriber must be proved.

67. If a document is required by law to be attested, it shall not be used as evidence until one attesting witness at least has been called for the purpose of proving its execution, if there be an attesting witness alive, and subject to the process of the Court and capable of giving evidence:

Provided that it shall not be necessary to call an attesting witness in proof of the execution of any document, not being a will, which has been registered in accordance with the provisions of the Indian Registration Act, 1908, unless its execution by the person by whom it purports to have been executed is specifically denied.

68. If no such attesting witness can be found, it must be proved that the attestation of one attesting witness at least is in his handwriting, and that the signature of the person executing the document is in the handwriting of that person.

Rules as to

notice to

produce.

Proof of

signature and

handwriting of

person alleged

to have signed

or written

document

produced.

Proof as to

electronic

signature.

Proof of

execution of

document

required by law

to be attested.

Proof where

no attesting

witness found.

16 of 1908.

24 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

24 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ

ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ

꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ

ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ

ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ

ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ

ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ

꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ

ꯄꯟꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ

ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

(꯵) ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, -

(a) ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ (ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ) ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯔꯥ;

(b) ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ (ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ) ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯳) ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯁ (a) ꯗꯒꯤ (e) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯴. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 60ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯁ (ꯑꯦ) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯋꯥꯔꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯇ, ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯦꯞꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ: -

(a) ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯅ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(b) ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ;

(d) ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(e) ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ;

(f) ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯫

꯶꯵. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏꯗ ꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯶. ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯕꯁ� ꯀ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯕꯁ� ꯀ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯟꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯷. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ� ꯇ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯆꯨꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯀꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯤꯡꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯹꯰꯸ꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ, ꯋꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯀꯗꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

꯶꯸. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯌꯥꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯏꯅꯤ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

1908 ꯒꯤ 16 ꯫

69. The admission of a party to an attested document of its execution by himself shall be sufficient proof of its execution as against him, though it be a document required by law to be attested.

70. If the attesting witness denies or does not recollect the execution of the document, its execution may be proved by other evidence.

71. An attested document not required by law to be attested may be proved as if it was unattested.

72. (1) In order to ascertain whether a signature, writing or seal is that of the person by whom it purports to have been written or made, any signature, writing, or seal admitted or proved to the satisfaction of the Court to have been written or made by that person may be compared with the one which is to be proved, although that signature, writing or seal has not been produced or proved for any other purpose.

(2) The Court may direct any person present in Court to write any words or figures for the purpose of enabling the Court to compare the words or figures so written with any words or figures alleged to have been written by such person.

(3) This section applies also, with any necessary modifications, to finger impressions.

73. In order to ascertain whether a digital signature is that of the person by whom it purports to have been affixed, the Court may direct—

(a) that person or the Controller or the Certifying Authority to produce the Digital Signature Certificate;

(b) any other person to apply the public key listed in the Digital Signature Certificate and verify the digital signature purported to have been affixed by that person.

Public documents

74. (1) The following documents are public documents:—

(a) documents forming the acts, or records of the acts—

(i) of the sovereign authority;

(ii) of official bodies and tribunals; and

(iii) of public officers, legislative, judicial and executive of India or of a foreign country;

(b) public records kept in any State or Union territory of private documents.

(2) All other documents except the documents referred to in sub-section (1) are private.

75. Every public officer having the custody of a public document, which any person has a right to inspect, shall give that person on demand a copy of it on payment of the legal fees therefor, together with a certificate written at the foot of such copy that it is a true copy of such document or part thereof, as the case may be, and such certificate shall be dated and subscribed by such officer with his name and his official title, and shall be sealed, whenever such officer is authorised by law to make use of a seal; and such copies so certified shall be called certified copies.

Admission of

execution by

party to

attested

document.

Proof when

attesting

witness denies

execution.

Proof of

document not

required by law

to be attested.

Comparison

of signature,

writing or seal

with others

admitted or

proved.

Proof as to

verification of

digital

signature.

Public and

private

documents.

Certified

copies of

public

documents.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 25_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯶꯹. ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯦꯇꯦꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯎꯁꯤꯟꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯦ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯦ꯫

꯷꯰. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯱. ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯲. (꯱) ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ (꯳) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯉꯝꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯏꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯳) ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ, ꯈꯠꯨꯀꯤ ꯏꯝꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯩ ꯫

꯷꯳. ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ -

(a) ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯂꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ;

(b) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠꯗ ꯂꯤꯁꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯀꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ

꯷꯴. (꯱) ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ;

(ii) ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕ� �ꯌ�ꯅꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iii) ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔꯁꯤꯡ, ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯇꯤꯕ, ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ;

(b) ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯵. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯔꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯒꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯃꯤꯡꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯂꯦꯞꯀꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯕꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯞ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡꯅ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ

ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ

ꯄꯤꯕ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯗ ꯑꯊꯤꯡꯕ

ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ

ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯠ�ꯒꯤ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐ

ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ, ꯏꯕ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯕ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯁꯤꯡꯅ

ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒ

ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ

ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ

ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

Explanation.—Any officer who, by the ordinary course of official duty, is authorised to deliver such copies, shall be deemed to have the custody of such documents within the meaning of this section.

76. Such certified copies may be produced in proof of the contents of the public documents or parts of the public documents of which they purport to be copies.

77. The following public documents may be proved as follows:— (a)Acts, orders or notifications of the Central Government in any of itsMinistries and Departments or of any State Government or any Department of any State Government or Union territoryAdministration—

(i) by the records of the Departments, certified by the head of those Departments respectively; or

(ii) by any document purporting to be printed by order of any such Government;

(b) the proceedings of Parliament or a State Legislature, by the journals of those bodies respectively, or by published Acts or abstracts, or by copies purporting to be printed by order of the Government concerned;

(c) proclamations, orders or Regulations issued by the President of India or the Governor of a State or theAdministrator or Lieutenant Governor of a Union territory, by copies or extracts contained in the Official Gazette;

(d) theActs of the Executive or the proceedings of the Legislature of a foreign country, by journals published by their authority, or commonly received in that country as such, or by a copy certified under the seal of the country or sovereign, or by a recognition thereof in any Central Act;

(e) the proceedings of a municipal or local body in a State, by a copy of such proceedings, certified by the legal keeper thereof, or by a printed book purporting to be published by the authority of such body;

(f) public documents of any other class in a foreign country, by the original or by a copy certified by the legal keeper thereof, with a certificate under the seal of a Notary Public, or of an Indian Consul or diplomatic agent, that the copy is duly certified by the officer having the legal custody of the original, and upon proof of the character of the document according to the law of the foreign country. Presumptions as to documents

78. (1) The Court shall presume to be genuine every document purporting to be a certificate, certified copy or other document, which is by law declared to be admissible as evidence of any particular fact and which purports to be duly certified by any officer of the Central Government or of a State Government:

Provided that such document is substantially in the form and purports to be executed in the manner directed by law in that behalf.

(2) The Court shall also presume that any officer by whom any such document purports to be signed or certified, held, when he signed it, the official character which he claims in such paper.

79.Whenever any document is produced before any Court, purporting to be a record or memorandum of the evidence, or of any part of the evidence, given by a witness in a judicial proceeding or before any officer authorised by law to take such evidence or to be a statement or confession by any prisoner or accused person, taken in accordance with law, Proof of

documents by

production of

certified

copies.

Proof of other

official

documents.

Presumption

as to

genuineness of

certified

copies.

Presumption as

to documents

produced as

record of

evidence, etc.

26 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

26 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ

ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ

ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅ

ꯁꯥꯒꯠꯄ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ� ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯗ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯝꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯊꯡꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯶. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯷꯷. ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ: -

(a) ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯅꯤꯔꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯅꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ -

(i) ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(ii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ;

(b) ꯄꯥꯔꯂꯤꯌꯥꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯆꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯕ� ꯁ꯭� ꯇ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯝꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅ;

(c) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯄꯇꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯌꯟ ꯇꯦꯔꯤꯇꯣꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯃꯤꯅꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯦꯐꯇꯦꯅꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯒꯕꯔꯅꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯤꯌꯝꯁꯤꯡ;

(d) ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯤꯕꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯆꯔꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(e) ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃ� �ꯌ�ꯅꯤꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯅꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ;

(f) ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯤꯄꯔꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯜ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯃꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯗꯤ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ

꯷꯸. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ, ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯅꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯁꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯷꯹. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯦꯟꯗꯝ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯥꯖꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ,

and purporting to be signed by any Judge or Magistrate, or by any such officer as aforesaid, the Court shall presume that—

(i) the document is genuine;

(ii) any statements as to the circumstances under which it was taken, purporting to be made by the person signing it, are true; and

(iii) such evidence, statement or confession was duly taken.

80. The Court shall presume the genuineness of every document purporting to be the Official Gazette, or to be a newspaper or journal, and of every document purporting to be a document directed by any law to be kept by any person, if such document is kept substantially in the form required by law and is produced from proper custody. Explanation.—For the purposes of this section and section 92, document is said to be in proper custody if it is in the place in which, and looked after by the person with whom such document is required to be kept; but no custody is improper if it is proved to have had a legitimate origin, or if the circumstances of the particular case are such as to render that origin probable.

81. The Court shall presume the genuineness of every electronic or digital record purporting to be the Official Gazette, or purporting to be electronic or digital record directed by any law to be kept by any person, if such electronic or digital record is kept substantially in the form required by law and is produced from proper custody.

Explanation.—For the purposes of this section and section 93 electronic records are said to be in proper custody if they are in the place in which, and looked after by the person with whom such document is required to be kept; but no custody is improper if it is proved to have had a legitimate origin, or the circumstances of the particular case are such as to render that origin probable.

82. The Court shall presume that maps or plans purporting to bemade by the authority of the Central Government or any State Government were so made, and are accurate; but maps or plans made for the purposes of any cause must be proved to be accurate.

83. The Court shall presume the genuineness of, every book purporting to be printed or published under the authority of the Government of any country, and to contain any of the laws of that country, and of every book purporting to contain reports of decisions of the Courts of such country.

84. The Court shall presume that every document purporting to be a power-of-attorney, and to have been executed before, and authenticated by, a Notary Public, or any Court, Judge, Magistrate, Indian Consul or Vice-Consul, or representative of the Central Government, was so executed and authenticated.

85. TheCourt shall presume that every electronic record purporting to be an agreement containing the electronic or digital signature of the parties was so concluded by affixing the electronic or digital signature of the parties.

86. (1) In any proceeding involving a secure electronic record, the Court shall presume unless contrary is proved, that the secure electronic record has not been altered since the specific point of time to which the secure status relates.

(2) In any proceeding, involving secure electronic signature, the Court shall presume unless the contrary is proved that—

(a) the secure electronic signature is affixed by subscriber with the intention of signing or approving the electronic record;

(b) except in the case of a secure electronic record or a secure electronic signature, nothing in this section shall create any presumption, relating to authenticity and integrity of the electronic record or any electronic signature. Presumption

as to Gazettes,

newspapers,

and other

documents.

Presumption

as to Gazettes

in electronic

or digital

record.

Presumption

as to maps or

plans made by

authority of

Government.

Presumption as

to collections

of laws and

reports of

decisions.

Presumption

as to powers-

of-attorney.

Presumption as

to electronic

agreements.

Presumption

as to

electronic

records and

electronic

signatures.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 27_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ -

(i) ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(ii) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

(iii) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ, ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯟꯐꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯰. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯥꯎ-ꯆꯦ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯆꯦꯐꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ -ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯹꯲ꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯸꯱. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯝꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ - ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯹꯳ꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯀꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯗꯤꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯜꯂꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯆꯥꯔꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

꯸꯲. ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯳. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯄꯋꯔ-ꯑꯣꯐ-ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯔꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯣꯇꯔꯤ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ , ꯖꯖ, ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ, ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯚꯥꯏꯁ-ꯀꯟꯁꯨꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ, ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯶꯵. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯶. (꯱) ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛ-ꯍꯣꯡꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(a) ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯁꯕꯁ� ꯀ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯔꯅ ꯅꯝꯃꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯔ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯥꯎ-ꯆꯦꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯂꯩꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯇ

ꯒꯖꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯅ

ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯄ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯇꯣꯔꯅꯤꯒꯤ

ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯑꯦꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

87. The Court shall presume, unless contrary is proved, that the information listed in an Electronic Signature Certificate is correct, except for information specified as subscriber information which has not been verified, if the certificate was accepted by the subscriber.

88. (1) The Court may presume that any document purporting to be a certified copy of any judicial record of any country beyond India is genuine and accurate, if the document purports to be certified in any manner which is certified by any representative of the Central Government in or for such country to be the manner commonly in use in that country for the certification of copies of judicial records.

(2) An officer who, with respect to any territory or place outside India is a Political Agent therefor, as defined in clause (43) of section 3 of the General ClausesAct, 1897, shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be a representative of the Central Government in and for the country comprising that territory or place.

89. The Court may presume that any book to which it may refer for information on matters of public or general interest, and that any published map or chart, the statements of which are relevant facts, and which is produced for its inspection, was written and published by the person, and at the time and place, by whom or at which it purports to have been written or published.

90. The Court may presume that an electronic message, forwarded by the originator through an electronic mail server to the addressee to whom the message purports to be addressed corresponds with the message as fed into his computer for transmission; but the Court shall not make any presumption as to the person by whom such message was sent.

91. The Court shall presume that every document, called for and not produced after notice to produce, was attested, stamped and executed in the manner required by law.

92. Where any document, purporting or proved to be thirty years old, is produced from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may presume that the signature and every other part of such document, which purports to be in the handwriting of any particular person, is in that person's handwriting, and, in the case of a document executed or attested, that it was duly executed and attested by the persons by whom it purports to be executed and attested.

Explanation.—The Explanation to section 80 shall also apply to this section. Illustrations.

(a) A has been in possession of landed property for a long time. He produces from his custody deeds relating to the land showing his titles to it. The custody shall be proper.

(b) A produces deeds relating to landed property of which he is the mortgagee. The mortgagor is in possession. The custody shall be proper.

(c) A, a connection of B, produces deeds relating to lands in B's possession, which were deposited with him by B for safe custody. The custody shall be proper.

93. Where any electronic record, purporting or proved to be five years old, is produced from any custody which the Court in the particular case considers proper, the Court may presume that the electronic signature which purports to be the electronic signature of any particular person was so affixed by him or any person authorised by him in this behalf. Explanation.—The Explanation to section 81 shall also apply to this section. Presumption as

to Electronic

Signature

Certificates.

Presumption

as to certified

copies of

foreign judicial

records.

Presumption

as to books,

maps and

charts.

Presumption

as to

electronic

messages.

Presumption as

to due

execution, etc.,

of documents

not produced.

Presumption

as to

documents

thirty years

old.

Presumption

as to

electronic

records five

years old.

10 of 1897.

28 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

28 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ

ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯐꯣꯔꯦꯟ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯭ꯌ�ꯦꯜ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ

ꯇꯧꯔꯕ

ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯃꯦꯞꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯆꯦꯔꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ

ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ 30 ꯁꯨꯔꯕ

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯁꯨꯔꯕ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯭ꯗ�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯫

꯸꯷. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯁꯤꯒꯅꯦꯆꯔ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯕꯁ� ꯀ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯚꯦꯔꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯁꯕꯁ� ꯀ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕꯔ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯸. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯥꯏ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯖꯨꯗꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖꯦꯁ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯠ꯭�, ꯱꯸꯹꯷ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯳ꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯣꯖ (꯴꯳) ꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯂꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯸꯹. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯕ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯐꯝꯗ ꯏꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯈꯣꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯰. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯦꯖ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯹꯱. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ, ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯣꯇꯤꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕ, ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ, ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯥꯝ� ꯞ꯭� ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯲. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯍꯤ 30 ꯁꯨꯔꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯁꯨꯤꯜꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯰ꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯀꯨꯏꯅ ꯂꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤꯗꯒꯤ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯣꯔ� ꯒ꯭�ꯦꯖꯤ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯒꯦꯒꯔ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) A, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯊꯖꯥꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯅ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯳. ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯁꯇꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗꯒꯤ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫ -ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯱ꯒꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯁꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

1897 ꯒꯤ 10 ꯫

CHAPTERVI

OF THE EXCLUSION OF ORAL EVIDENCE BY DOCUMENTARY EVIDENCE

94. When the terms of a contract, or of a grant, or of any other disposition of property, have been reduced to the form of a document, and in all cases in which any matter is required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, no evidence shall be given in proof of the terms of such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or of such matter, except the document itself, or secondary evidence of its contents in cases in which secondary evidence is admissible under the provisions hereinbefore contained. Exception 1.—When a public officer is required by law to be appointed in writing, and when it is shown that any particular person has acted as such officer, the writing by which he is appointed need not be proved.

Exception 2.—Wills admitted to probate in India may be proved by the probate. Explanation 1.—This section applies equally to cases in which the contracts, grants or dispositions of property referred to are contained in one document, and to cases in which they are contained in more documents than one.

Explanation 2.—Where there are more originals than one, one original only need be proved.

Explanation 3.—The statement, in any document whatever, of a fact other than the facts referred to in this section, shall not preclude the admission of oral evidence as to the same fact.

Illustrations.

(a) If a contract be contained in several letters, all the letters in which it is contained must be proved.

(b) If a contract is contained in a bill of exchange, the bill of exchange must be proved.

(d) A contracts, in writing, with B, for the delivery of indigo upon certain terms. The contract mentions the fact that B had paidA the price of other indigo contracted for verbally on another occasion. Oral evidence is offered that no payment was made for the other indigo. The evidence is admissible.

(e) A gives B a receipt for money paid by B. Oral evidence is offered of the payment. The evidence is admissible.

95. When the terms of any such contract, grant or other disposition of property, or any matter required by law to be reduced to the form of a document, have been proved according to section 94, no evidence of any oral agreement or statement shall be admitted, as between the parties to any such instrument or their representatives in interest, for the purpose of contradicting, varying, adding to, or subtracting from, its terms:

Provided that any fact may be proved which would invalidate any document, or which would entitle any person to any decree or order relating thereto; such as fraud, intimidation, illegality, want of due execution, want of capacity in any contracting party, want or failure of consideration, or mistake in fact or law:

Provided further that the existence of any separate oral agreement as to any matter on which a document is silent, and which is not inconsistent with its terms, may be proved. In considering whether or not this proviso applies, the Court shall have regard to the degree of formality of the document:

Provided also that the existence of any separate oral agreement, constituting a condition precedent to the attaching of any obligation under any such contract, grant or disposition of property, may be proved:

Provided also that the existence of any distinct subsequent oral agreement to rescind or modify any such contract, grant or disposition of property, may be proved, except in Evidence of

terms of

contracts,

grants and

other

dispositions of

property

reduced to form

of document.

Exclusion of

evidence of

oral

agreement.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 29_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VI ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯇꯔꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯀ� �ꯂ�ꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯹꯴. ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ, ꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟ� ꯇ꯭ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯱ .-ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯲ -ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯦꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯦꯠꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱ -ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ, ꯁꯦꯟꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲ -ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯂꯩꯕꯗ, ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯳ -ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯦ ꯀꯌꯥꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯁ꯭�ꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯁ꯭�ꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯤꯝ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ Bꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯅꯤꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯅ Aꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯅꯤꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯦꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯹꯵. ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ, ꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 94ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ, ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ, ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗ, ꯀꯤꯍꯟꯕ, ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯗꯕ, ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ, ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯗ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯤꯁꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ, ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯗ ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯗꯥꯕ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯦꯛ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯒ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ

ꯂꯧꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯀꯤ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛꯈꯤ

꯫

ꯆꯤꯅꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫

cases in which such contract, grant or disposition of property is by law required to be in writing, or has been registered according to the law in force for the time being as to the registration of documents:

Provided also that any usage or custom by which incidents not expressly mentioned in any contract are usually annexed to contracts of that description, may be proved:

Provided also that the annexing of such incident would not be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, the express terms of the contract:

Provided also that any fact may be proved which shows in what manner the language of a document is related to existing facts.

Illustrations.

(a) A policy of insurance is effected on goods "in ships from Kolkata to Visakhapatnam". The goods are shipped in a particular ship which is lost. The fact that particular ship was orally excepted from the policy, cannot be proved.

(b) A agrees absolutely in writing to pay B one thousand rupees on the 1st March, 2023. The fact that, at the same time, an oral agreement was made that the money should not be paid till the 31st March, 2023, cannot be proved.

(c) An estate called "the Rampur tea estate" is sold by a deed which contains a map of the property sold. The fact that land not included in the map had always been regarded as part of the estate and was meant to pass by the deed cannot be proved.

(d) A enters into a written contract with B to work certain mines, the property of B, upon certain terms. Awas induced to do so by a misrepresentation of B's as to their value. This fact may be proved.

(e) A institutes a suit against B for the specific performance of a contract, and also prays that the contract may be reformed as to one of its provisions, as that provision was inserted in it by mistake.Amay prove that such a mistake was made as would by law entitle him to have the contract reformed.

(f) A orders goods of B by a letter in which nothing is said as to the time of payment, and accepts the goods on delivery. B sues A for the price. Amay show that the goods were supplied on credit for a term still unexpired.

(g) A sells B a horse and verbally warrants him sound. A gives B a paper in these words—"Bought ofAa horse for thirty thousand rupees". B may prove the verbal warranty.

(h) A hires lodgings of B, and gives B a card on which is written—"Rooms, ten thousand rupees a month". A may prove a verbal agreement that these terms were to include partial board. A hires lodging of B for a year, and a regularly stamped agreement, drawn up by an advocate, is made between them. It is silent on the subject of board.Amay not prove that board was included in the term verbally.

(i) A applies to B for a debt due toAby sending a receipt for the money. B keeps the receipt and does not send the money. In a suit for the amount, Amay prove this.

(j) A and B make a contract in writing to take effect upon the happening of a certain contingency. The writing is left with B who suesA upon it. Amay show the circumstances under which it was delivered.

96. When the language used in a document is, on its face, ambiguous or defective, evidence may not be given of facts which would show its meaning or supply its defects. Illustrations.

(a) A agrees, in writing, to sell a horse to B for "one lakh rupees or one lakh fifty thousand rupees". Evidence cannot be given to show which price was to be given.

(b) A deed contains blanks. Evidence cannot be given of facts which would show how they were meant to be filled.

Exclusion of

evidence to

explain or

amend

ambiguous

document.

30 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

30 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ

ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ

ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯔꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇꯔ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯗꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯍꯥꯞꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯁꯨ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) "ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯁꯥꯈꯄꯥꯇꯅꯝ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯖꯍꯥꯖꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ" ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯏꯟꯁꯨꯔꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯖꯍꯥꯖ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯏꯪ ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ� ꯆ꯭� ꯱ꯗ Bꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯏꯪ 2023ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯔ� ꯆ꯭� 31 ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) "ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨ ꯆꯥ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯠ" ꯀꯧꯕ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯗ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯦꯞ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯆꯠꯄꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯑꯦꯅ ꯕꯤꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯕꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ, ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ B 'ꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(e) Aꯅ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕꯁꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯦꯝꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(f) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯦꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯗꯕ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯊꯣꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Aꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯗꯤꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(g) Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯇꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯜ ꯁꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯒ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ-"Aꯅ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯗ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ" ꯫ Bꯅ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(h) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯋꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯗ "ꯀꯥ, ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯇꯔꯥ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯏꯕ ꯀꯥꯔꯗ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯕꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯌꯥꯎꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯐꯝ ꯋꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯥꯝ� ꯞ꯭� ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯌꯥꯅ-ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯔꯝꯗ ꯇꯨꯃꯤꯟꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯟꯅꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯣꯔꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ Aꯅ ꯎꯠꯇꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(i) Aꯅ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯔꯥꯒ Aꯅ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯊꯏꯥ ꯫ Bꯅ ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯔꯥꯛꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ, Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(j) A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯶. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ, ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, Bꯗ "ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯥꯈ ꯃꯉꯥꯃꯛꯨ" ꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯌꯣꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯗꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯡꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

97. When language used in a document is plain in itself, andwhen it applies accurately to existing facts, evidence may not be given to show that it was not meant to apply to such facts.

Illustration.

Asells to B, by deed, "my estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas".Ahas an estate at Rampur containing one hundred bighas. Evidence may not be given of the fact that the estate meant to be sold was one situated at a different place and of a different size.

98. When language used in a document is plain in itself, but is unmeaning in reference to existing facts, evidence may be given to show that it was used in a peculiar sense. Illustration.

A sells to B, by deed, "my house in Kolkata". A had no house in Kolkata, but it appears that he had a house at Howrah, of which B had been in possession since the execution of the deed. These facts may be proved to show that the deed related to the house at Howrah.

99. When the facts are such that the language used might have been meant to apply to any one, and could not have been meant to apply to more than one, of several persons or things, evidence may be given of facts which show which of those persons or things it was intended to apply to.

Illustrations.

(a) A agrees to sell to B, for one thousand rupees, "my white horse". A has two white horses. Evidence may be given of facts which show which of them was meant.

(b) A agrees to accompany B to Ramgarh. Evidence may be given of facts showing whether Ramgarh in Rajasthan or Ramgarh in Uttarakhand was meant.

100. When the language used applies partly to one set of existing facts, and partly to another set of existing facts, but the whole of it does not apply correctly to either, evidence may be given to show to which of the two it was meant to apply.

Illustration.

A agrees to sell to B "my land at X in the occupation of Y". A has land at X, but not in the occupation of Y, and he has land in the occupation of Y but it is not at X. Evidence may be given of facts showing which he meant to sell.

101. Evidence may be given to show the meaning of illegible or not commonly intelligible characters, of foreign, obsolete, technical, local and regional expressions, of abbreviations and of words used in a peculiar sense.

Illustration.

A, sculptor, agrees to sell to B, "all mymods".Ahas both models and modelling tools. Evidence may be given to show which he meant to sell.

102. Persons who are not parties to a document, or their representatives in interest, may give evidence of any facts tending to show a contemporaneous agreement varying the terms of the document.

Illustration.

Aand B make a contract in writing that B shall sellA certain cotton, to be paid for on delivery. At the same time, they make an oral agreement that three months' credit shall be given to A. This could not be shown as between A and B, but it might be shown by C, if it affected his interests.

103. Nothing in this Chapter shall be taken to affect any of the provisions of the Indian Succession Act, 1925 as to the construction of wills. Exclusion of

evidence

against

application of

document to

existing facts.

Evidence as to

document

unmeaning in

reference to

existing facts.

Evidence as to

application of

language which

can apply to

one only of

several persons.

Evidence as to

application of

language to one

of two sets of

facts, to

neither of

which the

whole correctly

applies.

Evidence as to

meaning of

illegible

characters,

etc.

Saving of

provisions of

Indian

Succession Act

relating to

wills.

Who may

give evidence

of agreement

varying terms

of document.

39 of 1925.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 31_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

1925 ꯒꯤ 39

꯹꯷. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯕꯤꯘꯥ ꯆꯥꯝꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯏꯁꯇꯦꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯄꯔꯨꯗ ꯕꯤꯘꯥ ꯆꯥꯝꯃ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯸. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯂꯕꯁꯨ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ-ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

"ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯆꯦꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯣꯜꯀꯥꯇꯥꯗ Aꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯥꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯉꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ Bꯅ ꯗꯤꯗ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯎꯔꯥꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯨꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯹꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, ꯂꯨꯄꯥ ꯂꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯗ, "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯧꯕ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ" ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯉꯧꯕ ꯁꯒꯣꯜ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ Bꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔꯗ ꯆꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯔꯥꯖꯁꯊꯟꯥꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯎꯠꯇꯔꯥꯈꯟꯗꯒꯤ ꯔꯥꯝꯒꯔꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯰. ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯈꯔ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ "Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ Xꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ" ꯫ Aꯒꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ Xꯗ ꯂꯩ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Yꯅ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ Xꯗ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯈꯤꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯱. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯔꯊ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯄꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛꯀꯤ, ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯕ, ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ, ꯂꯣꯀꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯦꯜ ꯋꯉꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ, ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A, ꯃꯤꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯕ, Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, "ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯃꯣꯗ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ" ꯫ Aꯗ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯌꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯲. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯁꯤꯡ Aꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯃꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯥ ꯑꯍꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯗꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯈꯤꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ Cꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯰꯳. ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯁꯛꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯦꯛ� ꯠ꯭�, ꯱꯹꯲꯵ꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕ ꯫

ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ

ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ

ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯈꯛꯇꯗ

ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯣꯜ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯅꯤꯒꯤ

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯣꯜ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ

ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ

ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ

ꯀꯦꯔꯦꯛꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯑꯔꯊꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯆꯤꯡꯕ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯀꯤ

ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ

ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯑꯦꯒ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯀꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯋꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ

ꯁꯛꯁ� ꯭ꯌ�ꯦꯁꯟ

ꯑꯦꯛꯇꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ

ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯫

PARTIV

PRODUCTION AND EFFECT OF EVIDENCE

CHAPTERVII

OF THE BURDEN OF PROOF

104. Whoever desires any Court to give judgment as to any legal right or liability dependent on the existence of facts which he asserts must prove that those facts exist, and when a person is bound to prove the existence of any fact, it is said that the burden of proof lies on that person.

Illustrations.

(a) A desires a Court to give judgment that B shall be punished for a crime which A says B has committed. Amust prove that B has committed the crime.

(b) A desires a Court to give judgment that he is entitled to certain land in the possession of B, by reason of facts which he asserts, and which B denies, to be true.Amust prove the existence of those facts.

105. The burden of proof in a suit or proceeding lies on that person who would fail if no evidence at all were given on either side.

Illustrations.

(a) A sues B for land of which B is in possession, and which, as A asserts, was left to Aby the will of C, B's father. If no evidence were given on either side, B would be entitled to retain his possession. Therefore, the burden of proof is on A.

(b) A sues B for money due on a bond. The execution of the bond is admitted, but B says that it was obtained by fraud, whichAdenies. If no evidence were given on either side, A would succeed, as the bond is not disputed and the fraud is not proved. Therefore, the burden of proof is on B.

106. The burden of proof as to any particular fact lies on that person who wishes the Court to believe in its existence, unless it is provided by any law that the proof of that fact shall lie on any particular person.

Illustration.

A prosecutes B for theft, and wishes the Court to believe that B admitted the theft to C. Amust prove the admission. B wishes the Court to believe that, at the time in question, he was elsewhere. He must prove it.

107. The burden of proving any fact necessary to be proved in order to enable any person to give evidence of any other fact is on the person who wishes to give such evidence.

Illustrations.

(a) A wishes to prove a dying declaration by B. Amust prove B's death.

(b) A wishes to prove, by secondary evidence, the contents of a lost document. A must prove that the document has been lost.

108. When a person is accused of any offence, the burden of proving the existence of circumstances bringing the case within any of the General Exceptions in the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or within any special exception or proviso contained in any other part of the said Sanhita, or in any law defining the offence, is upon him, and the Court shall presume the absence of such circumstances.

Burden of

proof.

On whom

burden of

proof lies.

Burden of

proof as to

particular fact.

Burden of

proving fact

to be proved

to make

evidence

admissible.

Burden of

proving that

case of accused

comes within

exceptions.

32 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

32 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯨꯝ

꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯅꯥꯒꯤ

ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ

ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ

ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯅꯕ

ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ

ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ

ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯒꯤ

ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ IV

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯗꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VII

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯠꯂꯨꯝ

꯱꯰꯴. ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯥꯗ Bꯅ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯅ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Bꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯵. ꯁꯨꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯊꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯆꯠꯊꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Aꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ, Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ Cꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯅ Aꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, Bꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐꯀꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯕꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯣꯟ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯈꯠꯄ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ Bꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯥꯏ ꯄꯥꯛꯀꯅꯤ, ꯃꯔꯝꯗꯤ ꯕꯣꯟ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐꯀꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰꯶. ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ Bꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯌꯥꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯷. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯉꯝꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯗꯥꯏꯌꯤꯡ ꯗꯤꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ Aꯅ Bꯒꯤ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) Aꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ Aꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯰꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭�ꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯤꯁꯤꯑꯣ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

Illustrations.

(a) A, accused of murder, alleges that, by reason of unsoundness of mind, he did not know the nature of the act. The burden of proof is on A.

(b) A, accused of murder, alleges that, by grave and sudden provocation, he was deprived of the power of self-control. The burden of proof is on A.

(c) Section 117 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 provides that whoever, except in the case provided for by sub-section (2) of section 122, voluntarily causes grievous hurt, shall be subject to certain punishments.A is charged with voluntarily causing grievous hurt under section 117. The burden of proving the circumstances bringing the case under sub-section (2) of section 122 lies on A.

109.When any fact is especially within the knowledge of any person, the burden of proving that fact is upon him.

Illustrations.

(a) When a person does an act with some intention other than that which the character and circumstances of the act suggest, the burden of proving that intention is upon him.

(b) A is charged with travelling on a railway without a ticket. The burden of proving that he had a ticket is on him.

110. When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is shown that he was alive within thirty years, the burden of proving that he is dead is on the person who affirms it.

111.When the question is whether a man is alive or dead, and it is proved that he has not been heard of for seven years by those who would naturally have heard of him if he had been alive, the burden of proving that he is alive is shifted to the person who affirms it.

112. When the question is whether persons are partners, landlord and tenant, or principal and agent, and it has been shown that they have been acting as such, the burden of proving that they do not stand, or have ceased to stand, to each other in those relationships respectively, is on the person who affirms it.

113. When the question is whether any person is owner of anything of which he is shown to be in possession, the burden of proving that he is not the owner is on the person who affirms that he is not the owner.

114.Where there is a question as to the good faith of a transaction between parties, one of whom stands to the other in a position of active confidence, the burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the party who is in a position of active confidence. Illustrations.

(a) The good faith of a sale by a client to an advocate is in question in a suit brought by the client. The burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the advocate.

(b) The good faith of a sale by a son just come of age to a father is in question in a suit brought by the son. The burden of proving the good faith of the transaction is on the father. Burden of

proving fact

especially

within

knowledge.

Burden of

proving death

of person

known to

have been

alive within

thirty years.

Burden of

proving that

person is alive

who has not

been heard of

for seven

years.

Burden of

proof as to

relationship in

the cases of

partners,

landlord and

tenant,

principal and

agent.

Burden of

proof as to

ownership.

Proof of good

faith in

transactions

where one

party is in

relation of

active

confidence.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 33_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯕ Aꯅ, ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯋꯥꯠꯄꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯗ ꯆꯦꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯏꯊꯤꯜ ꯄꯤꯕꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯊꯩꯗꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� �ꯔ� ꯐꯀꯤ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

(c) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯷ꯅ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯲ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯱꯷ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯥ ꯃꯊꯟꯇ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯲꯲ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯫

꯱꯰꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯔꯦꯜꯋꯦꯗ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯇꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯰. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯆꯍꯤ 30ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯱. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

꯱꯱꯲. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯟꯨꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯔꯥ, ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯛꯂꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯳. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯴. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ, ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯇ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯆꯍꯤ ꯁꯨꯕꯗ ꯉꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯄ ꯁ� �ꯌ�ꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ

ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ

ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯳꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ

ꯍꯤꯡꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ

ꯈꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯁꯤꯔꯦ

ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯫

ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯨꯗꯒꯤ

ꯈꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯤꯡꯂꯤ

ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ,

ꯌꯨꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ,

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯟꯁꯤꯄꯥꯜ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯖꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ

ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯤꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ

ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯠꯄ ꯂꯩ

꯫

ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ

ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯔꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ

ꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯫

115. (1) Where a person is accused of having committed any offence specified in sub-section (2), in—

(a) any area declared to be a disturbed area under any enactment for the time being in force, making provision for the suppression of disorder and restoration and maintenance of public order; or

(b) any area in which there has been, over a period of more than one month, extensive disturbance of the public peace,

and it is shown that such person had been at a place in such area at a time when firearms or explosives were used at or from that place to attack or resist the members of any armed forces or the forces charged with the maintenance of public order acting in the discharge of their duties, it shall be presumed, unless the contrary is shown, that such person had committed such offence.

(2) The offences referred to in sub-section (1) are the following, namely:—

(a) an offence under section 147, section 148, section 149 or section 150 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023;

(b) criminal conspiracy or attempt to commit, or abetment of, an offence under section 149 or section 150 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

116. The fact that any person was born during the continuance of a valid marriage between his mother and anyman, or within two hundred and eighty days after its dissolution, the mother remaining unmarried, shall be conclusive proof that he is the legitimate child of that man, unless it can be shown that the parties to the marriage had no access to each other at any time when he could have been begotten.

117.When the question is whether the commission of suicide by a woman had been abetted by her husband or any relative of her husband and it is shown that she had committed suicide within a period of seven years from the date of her marriage and that her husband or such relative of her husband had subjected her to cruelty, the Court may presume, having regard to all the other circumstances of the case, that such suicide had been abetted by her husband or by such relative of her husband. Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, "cruelty" shall have the samemeaning as in section 86 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

118. When the question is whether a person has committed the dowry death of a woman and it is shown that soon before her death, such woman had been subjected by such person to cruelty or harassment for, or in connection with, any demand for dowry, the Court shall presume that such person had caused the dowry death. Explanation.—For the purposes of this section, "dowry death" shall have the same meaning as in section 80 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

119. (1) The Court may presume the existence of any fact which it thinks likely to have happened, regard being had to the common course of natural events, human conduct and public and private business, in their relation to the facts of the particular case. Illustrations.

The Court may presume that—

(a) a man who is in possession of stolen goods soon, after the theft is either the thief or has received the goods knowing them to be stolen, unless he can account for his possession;

(b) an accomplice is unworthy of credit, unless he is corroborated in material particulars;

Presumption

as to certain

offences.

Birth during

marriage,

conclusive

proof of

legitimacy.

Presumption

as to abetment

of suicide by a

married

woman.

Presumption

as to dowry

death.

Court may

presume

existence of

certain facts.

34 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

34 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ

ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯄꯣꯛꯄ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ

ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ

ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ

ꯄꯥꯡꯉꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ

꯫

ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ

ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ

ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯈꯔ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ

ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯱꯵. (꯱) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, -

(a) ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯟꯅꯦꯛꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯆꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟ ꯁꯦꯝꯗꯣꯛ-ꯁꯥꯖꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(b) ꯊꯥ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯟꯇꯤꯗ ꯄꯥꯛ ꯁꯟꯅ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯈꯏꯥꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯥꯔꯝ ꯐꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯷, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯹ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ;

(b) ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯴꯹ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯕ ꯫

꯱꯱꯶. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯆꯅꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤꯐꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯗꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ, ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯗ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯁꯝꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯷. ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯇꯥꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯇꯔꯦꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯑꯣꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯃꯥꯘꯥꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, "ꯀ� �ꯔ� ꯌꯦꯜꯇꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯶ꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯸. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯔ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯇꯝꯊꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯠ-ꯅꯩꯕ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠꯀꯤ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, "ꯑꯋꯟꯨꯄꯣꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯥꯠ (ꯗꯥꯎꯔꯤ ꯗꯦꯗ)" ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯸꯰ꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯟꯊꯣꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯱꯹. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ, ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯅꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯗꯅꯨ, ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ -

(a) ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯍꯨꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯧꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯩꯁꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ;

(b) ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄꯣꯠ-ꯆꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯣꯜꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯆꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) a thing or state of things which has been shown to be in existence within a period shorter than that within which such things or state of things usually cease to exist, is still in existence;

(e) judicial and official acts have been regularly performed;

(f) the common course of business has been followed in particular cases;

(g) evidence which could be and is not produced would, if produced, be unfavourable to the person who withholds it;

(h) if a man refuses to answer a question which he is not compelled to answer by law, the answer, if given, would be unfavourable to him;

(i) when a document creating an obligation is in the hands of the obligor, the obligation has been discharged.

(2) The Court shall also have regard to such facts as the following, in considering whether such maxims do or do not apply to the particular case before it:—

(i) as to Illustration (a)—a shop-keeper has in his bill a marked rupee soon after it was stolen, and cannot account for its possession specifically, but is continually receiving rupees in the course of his business;

(ii) as to Illustration (b)—A, a person of the highest character, is tried for causing a man's death by an act of negligence in arranging certain machinery. B, a person of equally good character, who also took part in the arrangement, describes precisely what was done, and admits and explains the common carelessness ofAand himself;

(iii) as to Illustration (b)—a crime is committed by several persons.A, B and C, three of the criminals, are captured on the spot and kept apart from each other. Each gives an account of the crime implicating D, and the accounts corroborate each other in such a manner as to render previous concert highly improbable;

(iv) as to Illustration (c)—A, the drawer of a bill of exchange, was a man of business. B, the acceptor, was a young and ignorant person, completely under A's influence;

(v) as to Illustration (d)—it is proved that a river ran in a certain course five years ago, but it is known that there have been floods since that time which might change its course;

(vi) as to Illustration (e)—a judicial act, the regularity of which is in question, was performed under exceptional circumstances;

(vii) as to Illustration (f)—the question is, whether a letter was received. It is shown to have been posted, but the usual course of the post was interrupted by disturbances;

(viii) as to Illustration (g)—a man refuses to produce a document which would bear on a contract of small importance on which he is sued, but which might also injure the feelings and reputation of his family;

(ix) as to Illustration (h)—a man refuses to answer a question which he is not compelled by law to answer, but the answer to it might cause loss to him in matters unconnected with the matter in relation to which it is asked;

(x) as to Illustration (i)—a bond is in possession of the obligor, but the circumstances of the case are such that he may have stolen it.

120. In a prosecution for rape under sub-section (2) of section 64 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, where sexual intercourse by the accused is proved and the question is whether it was without the consent of the woman alleged to have been raped and such woman states in her evidence before the Court that she did not consent, the Court shall presume that she did not consent.

Presumption

as to absence

of consent in

certain

prosecution

for rape.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 35_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

(d) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯧꯖꯤꯛ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ;

(e) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤ;

(f) ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯃꯟ ꯀꯣꯔꯁ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯕꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯈꯤ ꯫

(g) ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯠꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(h) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ;

(i) ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯁꯦꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯇꯉꯥꯏꯐꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯗꯥꯣꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯫ (꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯦꯛꯁꯤꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯟꯅꯕꯗꯁꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ: -

(i) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (a) ꯒꯤ - ꯗꯀꯥꯨꯟꯗꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯤꯜꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯕ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯀꯨꯏ-ꯀꯨꯏꯗꯅ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯝꯗꯗꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯜꯗꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯂꯤ꯫

(ii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (b)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ - ꯈ� ꯋ꯭�ꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯦꯁꯤꯟꯔꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯗ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯕ B, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯐꯕ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ A ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯄꯟꯨꯕ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯔꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯏ;

(iii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (b) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯌꯣꯏ ꯀꯌꯥꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ A, B ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ C ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯐꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅ Dꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯏꯁꯩ-ꯅꯣꯡꯃꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯑꯣꯏꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(iv) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (c)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯋꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ B, ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ, ꯑꯁꯤ Aꯒꯤ ꯏꯊꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯄꯡꯨꯐꯥꯅ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯪꯖꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ;

(v) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (d ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯏ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯇꯨꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯃꯉꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯏꯆꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯆꯦꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯏꯆꯥꯎꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯩ ꯃꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯏꯆꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(vi) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (e)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯇꯣꯞ ꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫

(vii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (f) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯐꯪꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄꯣꯁ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯌꯦꯠ-ꯑꯄꯟꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯛ ꯊꯠꯈꯤ ꯫

(viii) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (g) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯂꯤꯕ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯄꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯅꯆꯦ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯒꯗꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(ix) ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (h) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ-ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯅ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(x) ꯏꯂꯁ� ꯇ꯭� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ (i) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ- ꯕꯣꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯧ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯲꯰. ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴ꯒꯤ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯲)ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯁꯛ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯛꯇꯤꯟꯅꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕ ꯐꯝꯂꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ

ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯅꯕ꯫

Explanation.—In this section, "sexual intercourse" shall mean any of the acts mentioned in section 63 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023.

CHAPTERVIII

ESTOPPEL

121.When one person has, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed, in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative, to deny the truth of that thing. Illustration.

A intentionally and falsely leads B to believe that certain land belongs to A, and thereby induces B to buy and pay for it. The land afterwards becomes the property of A, and A seeks to set aside the sale on the ground that, at the time of the sale, he had no title. He must not be allowed to prove his want of title.

122. No tenant of immovable property, or person claiming through such tenant, shall, during the continuance of the tenancy or any time thereafter, be permitted to deny that the landlord of such tenant had, at the beginning of the tenancy, a title to such immovable property; and no person who came upon any immovable property by the licence of the person in possession thereof shall be permitted to deny that such person had a title to such possession at the time when such licence was given.

123.No acceptor of a bill of exchange shall be permitted to deny that the drawer had authority to draw such bill or to endorse it; nor shall any bailee or licensee be permitted to deny that his bailor or licensor had, at the time when the bailment or licence commenced, authority to make such bailment or grant such licence.

Explanation 1.—The acceptor of a bill of exchange may deny that the bill was really drawn by the person by whom it purports to have been drawn.

Explanation 2.—If a bailee delivers the goods bailed to a person other than the bailor, he may prove that such person had a right to them as against the bailor.

CHAPTERIX

O^FWITNESSES

124. All persons shall be competent to testify unless the Court considers that they are prevented from understanding the questions put to them, or from giving rational answers to those questions, by tender years, extreme old age, disease, whether of body or mind, or any other cause of the same kind.

Explanation.—A person of unsound mind is not incompetent to testify, unless he is prevented by his unsoundness of mind from understanding the questions put to him and giving rational answers to them.

125.Awitness who is unable to speak may give his evidence in any other manner in which he can make it intelligible, as by writing or by signs; but such writing must be written and the signs made in open Court and evidence so given shall be deemed to be oral evidence:

Provided that if the witness is unable to communicate verbally, the Court shall take the assistance of an interpreter or a special educator in recording the statement, and such statement shall be videographed.

Estoppel.

Estoppel of

tenant and of

licensee of

person in

possession.

Estoppel of

acceptor of

bill of

exchange,

bailee or

licensee.

Who may

testify.

Witness

unable to

communicate

verbally.

36 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

36 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯄꯦꯜ ꯫

ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯭ꯠ� ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ

ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ

꯫

ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ

ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ, ꯕꯦꯂꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤꯒꯤ

ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯇꯔꯒꯤ

ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯞꯄꯦꯜ꯫

ꯀꯅꯥꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯅ ꯆꯤꯜꯍꯥꯏꯅ

ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ

ꯉꯝꯗꯦ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, "ꯁꯦꯛꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯀꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭�" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯅꯨꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ VIII

ꯏꯁꯇꯣꯄꯦꯜ

꯱꯲꯱. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯄ, ꯊꯕꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯊꯋꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ Bꯕꯨ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝ ꯈꯔꯗꯤ Aꯒꯤꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ Bꯕꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯂꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯛꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯌꯣꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯣꯈꯏꯥꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯄꯥꯝꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲꯲. ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯝ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯅꯨ ꯇꯦꯅꯥꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯥꯏꯁꯤꯟꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯦꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯂꯥꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ꯫

꯱꯲꯳. ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯑꯦꯛꯆꯦꯟꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ; ꯕꯦꯂꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯦꯂꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯦꯜꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯜꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯁꯦꯟꯁ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯱.- ꯁꯦꯜ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯲- ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯕꯦꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯕꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ IX

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯱꯲꯴. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯇꯦꯟꯇꯔ ꯆꯍꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯀꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯑꯍꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕ, ꯂꯥꯏꯅꯥ, ꯍꯛꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯩꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫- ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯅ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯲꯵. ꯋꯥ ꯉꯥꯡꯕ ꯉꯝꯗꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯗꯨꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯄꯟ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯟꯍꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯂꯣꯏ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭�ꯦꯁꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯗꯀꯨꯦꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯚꯤꯗ� ꯌ꯭�ꯣꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯐ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

126. (1) In all civil proceedings the parties to the suit, and the husband or wife of any party to the suit, shall be competent witnesses.

(2) In criminal proceedings against any person, the husband or wife of such person, respectively, shall be a competent witness.

127. No Judge or Magistrate shall, except upon the special order of some Court to which he is subordinate, be compelled to answer any question as to his own conduct in Court as such Judge or Magistrate, or as to anything which came to his knowledge in Court as such Judge or Magistrate; but he may be examined as to other matters which occurred in his presence whilst he was so acting.

Illustrations.

(a) A, on his trial before the Court of Session, says that a deposition was improperly taken by B, the Magistrate. B cannot be compelled to answer questions as to this, except upon the special order of a superior Court.

(b)A is accused before the Court of Session of having given false evidence before B, a Magistrate. B cannot be asked whatA said, except upon the special order of the superior Court.

(c) A is accused before the Court of Session of attempting to murder a police officer whilst on his trial before B, a Sessions Judge. B may be examined as to what occurred.

128. No person who is or has been married, shall be compelled to disclose any communication made to him during marriage by any person to whom he is or has been married; nor shall he be permitted to disclose any such communication, unless the person who made it, or his representative in interest, consents, except in suits between married persons, or proceedings in which one married person is prosecuted for any crime committed against the other.

129.No one shall be permitted to give any evidence derived from unpublished official records relating to any affairs of State, except with the permission of the officer at the head of the department concerned, who shall give or withhold such permission as he thinks fit.

130.No public officer shall be compelled to disclose communications made to him in official confidence, when he considers that the public interests would suffer by the disclosure.

131. No Magistrate or police officer shall be compelled to say when he got any information as to the commission of any offence, and no revenue officer shall be compelled to say when he got any information as to the commission of any offence against the public revenue.

Explanation.—"revenue officer" means any officer employed in or about the business of any branch of the public revenue.

132. (1) No advocate, shall at any time be permitted, unless with his client's express consent, to disclose any communication made to him in the course and for the purpose of his service as such advocate, by or on behalf of his client, or to state the contents or condition of any document with which he has become acquainted in the course and for the purpose of his professional service, or to disclose any advice given by him to his client in the course and for the purpose of such service:

Provided that nothing in this section shall protect from disclosure of—

(a) any such communication made in furtherance of any illegal purpose;

(b) any fact observed by any advocate, in the course of his service as such, showing that any crime or fraud has been committed since the commencement of his service.

Competency

of husband and

wife as

witnesses in

certain cases.

Judges and

Magistrates.

Communications

during

marriage.

Evidence as to

affairs of

State.

Official

communications.

Information

as to

commission of

offences.

Professional

communications.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 37_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯱꯲꯶. (꯱) ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯅ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛꯇ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯨꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ, ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯲꯷. ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯖꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯇ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯎꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ Bꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯨꯄꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭�ꯦꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯨꯄꯦꯔꯤꯌꯔ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯁ� ꯄ꯭�ꯦꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, Aꯅ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Bꯗ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯣꯐ ꯁꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯁꯟ ꯖꯖ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯍꯥꯠꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ B ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯲꯸. ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ; ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ꯫

꯱꯲꯹. ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯗꯤꯄꯥꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯃꯦꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯦꯞꯀꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯰. ꯄꯕ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯛ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯈꯟꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ� ꯌ꯭�ꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯱. ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯂꯨꯤꯁ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯌꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ� �ꯌ�ꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-"ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ� �ꯌ� ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ" ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯚꯤꯅ� �ꯌ�ꯒꯤ ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯆ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯅꯨꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯲. (꯱) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯈꯡꯅꯔꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯕꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯇ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯂꯣꯏ-

(a) ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ;

(b) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯍꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯦꯁ

ꯈꯔꯗꯗꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ

ꯉꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯩ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯃꯦꯖꯤꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯦꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯭ꯌ�ꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ

꯫

ꯂꯣꯏꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ

ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯀꯝꯃꯤꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ

ꯀꯝꯃ� �ꯌ�ꯅꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ

꯫

(2) It is immaterial whether the attention of such advocate referred to in the proviso to sub-section (1), was or was not directed to such fact by or on behalf of his client. Explanation.—The obligation stated in this section continues after the professional service has ceased.

Illustrations.

(a) A, a client, says to B, an advocate—"I have committed forgery, and I wish you to defend me". As the defence of a man known to be guilty is not a criminal purpose, this communication is protected from disclosure.

(b) A, a client, says to B, an advocate—"I wish to obtain possession of property by the use of a forged deed on which I request you to sue". This communication, being made in furtherance of a criminal purpose, is not protected from disclosure. (c)A, being charged with embezzlement, retains B, an advocate, to defend him. In the course of the proceedings, B observes that an entry has been made in A's account book, charging Awith the sum said to have been embezzled, which entry was not in the book at the commencement of his professional service. This being a fact observed by B in the course of his service, showing that a fraud has been committed since the commencement of the proceedings, it is not protected from disclosure.

(3) The provisions of this section shall apply to interpreters, and the clerks or employees of advocates.

133. If any party to a suit gives evidence therein at his own instance or otherwise, he shall not be deemed to have consented thereby to such disclosure as is mentioned in section 132; and, if any party to a suit or proceeding calls any such advocate, as a witness, he shall be deemed to have consented to such disclosure only if he questions such advocate, on matters which, but for such question, he would not be at liberty to disclose.

134. Noone shall be compelled to disclose to the Court any confidential communication which has taken place between him and his legal adviser, unless he offers himself as a witness, in which case he may be compelled to disclose any such communications as may appear to the Court necessary to be known in order to explain any evidence which he has given, but no others.

135. No witness who is not a party to a suit shall be compelled to produce his title-deeds to any property, or any document in virtue of which he holds any property as pledgee or mortgagee or any document the production of which might tend to criminate him, unless he has agreed in writing to produce themwith the person seeking the production of such deeds or some person through whom he claims.

136. No one shall be compelled to produce documents in his possession or electronic records under his control, which any other person would be entitled to refuse to produce if they were in his possession or control, unless such last-mentioned person consents to their production.

137. A witness shall not be excused from answering any question as to any matter relevant to the matter in issue in any suit or in any civil or criminal proceeding, upon the ground that the answer to such question will criminate, or may tend directly or indirectly to criminate, such witness, or that it will expose, or tend directly or indirectly to expose, such witness to a penalty or forfeiture of any kind:

Provided that no such answer, which a witness shall be compelled to give, shall subject him to any arrest or prosecution, or be proved against him in any criminal proceeding, except a prosecution forgiving false evidence by such answer.

Privilege not

waived by

volunteering

evidence.

Confidential

communication

with legal

advisers.

Production of

title-deeds of

witness not a

party.

Production of

documents or

electronic

records which

another

person, having

possession,

could refuse to

produce.

Witness not

excused from

answering on

ground that

answer will

criminate.

38 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

38 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯈꯗꯨꯣꯡꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ

ꯚꯣꯂꯨꯟꯇꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯅ

ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛ

ꯄꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒ

ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ

ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ

ꯅꯠꯇꯕ

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯇꯥꯏꯇꯜ-ꯗꯤꯠꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯫

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ

ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ,

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯥ

ꯗꯣꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ

ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ꯫

ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯗꯒꯤ

ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤꯗ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕ

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯅ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯀ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ

ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯕꯤꯁꯣꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯟꯇꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯀꯩꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯂꯣꯏꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯑꯩꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ" ꯫ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫

(b) ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯏꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Aꯅ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯗ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ-"ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯅꯨ ꯂꯩꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯄꯥꯏꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯏꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯥꯝꯃꯤ" ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯦꯟꯒꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯇꯧꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(c) A, ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕ Bꯕꯨ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ, ꯕꯤꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯀꯥꯎꯟꯠꯀꯤ ꯕꯛꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯍꯥꯞꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ, ꯑꯦꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯜ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯁꯦꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯦꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯔꯕꯤꯁ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯕꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅ, ꯊꯧꯁꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯧꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯅ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(꯳) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯍꯩ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯎꯀꯤꯜꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯔ� ꯛ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 132ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯗꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕ ꯐꯪꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯳꯴. ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯇꯥꯛꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯗ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳꯵. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯒꯦꯖ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯇꯥꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯨꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯁꯨꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯗꯣꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ꯫

꯱꯳꯶. ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯠꯨꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯕꯨ ꯎꯠꯄꯗ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

꯱꯳꯷. ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯕꯗ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯥꯀꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄꯅ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯅꯝꯊꯛꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯟꯗꯤ ꯐꯪꯒꯅꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯐꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯄꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯁꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯁꯟ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ꯫

138. An accomplice shall be a competent witness against an accused person; and a conviction is not illegal if it proceeds upon the corroborated testimony of an accomplice.

139. No particular number of witnesses shall in any case be required for the proof of any fact.

CHAPTERX

OF EXAMINATION OF WITNESSES

140. The order in which witnesses are produced and examined shall be regulated by the law and practice for the time being relating to civil and criminal procedure respectively, and, in the absence of any such law, by the discretion of the Court.

141. (1) When either party proposes to give evidence of any fact, the Judge may ask the party proposing to give the evidence in what manner the alleged fact, if proved, would be relevant; and the Judge shall admit the evidence if he thinks that the fact, if proved, would be relevant, and not otherwise.

(2) If the fact proposed to be proved is one of which evidence is admissible only upon proof of some other fact, such last mentioned fact must be proved before evidence is given of the fact first mentioned, unless the party undertakes to give proof of such fact, and the Court is satisfied with such undertaking.

(3) If the relevancy of one alleged fact depends upon another alleged fact being first proved, the Judge may, in his discretion, either permit evidence of the first fact to be given before the second fact is proved, or require evidence to be given of the second fact before evidence is given of the first fact.

Illustrations.

(a) It is proposed to prove a statement about a relevant fact by a person alleged to be dead, which statement is relevant under section 26. The fact that the person is dead must be proved by the person proposing to prove the statement, before evidence is given of the statement.

(b) It is proposed to prove, by a copy, the contents of a document said to be lost. The fact that the original is lost must be proved by the person proposing to produce the copy, before the copy is produced.

(c) A is accused of receiving stolen property knowing it to have been stolen. It is proposed to prove that he denied the possession of the property. The relevancy of the denial depends on the identity of the property. The Court may, in its discretion, either require the property to be identified before the denial of the possession is proved, or permit the denial of the possession to be proved before the property is identified.

(d) It is proposed to prove a fact Awhich is said to have been the cause or effect of a fact in issue. There are several intermediate facts B, C and D which must be shown to exist before the fact A can be regarded as the cause or effect of the fact in issue. The Court may either permitA to be proved before B, C or D is proved, or may require proof of B, C and D before permitting proof ofA.

142. (1) The examination of a witness by the party who calls him shall be called his examination-in-chief.

(2) The examination of a witness by the adverse party shall be called his cross-examination.

(3) The examination of a witness, subsequent to the cross-examination, by the party who called him, shall be called his re-examination.

Accomplice.

Number of

witnesses.

Order of

production

and

examination

of witnesses.

Judge to decide

as to

admissibility

of evidence.

Examination

of witnesses.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 39_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

꯱꯳꯸. ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯳꯹. ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ X

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

꯱꯴꯰. ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯈꯨꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯈꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯚꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯖꯨꯌꯔꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛꯇꯤꯁꯅ ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯴꯱. (꯱) ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯔꯝꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯒꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯈꯛꯇꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯄꯦꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫

(꯳) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯁꯤꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 26ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯃꯁꯤ, ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯑꯁꯦꯡꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯍꯨꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯨꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯈꯪꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯄꯣꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯄꯥꯝꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯏꯟꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(d) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯩꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯩ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ D ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ B, C ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ D ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ Aꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ Aꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ B, C ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ Dꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯲. (꯱) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ (꯳) ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯇꯦꯡꯕꯥꯡꯕ ꯃꯤ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ

ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ

ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯅ

ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ

ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ ꯫

143. (1) Witnesses shall be first examined-in-chief, then (if the adverse party so desires) cross-examined, then (if the party calling him so desires) re-examined.

(2) The examination-in-chief and cross-examination must relate to relevant facts, but the cross-examination need not be confined to the facts to which the witness testified on his examination-in-chief.

(3) The re-examination shall be directed to the explanation of matters referred to in cross-examination; and, if new matter is, by permission of the Court, introduced in re-examination, the adverse party may further cross-examine upon that matter.

144.A person summoned to produce a document does not become a witness by the mere fact that he produces it, and cannot be cross-examined unless and until he is called as a witness.

145.Witnesses to character may be cross-examined and re-examined.

146. (1) Any question suggesting the answer which the person putting it wishes or expects to receive, is called a leading question.

(2) Leading questions must not, if objected to by the adverse party, be asked in an examination-in-chief, or in a re-examination, except with the permission of the Court.

(3) The Court shall permit leading questions as to matters which are introductory or undisputed, or which have, in its opinion, been already sufficiently proved.

(4) Leading questions may be asked in cross-examination.

147. Any witness may be asked, while under examination, whether any contract, grant or other disposition of property, as to which he is giving evidence, was not contained in a document, and if he says that it was, or if he is about to make any statement as to the contents of any document, which, in the opinion of the Court, ought to be produced, the adverse party may object to such evidence being given until such document is produced, or until facts have been proved which entitle the party who called the witness to give secondary evidence of it.

Explanation.—Awitness may give oral evidence of statements made by other persons about the contents of documents if such statements are in themselves relevant facts. Illustration.

The question is, whether A assaulted B. C deposes that he heard A say to D—"B wrote a letter accusing me of theft, and I will be revenged on him". This statement is relevant, as showingA's motive for the assault, and evidence may be given of it, though no other evidence is given about the letter.

148. A witness may be cross-examined as to previous statements made by him in writing or reduced into writing, and relevant to matters in question, without such writing being shown to him, or being proved; but, if it is intended to contradict him by the writing, his attention must, before the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it which are to be used for the purpose of contradicting him.

149. When a witness is cross-examined, he may, in addition to the questions hereinbefore referred to, be asked any questions which tend—

(a) to test his veracity; or

(b) to discover who he is and what is his position in life; or

(c) to shake his credit, by injuring his character, although the answer to such questions might tend directly or indirectly to criminate him, or might expose or tend directly or indirectly to expose him to a penalty or forfeiture:

Order of

examinations.

Cross-

examination

of person

called to

produce a

document.

Witnesses to

character.

Leading

questions.

Evidence as to

matters in

writing.

Cross-

examination

as to previous

statements in

writing.

Questions

lawful in

cross-

examination.

40 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

40 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯔ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯠ� ꯑꯃ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ

ꯀ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯁ

ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯆꯔꯤꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒꯤ

ꯈꯗꯨꯝ-ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ꯫

ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯔꯥꯤꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯏꯕ

ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ

꯫

ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯏꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ

ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯒꯗꯕ

ꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯀ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯁ

ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ

ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

꯱꯴꯳. (꯱) ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯟꯕꯗ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ (ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ (ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐꯇ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯈꯨꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(꯳) ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯅꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯒꯅꯤ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯗ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯴. ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯦ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯴꯵. ꯆꯔꯤꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯏꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯏꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

꯱꯴꯶. (꯱) ꯃꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯥꯡꯖꯤꯜ ꯊꯔꯥꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄꯔꯤꯈ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯃꯛꯨ ꯍꯟꯅ ꯄꯔꯤꯈ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ ꯫ (꯳) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯍꯧꯗꯣꯛꯂꯛꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯂꯩꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛꯆꯥꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(꯴) ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯔꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯷. ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯛ, ꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯠ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯂꯟ-ꯊꯝꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯎꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯗꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯐꯥꯎꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯛ ꯄꯤ ꯫

ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ-ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭�ꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯆꯤꯜꯍꯥꯏꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯗꯤ, Aꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯕ B. Cꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Aꯅ Dꯗ-"Bꯅ ꯑꯩꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯍꯨꯔꯥꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯏꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯩ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯂꯃꯟ ꯈꯝꯨꯒꯅꯤ" ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯇꯥꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯁꯤꯅꯤ ꯫ ꯆꯤꯊꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯴꯸. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯉꯣꯟꯗ ꯎꯠꯄ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯒꯗꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯴꯹. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ, ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯪꯕꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

(a) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(b) ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯝꯕꯅꯣ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯟꯨꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯀꯔꯤꯅꯣ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ

(c) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯝꯊꯅꯕ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

Provided that in a prosecution for an offence under section 64, section 65, section 66, section 67, section 68, section 69, section 70 or section 71 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 or for attempt to commit any such offence, where the question of consent is an issue, it shall not be permissible to adduce evidence or to put questions in the cross-examination of the victim as to the general immoral character, or previous sexual experience, of such victim with any person for proving such consent or the quality of consent.

150. If any such question relates to a matter relevant to the suit or proceeding, the provisions of section 137 shall apply thereto.

151. (1) If any such question relates to a matter not relevant to the suit or proceeding, except in so far as it affects the credit of the witness by injuring his character, the Court shall decide whether or not the witness shall be compelled to answer it, and may, if it thinks fit, warn the witness that he is not obliged to answer it.

(2) In exercising its discretion, the Court shall have regard to the following considerations, namely:—

(a) such questions are proper if they are of such a nature that the truth of the imputation conveyed by them would seriously affect the opinion of the Court as to the credibility of the witness on the matter to which he testifies;

(b) such questions are improper if the imputation which they convey relates to matters so remote in time, or of such a character, that the truth of the imputation would not affect, or would affect in a slight degree, the opinion of the Court as to the credibility of the witness on the matter to which he testifies;

(c) such questions are improper if there is a great disproportion between the importance of the imputation made against the witness's character and the importance of his evidence;

(d) the Court may, if it sees fit, draw, from the witness's refusal to answer, the inference that the answer if given would be unfavourable.

152. No such question as is referred to in section 151 ought to be asked, unless the person asking it has reasonable grounds for thinking that the imputation which it conveys is well-founded.

Illustrations.

(a) An advocate is instructed by another advocate that an important witness is a dacoit. This is a reasonable ground for asking the witness whether he is a dacoit. (b)An advocate is informed by a person in Court that an important witness is a dacoit. The informant, on being questioned by the advocate, gives satisfactory reasons for his statement. This is a reasonable ground for asking the witness whether he is a dacoit. (c)Awitness, of whom nothing whatever is known, is asked at random whether he is a dacoit. There are here no reasonable grounds for the question.

(d) Awitness, of whom nothing whatever is known, being questioned as to his mode of life and means of living, gives unsatisfactory answers. This may be a reasonable ground for asking him if he is a dacoit.

153. If the Court is of opinion that any such question was asked without reasonable grounds, it may, if it was asked by any advocate, report the circumstances of the case to the High Court or other authority to which such advocate is subject in the exercise of his profession.

When witness

to be

compelled to

answer.

Court to

decide when

question shall

be asked and

when witness

compelled to

answer.

Question not

to be asked

without

reasonable

grounds.

Procedure of

Court in case

of question

being asked

without

reasonable

grounds.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 41_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯥꯏ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, ꯲꯰꯲꯳ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯴, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯵, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯶, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯷, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯸, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯹, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯰ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯷꯱ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯀ� �ꯌ�ꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯐꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯕꯗ, ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯅ ꯁꯥꯖꯠ ꯅꯥꯏꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ-ꯃꯇꯧ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯦꯛꯆꯨꯌꯦꯜ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯗꯦ꯫

꯱꯵꯰. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯏꯁꯤꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ 137ꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯔꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯗꯗꯨ ꯆꯠꯅꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯱. (꯱) ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯇꯧꯔꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯆꯦꯛꯁꯤꯟꯋꯥ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯒꯅꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯤ: -

(a) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯁꯥꯊꯤꯅ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯍꯧꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏ ꯫

(b) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯂꯥꯞꯊꯣꯛꯂꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯑꯆꯧꯕ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯃ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯆꯞ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯗꯒꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯲. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯱ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯍꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯗ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯗꯦꯀꯣꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(b) ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯥꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯥꯗꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄꯦꯟꯒꯗꯕ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫

(c) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯀꯔꯤꯁꯨ ꯈꯡꯗꯦ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯍꯧꯗꯅ ꯍꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

(d) ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯍꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯤꯡꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯝꯕꯩꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯇꯥꯔꯕ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯈꯡꯗꯕ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯅꯨꯡꯉꯥꯏꯇꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯣꯀꯥꯏꯠ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯍꯪꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯀꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯎꯀꯤꯜ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕꯗ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ

ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ

ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

꯫

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯀꯔꯝꯕ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯒꯦ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯀꯔꯝꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ

ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ

ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ

ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ

ꯍꯪꯂꯣꯏꯗꯕꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ

ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯫

154. The Court may forbid any questions or inquiries which it regards as indecent or scandalous, although such questions or inquiries may have some bearing on the questions before the Court, unless they relate to facts in issue, or to matters necessary to be known in order to determine whether or not the facts in issue existed.

155. The Court shall forbid any question which appears to it to be intended to insult or annoy, or which, though proper in itself, appears to the Court needlessly offensive in form.

156. When a witness has been asked and has answered any question which is relevant to the inquiry only in so far as it tends to shake his credit by injuring his character, no evidence shall be given to contradict him; but, if he answers falsely, he may afterwards be charged with giving false evidence.

Exception 1.—If a witness is asked whether he has been previously convicted of any crime and denies it, evidence may be given of his previous conviction. Exception 2.—If a witness is asked any question tending to impeach his impartiality, and answers it by denying the facts suggested, he may be contradicted. Illustrations.

(a) A claim against an underwriter is resisted on the ground of fraud. The claimant is asked whether, in a former transaction, he had not made a fraudulent claim. He denies it. Evidence is offered to show that he did make such a claim. The evidence is inadmissible.

(b) Awitness is asked whether he was not dismissed from a situation for dishonesty. He denies it. Evidence is offered to show that he was dismissed for dishonesty. The evidence is not admissible.

(c)Aaffirms that on a certain day he saw B at Goa.A is asked whether he himself was not on that day at Varanasi. He denies it. Evidence is offered to show thatAwas on that day at Varanasi. The evidence is admissible, not as contradicting A on a fact which affects his credit, but as contradicting the alleged fact that B was seen on the day in question in Goa. In each of these cases, the witness might, if his denial was false, be charged with giving false evidence.

(d)A is asked whether his family has not had a blood feud with the family of B against whom he gives evidence. He denies it. He may be contradicted on the ground that the question tends to impeach his impartiality.

157. (1) The Court may, in its discretion, permit the person who calls a witness to put any question to him which might be put in cross-examination by the adverse party.

(2) Nothing in this section shall disentitle the person so permitted under sub-section (1), to rely on any part of the evidence of such witness.

158. The credit of a witness may be impeached in the following ways by the adverse party, or, with the consent of the Court, by the party who calls him—

(a) by the evidence of persons who testify that they, from their knowledge of the witness, believe him to be unworthy of credit;

(b) by proof that the witness has been bribed, or has accepted the offer of a bribe, or has received any other corrupt inducement to give his evidence;

Explanation.—A witness declaring another witness to be unworthy of credit may not, upon his examination-in-chief, give reasons for his belief, but he may be asked his reasons in cross-examination, and the answers which he gives cannot be contradicted, though, if they are false, he may afterwards be charged with giving false evidence. Indecent and

scandalous

questions.

Questions

intended to

insult or

annoy.

Exclusion of

evidence to

contradict

answers to

questions

testing

veracity.

Question by

party to his

own witness.

Impeaching

credit of

witness.

42 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

42 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯅꯥꯇꯩ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯗꯤ

ꯋꯥꯊꯣꯛ

ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ

ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ꯫

ꯏꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ

ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯗ

ꯍꯪꯂꯛꯄ ꯋꯥꯍꯪꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ

ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯕꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ

ꯇꯧꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ

ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡꯗ

ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯊꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ

꯫

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ

ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯗ ꯍꯪꯕ ꯋꯥꯍꯪ ꯫

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ

ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯨꯅꯕ ꯫

꯱꯵꯴. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯡꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯔ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯵. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯋꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯕ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯃꯁꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯊꯤꯡꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯶. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯍꯪꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯟꯕ ꯉꯝꯂꯤꯕꯃꯈꯩꯗꯤ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ; ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯱ -ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯞꯁꯟ ꯲ -ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) ꯑꯟꯗꯔꯔꯥꯏꯇꯔ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯉꯥꯛꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯗꯨ, ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯦꯝ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯝꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(b) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯇꯧꯗꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯉꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯄꯛꯨꯆꯦꯜ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

(c) Aꯅ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯒꯣꯋꯥꯗ B ꯎꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ A ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯥꯔꯥꯅꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ A ꯑꯁꯤ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯕꯥꯔꯥꯅꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯑꯦꯕꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠꯇ ꯁꯣꯛꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯕꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯒꯣꯋꯥꯗ ꯎꯕ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯋꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯈꯗꯨꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(d) A ꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ Bꯒꯤ ꯏꯃꯡꯨ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒ ꯈꯠꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯅ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯪꯏ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯕꯅ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯅꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯵꯷. (꯱) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟꯗ, ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯏꯖꯃꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯁꯕ-ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ (꯱) ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯑꯁꯨꯝꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨ,ꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯸. ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀꯧꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ -

(a) ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯈꯪꯕꯗꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯖꯕꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ;

(b) ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯦꯡꯂꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯆꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯦꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯦꯟꯖ-ꯥꯊꯝꯨꯖꯒꯥꯤ ꯄꯛꯨꯅꯤꯡ ꯆꯤꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯐꯪꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯫

(c) ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯫ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯫-ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯗꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ-ꯏꯟ-ꯆꯤꯐꯇ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯊꯖꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯍꯪꯍꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯈꯣꯏ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯁꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

Illustrations.

(a) A sues B for the price of goods sold and delivered to B. C says that he delivered the goods to B. Evidence is offered to show that, on a previous occasion, he said that he had not delivered goods to B. The evidence is admissible.

(b) A is accused of the murder of B. C says that B, when dying, declared that A had given B the wound of which he died. Evidence is offered to show that, on a previous occasion, C said that B, when dying, did not declare thatAhad given B the wound of which he died. The evidence is admissible.

159. When a witness whom it is intended to corroborate gives evidence of any relevant fact, he may be questioned as to any other circumstances which he observed at or near to the time or place at which such relevant fact occurred, if the Court is of opinion that such circumstances, if proved, would corroborate the testimony of the witness as to the relevant fact which he testifies.

Illustration.

A, an accomplice, gives an account of a robbery in which he took part. He describes various incidents unconnected with the robbery which occurred on his way to and from the place where it was committed. Independent evidence of these facts may be given in order to corroborate his evidence as to the robbery itself.

160. In order to corroborate the testimony of a witness, any former statement made by such witness relating to the same fact, at or about the time when the fact took place, or before any authority legally competent to investigate the fact, may be proved.

161.Whenever any statement, relevant under section 26 or 27, is proved, all matters may be proved either in order to contradict or to corroborate it, or in order to impeach or confirm the credit of the person by whom it was made, which might have been proved if that person had been called as a witness and had denied upon cross-examination the truth of the matter suggested.

162. (1)Awitness may, while under examination, refresh his memory by referring to anywritingmade by himself at the time of the transaction concerningwhich he is questioned, or so soon afterwards that the Court considers it likely that the transaction was at that time fresh in his memory:

Provided that the witness may also refer to any such writing made by any other person, and read by the witness within the time aforesaid, if when he read it, he knew it to be correct.

(2) Whenever a witness may refresh his memory by reference to any document, he may, with the permission of the Court, refer to a copy of such document:

Provided that the Court be satisfied that there is sufficient reason for the non-production of the original:

Provided further that an expert may refresh his memory by reference to professional treatises.

163. A witness may also testify to facts mentioned in any such document as is mentioned in section 162, although he has no specific recollection of the facts themselves, if he is sure that the facts were correctly recorded in the document. Questions

tending to

corroborate

evidence of

relevant fact,

admissible.

Former

statements of

witness may

be proved to

corroborate

later

testimony as

to same fact.

What matters

may be proved

in connection

with proved

statement

relevant under

section 26 or

27.

Refreshing memory. Testimony to facts stated in document

mentioned in section 162. Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 43_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯫

(a) Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯌꯣꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯜꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ Bꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯋꯥꯀꯠ ꯊꯡꯥꯒꯠꯂꯤ꯫ Cꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩ꯫ ꯈꯗꯨꯝ ꯆꯥꯡꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

(b) A ꯑꯁꯤ Bꯕꯨ ꯍꯥꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ, ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯅ B ꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ Cꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ, ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯑꯃꯗ, Cꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ Bꯅ, ꯁꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯥꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ Aꯅ Bꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

꯱꯵꯹. ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯅꯥꯛ ꯅꯛꯄꯗ ꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯐꯤꯚꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯆꯤꯡꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯂꯣꯟ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯐꯤꯚꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

A, ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯥꯛꯄ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯂꯝꯕꯤꯗ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯗꯕ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯣꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯟꯗꯣꯛꯅ ꯇꯥꯛꯂꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯨꯠ ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯰. ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯈꯠꯍꯟꯅꯕ, ꯆꯞ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯛꯆꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯱. ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯲꯷ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯄꯝꯨꯅꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯦꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯒꯗ� ꯔ꯭� ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯲. (꯱) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃ, ꯊꯤꯖꯤꯟ-ꯍꯨꯝꯖꯤꯟꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯂꯩꯔꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯃꯁꯥꯃꯛꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕ,ꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯌꯥꯝꯅ ꯊꯅꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯟꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯏꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯁꯨꯨ ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯊꯛꯇ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯥꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯫

(꯲) ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯂꯧꯗꯅꯨ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯀꯣꯄꯤ ꯑꯃ ꯔꯤꯐꯔ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ:

ꯑꯣꯔꯤꯖꯤꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯇꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯃꯔꯥꯡ ꯀꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯕꯗꯤ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯍꯩꯁꯤꯡꯕ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯐꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯇꯤꯖꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯋꯥꯈꯜꯕꯨ ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯳. ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯖꯥꯕ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯪꯗꯣꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 162ꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯇ꯭� ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ

ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ

ꯌꯥꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯎꯠꯈꯤꯕ

ꯁꯥꯈꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯞ

ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ

ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯇꯥꯔꯛꯄ

ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯩ

ꯇꯥꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯲꯶

ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ ꯲꯷ꯒꯤ

ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯔꯕ

ꯁ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯦꯠꯃꯦꯟꯠꯁꯤꯡꯒ

ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ

ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ

ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯦꯁꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ

꯫

ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯶꯲ꯗ

ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕ

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ�ꯇ

ꯄꯟꯈ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ

ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ

ꯄꯤ ꯫

Illustration. A book-keeper may testify to facts recorded by him in books regularly kept in the course of business, if he knows that the books were correctly kept, although he has forgotten the particular transactions entered.

164.Any writing referred to under the provisions of the two last preceding sections shall be produced and shown to the adverse party if he requires it; such party may, if he pleases, cross-examine the witness thereupon.

165. (1)Awitness summoned to produce a document shall, if it is in his possession or power, bring it to Court, notwithstanding any objection which there may be to its production or to its admissibility:

Provided that the validity of any such objection shall be decided on by the Court.

(2) The Court, if it sees fit, may inspect the document, unless it refers to matters of State, or take other evidence to enable it to determine on its admissibility.

(3) If for such a purpose it is necessary to cause any document to be translated, the Court may, if it thinks fit, direct the translator to keep the contents secret, unless the document is to be given in evidence and, if the interpreter disobeys such direction, he shall be held to have committed an offence under section 198 of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023:

Provided that no Court shall require any communication between the Ministers and the President of India to be produced before it.

166. When a party calls for a document which he has given the other party notice to produce, and such document is produced and inspected by the party calling for its production, he is bound to give it as evidence if the party producing it requires him to do so.

167. When a party refuses to produce a document which he has had notice to produce, he cannot afterwards use the document as evidence without the consent of the other party or the order of the Court.

Illustration.

Asues B on an agreement and gives B notice to produce it.At the trial,A calls for the document and B refuses to produce it. A gives secondary evidence of its contents. B seeks to produce the document itself to contradict the secondary evidence given byA, or in order to show that the agreement is not stamped. He cannot do so.

168. The Judge may, in order to discover or obtain proof of relevant facts, ask any question he considers necessary, in any form, at any time, of any witness, or of the parties about any fact; and may order the production of any document or thing; and neither the parties nor their representatives shall be entitled to make any objection to any such question or order, nor, without the leave of the Court, to cross-examine any witness upon any answer given in reply to any such question:

Provided that the judgment must be based upon facts declared by this Adhiniyam to be relevant, and duly proved:

Provided further that this section shall not authorise any Judge to compel any witness to answer any question, or to produce any document which such witness would be entitled to refuse to answer or produce under sections 127 to 136, both inclusive, if the question were asked or the document were called for by the adverse party; nor shall the Judge ask any question which it would be improper for any other person to ask under section 151 or 152; nor shall he dispense with primary evidence of any document, except in the cases hereinbefore excepted.

Right of

adverse party

as to writing

used to refresh

memory.

Production of

documents.

Giving, as

evidence, of

document

called for and

produced on

notice.

Using, as

evidence, of

document

production of

which was

refused on

notice.

Judge's power

to put

questions or

order

production.

44 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

44 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ

ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ

ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ

ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯦꯃꯣꯔꯤ

ꯔꯤꯐ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ ꯫

ꯆꯦ-ꯆꯥꯡꯁꯤꯡ

ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯄ ꯫

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ,

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ� ꯄꯤꯅꯕ

ꯍꯥꯏꯖꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯎꯠꯄ ꯫

ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ

ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ, ꯃꯗꯨ

ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ

ꯌꯥꯈꯤꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄꯁꯤꯡ

ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯗꯛꯁꯟꯒꯤ

ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯅꯕ

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏꯒꯤ

ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯫

ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯊꯝꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯈꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛ-ꯁꯦꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯂꯂꯣꯟ-ꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯝꯂꯤꯕ ꯂꯥꯏꯔꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯇꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕ ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯟꯖꯦꯛꯁꯟꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯊꯨꯠꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ ꯫

꯱꯶꯴. ꯍꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯅꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯆꯠꯅ-ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯏꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯀꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯀꯅꯤ; ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯥꯝꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯵. (꯱) ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯃ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯀꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯅ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯊꯨꯡꯥꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯗ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤ ꯎꯠꯄꯗ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯄꯔꯨꯛꯀꯅꯤ: ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕꯗꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫ (꯲) ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯎꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ� ꯠ꯭� ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯔꯥꯖ� ꯌ꯭�ꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯟꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯂꯦꯞꯊꯣꯛꯄ ꯉꯝꯅꯕ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯫ (꯳) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯄꯣꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯨꯅ ꯊꯝꯅꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯝꯖꯤꯡ-ꯂꯝꯇꯥꯛ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯚꯥꯔꯇꯤꯌ ꯅ� ꯌ꯭�ꯌ ꯁꯟꯍꯤꯇꯥ, 2023ꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ 198ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯥꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯇꯧꯔꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯒꯅꯤ:

ꯑꯗꯝꯨ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯅ ꯃꯟꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯚꯥꯔꯠꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯄꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇ ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯄꯈꯨꯠꯄ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯶. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯀꯧꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯦꯡꯁꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯛꯄ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯫

꯱꯶꯷. ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯃꯅ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯈꯪꯍꯟꯈꯤꯕ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯃ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ ꯆꯦ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ ꯫ ꯏꯂꯨꯁꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯁꯟ ꯫

Aꯅ ꯑꯦꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯕꯤꯗ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯇꯧꯋꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ Bꯗ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯝ ꯄꯤ ꯫ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯝꯗ Aꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ_T ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯧꯋꯤ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ Bꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫ Aꯅ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯛꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯄꯤ ꯫ Bꯅ Aꯅ ꯄꯤꯈꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯁꯨꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯗꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯒ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯃꯦꯟꯠ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯥꯝ� ꯞ꯭� ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦ ꯍꯥꯏꯕꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯅꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯃꯨꯛ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯗꯦ ꯫

꯱꯶꯸. ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯊꯤꯗꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯐꯪꯅꯕ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯏ ꯍꯥꯏꯅ ꯂꯧꯔꯤꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ, ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯁꯨꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄꯣꯠ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯌꯥꯊꯪ ꯄꯤꯕ ꯌꯥꯏ; ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯅꯤꯌꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯌꯥꯎꯗꯅ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯈꯝꯨ ꯄꯤꯕꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁ-ꯑꯦꯛꯖꯃꯥꯤꯟ ꯇꯧꯕ ꯌꯥꯔꯣꯏ:

ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯂꯥꯎꯊꯣꯛꯈꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡꯗ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯞꯆꯥꯅ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯇꯧꯒꯗꯕꯅꯤ:

ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝꯗꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯂꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯗ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯕꯨ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ पाउखमु ꯄꯤꯅꯕ ꯅꯝꯐꯗꯨ ꯇꯧꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯁꯥꯈꯤ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯱꯲꯷ꯗꯒꯤ ꯱꯳꯶ ꯐꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯎꯠꯄ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯅꯤꯃꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯎꯔꯒ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯋꯥꯀꯠꯄ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯣꯟꯅ-ꯇꯩꯅꯕ ꯈꯠꯨꯄꯨ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯧꯔꯕꯗꯤ; ꯖꯖꯅ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯅ ꯁꯦꯀꯁꯟ ꯱꯵꯱ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯱꯵꯲ꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯍꯪꯒꯗꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯣꯏ; ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯗꯣꯀꯨꯃꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯃꯔꯤ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ ꯄꯤꯔꯣꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯗ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯇꯧꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕ ꯀꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯅꯠꯇꯅ ꯫

CHAPTERXI

OF IMPROPER ADMISSION AND REJECTION OF EVIDENCE

169. The improper admission or rejection of evidence shall not be ground of itself for a new trial or reversal of any decision in any case, if it shall appear to the Court before which such objection is raised that, independently of the evidence objected to and admitted, there was sufficient evidence to justify the decision, or that, if the rejected evidence had been received, it ought not to have varied the decision.

CHAPTERXII

REPEAL AND SAVINGS

170. (1) The Indian EvidenceAct, 1872 is hereby repealed.

(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, if, immediately before the date on which this Adhiniyam comes into force, there is any application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal pending, then, such application, trial, inquiry, investigation, proceeding or appeal shall be dealt with under the provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, as in force immediately before such commencement, as if thisAdhiniyam had not come into force. No new trial

for improper

admission or

rejection of

evidence.

Repeal and

savings.

1 of 1872.

Sec. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 45_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

1872 ꯒꯤ 1 ꯫ 1872 ꯒꯤ 1 ꯫ ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ XI ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯃꯥꯟꯗꯨ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ

꯱꯶꯹. ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯅ ꯍꯥꯞꯄꯤꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅ ꯀꯦꯁ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯕꯨ ꯍꯟꯗꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯣꯏ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜꯁꯪꯗ ꯎꯔꯒꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯌꯦꯛꯅꯕ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯕꯗ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯌꯦꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯈꯤ, ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯕꯨꯨ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯟꯅꯕ ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ, ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ, ꯌꯥꯗꯕ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯂꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯋꯥꯔꯦꯞ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯍꯣꯡꯗꯣꯛꯄ ꯌꯥꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫

ꯆꯦꯞꯇꯔ XII

ꯔꯤꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯡꯁ

꯱꯷꯰. (꯱) ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, ꯱꯸꯷꯲ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯏ ꯫ (꯲) ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯈ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯁꯨ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ, ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯛꯄ ꯇꯥꯡ ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ, ꯑꯦꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ, ꯏꯟꯀ� ꯋ꯭�ꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯤꯚꯦꯁꯟ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯦꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯑꯦꯄ� ꯂ꯭�ꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟ, ꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯌꯦꯜ, ꯏꯟꯀ� ꯋ꯭�ꯤꯔꯤ, ꯏꯟꯚꯦꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯤꯚꯦꯁꯟ, ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯤꯗꯤꯡ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯑꯥꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯟ ꯑꯦꯚꯤꯗꯦꯟ� ꯁ꯭ ꯑꯦꯛꯠ, 1872ꯒꯤ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ, ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯍꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗ ꯆꯠꯅꯔꯝꯕ, ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯙꯤꯅꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯠꯅꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯤꯕꯒꯨꯝ ꯇꯧꯒꯅꯤ ꯫

ꯃꯇꯤꯛ ꯆꯥꯗꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ

ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯒ

ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯃꯥꯟ ꯌꯥꯗꯕꯒꯤ

ꯑꯅꯧꯕ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯑꯃꯠꯇ

ꯂꯩꯇꯦ ꯫

ꯔꯤꯄꯤꯜ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ

ꯁꯦꯕꯤꯡꯁ ꯫

THESCHEDULE

[See section 63(4)(c)]

CERTIFICATE

PARTA

(To be filled by the Party) I, _____________________ (Name), Son/daughter/spouse of ___________________ residing/employed at __________________________ do hereby solemnly affirm and sincerely state and submit as follows:—

I have produced electronic record/output of the digital record taken from the following device/digital record source (tick mark):—

Computer / Storage Media DVR Mobile Flash Drive

CD/DVD Server Cloud Other

Other: ________________________________________

Make & Model: _______________ Color: _______________

Serial Number: _______________

IMEI/UIN/UID/MAC/Cloud ID_____________________ (as applicable) and any other relevant information, if any, about the device/digital record____(specify). The digital device or the digital record source was under the lawful control for regularly creating, storing or processing information for the purposes of carrying out regular activities and during this period, the computer or the communication device was working properly and the relevant information was regularly fed into the computer during the ordinary course of business. If the computer/digital device at any point of time was not working properly or out of operation, then it has not affected the electronic/digital record or its accuracy. The digital device or the source of the digital record is:— Owned Maintained Managed Operated

by me (select as applicable).

I state that the HASH value/s of the electronic/digital record/s is _________________, obtained through the following algorithm:—

SHA1:

SHA256:

MD5:

Other__________________ (Legally acceptable standard) (Hash report to be enclosed with the certificate) (Name and signature)

Date (DD/MM/YYYY): _____

Time (IST): ________hours (In 24 hours format) Place: ____________

46 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY [Part II—_________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ______________

46 ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ [Part II- ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨ

[ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ (꯴) (c) ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ]

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ

ꯁꯔꯨꯛ A (ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅ ꯃꯄꯡꯨ ꯐꯥꯍꯟꯒꯗꯧꯕ) ꯑꯩ, _____________________________(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ), ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ/ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯤ/ꯃꯄꯔꯨꯣꯏꯕ/ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯤ____________________________ꯂꯩꯐꯝ/ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯤꯕ___________________________ꯅ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯑꯌꯥꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯍꯛꯊꯦꯡꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ: - ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯁꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭� (ꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯥꯔꯛ) ꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤꯕ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�/ꯑꯥꯎꯠꯄꯠꯨ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯑꯩꯅ ꯄꯊꯨꯣꯛꯂꯤ: -

ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ/ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ☐ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯑꯥꯔ☐ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ☐ ꯐ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯁ ꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕ☐

ꯁꯤꯗꯤ/ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯗꯤ☐ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ☐ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯎꯗ☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ☐

ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ:__________________________________________________________________________________________ ꯃꯦꯛ ꯑꯦꯟ� ꯗ꯭� ꯃꯣꯗꯦꯜ:_________________________ ꯀꯂꯔ: _________________________ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ ꯅꯝꯕꯔ: _________________________

ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯏ. ꯑꯥꯏ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯑꯦꯟ./ꯌꯨ. ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ./ꯑꯦꯝ. ꯑꯦ. ꯁꯤ./ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯎꯗ ꯑꯥꯏ. ꯗꯤ. _________________________(ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ) ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯗꯤ, ꯈꯠꯨꯂꯥꯏ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯑꯗꯒꯨꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗ_________________________ (ꯃꯌꯦꯛ ꯁꯦꯡꯅ) ꯫

ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯁꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯊꯧꯔꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯟꯗꯝꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯁꯦꯝꯕ, ꯂꯤꯗꯅꯨ ꯊꯝꯕ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯄ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯁꯦꯁ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕ ꯂꯥꯛꯁꯤꯟ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯐꯥꯎꯅꯕꯒꯤ ꯗꯦꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕ ꯏ-ꯄꯥꯎ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔꯗ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯃꯤ ꯫ ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕ ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯑꯗꯅꯨ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯃꯍꯦꯛꯇꯗ ꯐꯖꯅ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯕꯗꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭� ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯗꯗꯨ ꯑꯀꯥꯏꯕ ꯄꯤꯔꯝꯗꯦ ꯫ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯗꯤꯕꯥꯏꯁ ꯅꯠꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯒ ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�ꯀꯤ ꯁꯣꯔ� ꯁ꯭� ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: - ꯑꯣꯅ☐ ꯃꯦꯟꯇꯦꯟ☐ ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯗ☐ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯇꯦꯗ☐

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ (ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ) ꯫

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤ ꯃꯗꯗꯨꯤ ꯏꯂꯦꯛꯇ� ꯔ꯭�ꯣꯅꯤꯛ/ꯗꯤꯖꯤꯇꯦꯜ ꯔꯦꯀꯣꯔ� ꯗ꯭�(ꯁꯤꯡ)ꯒꯤ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯚꯦꯜꯌꯨ/ꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯗꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤꯕ ꯑꯦꯂꯣꯒꯔꯤꯊꯝꯒꯤ ꯈꯠꯨꯊꯡꯥꯗ ꯐꯪꯂꯤꯕ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯤ: -

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 1:

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 256:

☐ ꯑꯦꯝ ꯗꯤ 5:

☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ: _________________________ (ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯟꯗꯔ� ꯗ꯭�)

(ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯍꯥꯞꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ)

(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ)

ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯛ(ꯗꯤ ꯗꯤ/ꯑꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯝ/ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ): _________________________

ꯃꯇꯝ (IST): _________________________ ꯄꯡꯨ (ꯄꯡꯨ 24ꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ)

ꯃꯐꯝ: : _________________________

SEC. 1] THE GAZETTE OF INDIA EXTRAORDINARY 47

PART B

(To be filled by the Expert) I, ____________________ (Name), Son/daughter/spouse of _____________________ residing/employed at _________________________ do hereby solemnly affirm and sincerely state and submit as follows:—

The produced electronic record/output of the digital record are obtained from the following device/digital record source (tick mark):—

Computer / Storage Media DVR Mobile Flash Drive

CD/DVD Server Cloud Other

Other: ________________________________________

Make & Model: _______________ Color: _______________

Serial Number: _______________

IMEI/UIN/UID/MAC/Cloud ID_____________________ (as applicable)

and any other relevant information, if any, about the device/digital record_______(specify). I state that the HASH value/s of the electronic/digital record/s is _____________________, obtained through the following algorithm:—

SHA1:

SHA256:

MD5:

Other__________________ (Legally acceptable standard) (Hash report to be enclosed with the certificate) (Name, designation and signature)

Date (DD/MM/YYYY): _____

Time (IST): ________hours (In 24 hours format) Place: ____________

—————

DIWAKAR SINGH,

Joint Secretary & Legislative Counsel to the Govt. of India. MGIPMRND—533GI(S3)—25-12-2023.

UPLOADED BY THE MANAGER, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA PRESS, MINTO ROAD, NEW DELHI-110002 AND PUBLISHED BY THE CONTROLLER OF PUBLICATIONS, DELHI-110054. Kshitiz

Mohan

Digitally signed by Kshitiz Mohan

DN: c=IN, st=Delhi,

2.5.4.20=e8b886a9336825f4d863142c634f2f25e2e76d2f0b5f069af 1775fa98f7ccdab, postalCode=110002, street=Minto Road New Delhi, pseudonym=5c90ab0ba7a48905de2428b65504151c,

serialNumber=0a5dc5b84f902a7bf2d6ed41c0c26429a0d4d5848d

d23eb18886abaeea31b247, ou=Deputy Manager, o=Government

of India Press, cn=Kshitiz Mohan

Date: 2023.12.25 21:14:13 +05'30'

Sec. 1] ꯗ ꯒꯦꯖꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯥ ꯑꯣꯔꯗꯤꯅꯔꯤ

ꯁꯦꯗꯜꯨ [ꯁꯦꯛꯁꯟ ꯶꯳ (꯴) (c) ꯌꯦꯡꯕꯤꯌꯨ]

ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ

ꯀꯝꯄ� �ꯌ�ꯇꯔ/ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯣꯔꯦꯖ ꯃꯤꯗꯤꯌꯥ☐ ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯑꯥꯔ☐ ꯃꯣꯕꯥꯏꯜ☐ ꯐ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯁ ꯗ� ꯔ꯭�ꯥ ꯏꯕ ☐

ꯁꯤꯗꯤ/ꯗꯤꯚꯤꯗꯤ☐ ꯁꯔꯚꯔ☐ ꯀ� ꯂ꯭�ꯥꯎꯗ ☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ☐

ꯑꯩꯍꯥꯛꯅ (ꯃꯊꯧ ꯇꯥꯕ ꯑꯣꯏꯅ ꯈꯟꯕꯤꯌꯨ) ꯫

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 1:

☐ ꯑꯦꯁ ꯑꯩꯆ ꯑꯦ 256:

☐ ꯑꯦꯝ ꯗꯤ 5:

☐ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄ: _________________________ (ꯑꯥꯏꯟꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅ ꯌꯥꯔꯕ ꯁ� ꯇ꯭�ꯦꯟꯗꯔ� ꯗ꯭�)

(ꯁꯔꯇꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯠ ꯑꯗꯒꯨ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅ ꯍꯥꯁ ꯔꯤꯄꯣꯔ� ꯠ꯭� ꯍꯥꯞꯀꯗꯕꯅꯤ)

(ꯃꯃꯤꯡ, ꯐꯝ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯈꯠꯨꯌꯦꯛ)

ꯇꯥꯔꯤꯛ(ꯗꯤ ꯗꯤ/ꯑꯦꯝ ꯑꯦꯝ/ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ ꯋꯥꯏ): _________________________

ꯃꯇꯝ (IST): _________________________ ꯄꯡꯨ (ꯄꯡꯨ 24ꯒꯤ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗ)

ꯃꯐꯝ: : _________________________

________________

ꯗꯤꯋꯥꯀꯔ ꯁꯤꯡꯍ,

ꯚꯥꯔꯠ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯖꯣꯏꯟꯠ ꯁꯦꯀ� ꯔ꯭�ꯦꯇꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯦꯖꯤꯁꯂꯦꯇꯤꯕ ꯀꯥꯎꯟꯁꯤꯜ

ꯑꯞꯂꯣꯗ ꯇꯧꯔꯛꯄ: ꯃꯦꯅꯦꯖꯔ, ꯒꯕꯔꯟꯃꯦꯟ� ꯭ꯇ� ꯑꯣꯐ ꯏꯟꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯄ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯦꯁ, ꯃꯤꯟꯇꯣ ꯔꯣꯗ, ꯅ� �ꯌ� ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ-꯱꯱꯰꯰꯰꯲ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯡꯂꯛꯄ: ꯀꯟꯇ� ꯭ꯔ�ꯣꯜꯔ ꯑꯣꯐ ꯄꯕ� ꯭ꯂ�ꯤꯀꯦꯁꯟꯁꯅ, ꯗꯤꯜꯂꯤ-꯱꯱꯰꯰꯵꯴

MGIPMRND—533GI(S3)—25-12-2023 ꯁꯤꯇꯤꯖ ꯃꯣꯍꯟ

Manipur act 047 of 2023 : The Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (Draft stage of the translated version)

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